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CHAPTER 16

Environment

The major environmental challenge of today's at large scale. Other issues being faced by the
world is the unprecedented climate change. country due to climate change include water
Globally climate change is creating immense pollution, desertification, soil erosion, water
problems for the humans and wildlife. Steady rise logging and salinity, solid waste management and
in temperature is due to greenhouse gases deforestation.
produced by human activities. Strong impacts of
climate change like devastating storms, hurricanes The government is cognizant of these issues and
and severe heat waves could be life threatening in committed to mitigate the negative effects of
small countries with limited resources. The Inter climate change. Some of the immediate actions
Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), taken by the government include biodiversity
which includes more than 1,300 scientists from conservation and National Disaster Management
the United States and other countries, forecasts a Plan. Being signatory to National Conservation
temperature rise of 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit Strategy and Convention on Biodiversity (CBD),
over the next century. the government has developed Biodiversity
Action Plan which is the most significant step in
The world is realizing the prospect of a global addressing the biodiversity loss in the country. To
scale disaster due to abrupt changes in the global minimize effects of natural disasters, the
climate. Industrialized countries like China and government has introduced 10 years National
USA are major consumers of the Earth's resources Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). The
and also leading emitters of greenhouse gases. institutional capacity building is being enhanced
However, these countries along with other to combat disasters in first phase of this plan. In
developed countries have acknowledged the second phase, the activities and plans shall be
importance of climate change and contributing implemented in the priority areas, whereas phase
considerably to mitigate these effects through three will be dedicated to develop the capacity of
promotion of renewable energy. local government and dissemination of the
disaster activities throughout the nation. Further,
Pakistan like many other countries is also facing the surveillance and forecasting capacity of
environmental challenges. It is located in a warm Pakistan Metrological Department is being
climate region and is more vulnerable to expected enhanced by installing more weather surveillance
climate changes due to its diverse topographic and Radars at various location of the country.
demographic settings. The temperature changes
under current circumstances are expected to be Projects/ Programmes Undertaken during
higher in Pakistan in long run than global 2014-16
averages. The country is affected by the drastic
The government has undertaken several projects
effects of climate change due to its geographical
and programmes to support the environmental
location and socio-economic situation. In the
goals. Many projects have been completed such as
recent years highly variable monsoon rains and
capacity building, provision of clean drinking
severe climatic events such as floods and droughts
water, environmental management, biodiversity,
have affected the socio-economic structure of the
air pollution control and watershed management,
country. The extreme conditions of the weather in
urban development, promotion of tourism,
Pakistan like the floods in 2010, 2011, 2013 and
restoration of lakes and water bodies,
2015 have considerably effected not only the
environmental awareness, waste management, and
agriculture sector but also damaged infrastructure
Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-16
wetlands management, etc. One of the major Establishment of a Climate Change Council,
issues which are being faced in the country is Climate Change Authority, Climate Change
desertification and land degradation. To combat Fund and Task Force On Climate Change
desertification and land degradation, the
Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional
government started an umbrella project with the
Review Study is being expanded to ascertain
assistance of UNDP. First phase of this project
the amount of expenditure on climate change.
has been completed and targets such as
institutional and knowledge capacity building, Technology Need Assessment under CTCN
feasibility studies for testing Sustainable Land has been initiated.
Management (SLM) practices and designing full
Future Projects/Programmes
demonstration investments, has been achieved.
Second phase of this project is also under The government has focused on provision of
implementation in 14 districts of Pakistan with productive and healthy natural resources. There is
approved cost of Rs.1666.67 million. gradual improvement in air and water quality,
institutional strengthening, and taking up
The government is also working with several sustainable development across different sub-
NGOs, INGOs and United Nations Organizations, sectors of the economy and to achieve these
such as Leads, WWF, IUCN and UNEP on objectives, the following actions will be taken:
environmental issues and has implemented
projects in capacity building on climate change Transformation of existing environmental
adaptation, environment rehabilitation, mountain policies into practice by implementing a
area and wet areas conservancy and provision of programme based approach and to identify
clean drinking water. As a result, Pakistan has gaps and issues, activities and action plan as
been successful in achieving the targets set under well as strategies to overcome the
MDG 7 (Ensure Environmental Sustainability). environmental issues.
Target of conversion of 0.92 million vehicles on Management of ecosystem with the special
the Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has been emphasis on imperative ecosystem segments
achieved. Target of access to improved water such as protection of biodiversity, water
resources through hand pump, electronic motor conservation and soil erosion protection,
and tap water has also been achieved. Progress is carbon sequestration and biodiversity
on track to meet the target for land protection for protection, etc.
the conservation of wildlife as a percentage of
total land area. However, Pakistans performance Despite having the potential and capacity of
on other targets such as forest cover and lowering our industry for designing and fabricating
the Sulphur content in high speed diesel as well as waste water and sewage treatment plants
access to sanitation and energy efficiency by the locally still a meager portion of industrial
proportion of population is not remarkable and is waste water is being treated and reused.
behind in achieving these targets compared to its Therefore, to treat and recycle industrial
regional counterparts. Ministry of Climate Change effluents, a Wastewater Treatment
has taken many initiatives to increase the Programme will be initiated in the country in
awareness and to change the attitude of people collaboration with the provincial
regarding environmental issues as well as strict governments.
compliance of government regulations to achieve Draft of Forest Policy 2015 has been
environmental sustainability targets. The prepared by Ministry Of Climate Change.
following steps have been undertaken at federal This policy will provide a legal basis for the
level. government to extend support to all federating
units towards achieving their targets and
Signing of Paris Agreement on 22nd April
meeting international obligations by filling
2016.
their capacity and financial gaps.

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Environment
Implementation of GEF-funded mega project Forestry & Biodiversity
on Sustainable Forest management. Forest management
To set up implementation mechanism for the Habitat conservation
provisions of Nagoya Protocol and ABS Community participation
legislation with the consultation of provinces.
Disaster Preparedness
Implementation of NBSAP with the help of
Forecasting and warning system
provinces
Preparedness
Furnishing national communication reports to
Conventions and Protocols (CBD, UNCCD, Management
CITES, CMS, Ramsar, Cartagena Protocol on Recovery and rehabilitation
Bio-safety, Nagoya Protocol). Mitigation strategies
Need for mitigation/adaptation measures to Pakistans GHG emissions are bound to increase
counter negative impacts of climate change considerably as the country climbs up the
Despite being a low GHG emitter (<1 percent of development ladder and strives to provide
global emissions1), Pakistan is bearing the brunt adequate amount of energy to support its growing
of climate change related disasters at a high cost socio-economic developmental requirements. As a
to its economy. This situation requires concerted responsible member of international community,
efforts to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate Pakistan would like to contribute to the global
change and relatively fewer efforts to carry out GHG mitigation efforts without compromising on
mitigation measures. A number of measures its basic minimum energy and food needs
needed to be taken to address both mitigation and consistent with its socio-economic developmental
adaptation aspects of climate change through requirements, energy security considerations, as
enhancing various ongoing efforts and initiating well as financial and technological constraints.
new activities detailed below:
1. Air
Adaptation strategies Growth in the industrial zones brings prosperity,
Adaptation is particularly important as it will but on the other hand raises the smoke particulate
provide quicker solution to vulnerable matter and the effluents which have a damaging
communities. Some of the planned measures effect on the environment. China which has gone
include: on rapid industrialization and developed industrial
parks is suffering from the industrial pollution.
Water Resources The pollution level in cities like Shanghai and
Water conservation strategies Beijing has been a shock to the heavily
Water management industrialized China. Similar is the case with
Pakistan where rapid rise of urbanization and
Capacity building
industrialization has created serious concerns of
Agriculture and Livestock environmental degradation. Major cities of
Technology Pakistan; like Karachi and Lahore have already
Resource management been termed as among the most polluted cities in
Genetic modification Asia. The continuous fog and smog conditions in
Lahore and other areas of Punjab in the winter
Human Health months, with delayed rainfall, is a worrisome
Monitoring and forecasting of outbreak factor.
Plans and policies
To overcome these issues present government has
Training and capacity building
introduced the rapid, safe and modern mass transit
Resource management system in major cities to make the mobility easier
1
Per capita which will be also helpful in reducing the
pollution. The busses under metro projects are

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Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-16
newer and have the diminishing effects on the air agricultural sector on chemicals and fertilizers
pollution while providing better transportation have led to water pollution. According to Pakistan
services to the masses. This facility has been Council of Research in Water Resources
provided only in three cities (Lahore, Rawalpindi (PCRWR), the majority of the population in the
and Islamabad) and therefore, has marginal country is exposed to the hazards of drinking
impact on the environment and expansion of this unsafe and polluted water from both surface and
service may have far reaching positive effects on ground water sources. As derived from the
air pollution National Water Quality Monitoring Programme
carried out by the PCRWR, the 4 major
Pakistan needs to carry out extensive research in contaminants in drinking water sources of
the field of air quality. Constant and dynamic Pakistan were bacteriological (68 percent), arsenic
monitoring of pollutants levels such as PM, (24 percent), nitrate (13 percent) and fluoride (5
PM10, SO2, CO, CO2, O3, NO2, hydrocarbons percent). It is estimated that around 40 percent of
(methane and non-methane), lead (Pb) and noise all reported diseases in Pakistan are attributed to
should be carried out in all the major cities and poor water quality. As one indicator of the
towns of the country. An efficient network of data magnitude of the problem, it is estimated that
sites has to be developed which can churn out 250,000 children in Pakistan die every year due to
correct and useable data on regular basis. Many diarrheal diseases alone. Safe water alone can
departments and institutes are working in this reduce diarrhea and other related diseases by up to
sector but most of their efforts are focused on a 50 percent, but an estimated 62 percent of
single pollutant of a specific area. Air quality Pakistans urban population and 84 percent of the
management system may be established to address rural population do not treat their water (USAID).
the situation with following goals. Identify Pakistans ranking in maintaining water quality
relevant legislative and regulatory requirements; standards is 80th out of 122 nations. (UNESCO s
World Water Development Report)
Identify all sources of air pollution caused by
human activities; About 2 million wet tons of human excreta are
Set appropriate objectives and targets for annually produced in the urban sector of which
human and environmental health; around 50 percent go on to pollute water bodies.
The National Conservation Strategy states that
Set priorities for achieving objectives and almost 40 percent of all disease related deaths are
targets; connected to water borne diseases. Other sources
Establish a structure and programmes to of water pollution are industrial effluents, solid
implement policies and achieve objectives and waste, hospital waste, chemical fertilizers and
targets; pesticides.
Facilitate the monitoring of air quality and According to an estimate (Monitoring Report of
effects on human health and environment; PCRWR), in Pakistan water related diseases cause
Facilitate urban planning, corrective action annual national income losses of US$380 to 883
and the prevention of adverse effects; millions of GDP. In this perspective, it is the
demand of time to take initiatives to ensure that
Ensure compliance with emission and air drinking water is as free of such impurities as is
quality standards. possible and this can be accomplished by timely
Water monitoring and treatment of drinking water
quality.
Water is the key component in determining the
quality of our lives. Now a day, people are To address this issue of national importance the
concerned about the quality of the water they federal government, through Pakistan Council of
drink. The stress on water resources of the country Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) has
is from multiple sources. Rapid urbanization, implemented several National Water Quality
increased industrial activity and dependence of the Monitoring and Surveillance activities such as

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Environment
The National Water Quality Monitoring lands. Solid waste management position in rural
Programme (NWQMP). The outcome of all five areas is more devastating where mostly open
phases of NWQMP has led to the realization that dumping is carried out.
the federal, Provincial and local governments
need to take immediate initiatives for the The estimated quantity of solid waste generation
provision of safe drinking water to the public in in Pakistan ranges between 0.283 to 0.612 kg /
order to prevent the onslaught of water borne capita / day and waste generation growth rate is
diseases. Advocacy efforts for the awareness and 2.4 percent per year. Due to poor solid waste
education of the general public, regarding the management there are large number of
water quality testing and treatment are also communicable diseases and unhygienic
required. environment being created.

Further, the natural presence of arsenic and other The recommendations that can be considered for
toxins in groundwater, the most common source the improvement of the current situation regarding
of drinking water, is considered a worldwide solid waste management in Pakistan includes,
public-health crisis and an unprecedented natural raising awareness about consequences caused by
disaster. Thirty-five countries around the world solid waste pollution. The collective efforts of
have reported arsenic contamination problem in government sectors, NGOs and private sector for
ground water. The ground water pollution caused solid waste management and legislation should be
by arsenic in South Asian countries especially done which would be effective and find ways to
India and Bangladesh has led to major implement it effectively application of 3Rs
environmental crisis of arsenic poisoning. (Reduce, Recycle and Reuse) concept in solid
PCRWR is also doing arsenic monitoring test in waste management. House to house collection
the country. In Pakistan, the intensity of arsenic of solid waste should be organized. Littering of
contamination in ground water is comparatively solid waste should be prohibited in cities, towns
lower. The concentration of arsenic in and urban areas. Proper segregation would be vital
groundwater of several districts of Punjab and for scientific disposal of waste. Developing legal
Sindh provinces has been observed through framework and national guidelines for solid waste
different water quality studies conducted by management that includes waste management
PCRWR. rules and basic recycling rules can help the
country to minimize the hazardous effects of solid
Solid Waste Management waste.
Solid waste can be defined as material that no Land
longer has any value to the person who is
responsible for it, and is not intended to be Pakistan is predominantly an arid to semi-arid
discharged through a pipe. In Pakistan the absence country with 68 million hectares of land lying in
of a proper solid waste disposal system and huge regions where the annual rainfall is less than 300
amount of uncollected wastes posses great threat mm. One- fourth of the countrys land area, which
to the public health as they are the source of is suitable for intensive agriculture, is threatened
mosquitoes and flies which transmit malaria and by wind and water erosion, salinity, water-
cholera. One of a very hazardous and un-noticed logging, flooding and loss of organic matter. The
drawback of the waste disposal in Pakistan is that important driving forces of land degradation in
hospital and industrial waste is treated as ordinary Pakistan are intensive agriculture, unsustainable
waste. Only 50 percent of solid waste quantities cropping pattern, unchecked use of chemical
generated are collected by government services. fertilizers and pesticides, limited land resources
Increase in the solid waste is due to increase in and population increase. Agriculture is one of the
urban population, industrialization, changing major sectors likely to be adversely affected by
consumption pattern and also effluent life style. climate change in Pakistan. Crop simulation
Because of lack of adequate disposal sites, much models based studies shows that Wheat yields will
of the collected waste finds its way in dumping be reduced by 3.4 to 12.5 percent in the semi-arid
grounds, open pits, ponds, rivers and agricultural irrigated areas (Faisalabad and Sheikhupura), 3.8 -

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Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-16
14 percent in arid areas (Multan & Bahawalpur, logging and salinity, drought and flooding and
Badin and Hayderabad) and upto 16 percent socio-economic constraints. About 11 million
rainfed (Chakwal) areas under both A2 and B2 hectares are affected by water erosion and 3-5
scenarios towards the end of 21st century. million hectares by wind erosion. The amount of
Similarly in the Basmati rice tract, the yield is soil removed by wind is about 28 percent of total
expected to be reduced by 10.4 percent, 16.5 soil loss. Due to deforestation, forest cover is
percent and 17.8 percent under B2 scenario by shrinking by 3.1percent and woody biomass by 5
2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively. Under A2 percent annually (7000-9000 ha taken away
scenario, the yield is expected to decline by 11.4 annually). Free grazing of livestock, aridity and
percent, 15.8 percent and 21.5 percent, prolonged drought in arid lands have affected the
respectively by 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. In biodiversity in various regions. Forests play an
general, an increase in temperature will lead to important role in the ecological and economic
shortening of Growing Season Length (GSL) for life of a country. Pakistan is one of the lowest
wheat and rice crops in all the selected wheat forest cover countries with only 5 percent of
growing districts and Basmati rice tract of the land area under forest and tree cover. Major
country. The results suggest that the aggregate forest types include coastal mangroves, reverine
impact of climatic parameters i.e., changes in forests, sub tropical scrub forests, moist and dry
temperature and rainfall exerted an overall temperate conifer forests and irrigated plantations.
negative impact on cereal crop yields, given that
the management practices and use of technology The government is trying to combat the situation
remain unchanged2. Negative impact of climate and the first phase a comprehensive Sustainable
change (increase in temperature) has been Land Management Programme (SLMP) has been
observed in neighbouring countries like India. In completed and 2nd phase with the total cost of
India the reduction in yield of major crops (Rice, Rs.1666.68 million has been approved and started
Maize and Wheat) per 1 degree Celsius in the its activities for selective districts in four
temperature is expected to range from 4 percent to provinces of Pakistan. The government has
20 percent (rice), 32 percent to 50 percent in case planned to manage all types of forests by the
of maize and 5 percent to 20 percent in wheat. ecosystem approach. This will enable the
conservation of forest biodiversity, provide
The key issues related to desertification in sustainable livelihood to forest dependent
Pakistan include water erosion, wind erosion, communities and contribute to mitigating global
depletion of soil fertility, deforestation, livestock environmental problems.
grazing pressure, loss of biodiversity, water-
Box-I: Green Pakistan Programme
The Prime Minister has approved the launch of Green Pakistan Programme to improve forestry and wildlife sectors.
This programme targets to add 100 million plants over the next five years all over the country. Under The Green
Pakistan protection and management of wildlife and reclaiming and developing forest areas are the main aspects of
the programme. In this regard relevant federal and provincial ministries and agencies including Fata, GB and AJK
will actively participate in this programme to achieve the desired objectives of forests preservation and wildlife
protection . This initiative will ensure far-reaching reforms in forestry and wildlife sectors of the country.

Participation in Reducing Emissions from Pakistan has vast potential of controlling


Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) deforestation under REDD+ by paying
compensation to forest communities with the
Under the UN Framework Convention on Climate
finance of free market and non market resources.
Change, a new mechanism Reducing Emissions
Ministry of Climate Change has constituted a
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
National Steering Committee on REDD+ to guide
(REDD+) has been adopted in Cancun in 2010.
and steer REDD+ in the country. Pakistan became
2
GCISC Study, 2015(Global change impact studies centre) a member of United Nations REDD+ programme
(UN-REDD programme) in 2011 and World

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Environment
Banks Forest Carbon Partnership facility (FCPF) Preparation of 5th National Report
in 2014.The UN-REDD and FCPF financial
The Fifth National Report to Convention on
mechanisms support developing countries to
Biological Diversity (CBD) was prepared as a part
undertake readiness activities to be eligible result-
of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
based payments. World Bank Mission visited
Plan (NBSAP) revision process that is being
Pakistan in December 2015. The FCPF grant for
conducted through a Global Environment Facility
REDD+ readiness is being utilized for the
Trust Fund project entitled "Support to Pakistan
preparation of national REDD+ strategy, national
for the Revision of the NBSAPs and Development
forest monitoring system, and a system of social
of Fifth National Report to the CBD". The 5th
and environmental safeguards to implement
national report was submitted to CBD secretariat
REDD+.
in 2014.
Mass Afforestation and Tree Planting
Revision of National Biodiversity Strategy &
Campaigns
Action Plan
In order to enhance tree coverage in the country,
Previous Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) was
tree planting campaigns are held each year. Two
prepared in 1999 and new revision intends to align
inter-provincial meetings to finalize the targets
the NBSAP with strategic plan of CBD 2011-
and strategies for the monsoon and spring tree
2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets.
planting campaigns were held under the
Biodiversity Directorate is currently revising
chairmanship of Secretary, Ministry of Climate
NBSAP. An agreement with IUCN Pakistan was
Change. During the tree planting campaigns all
signed to take up the assignment of Revision of
the government departments, private
the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
organizations, defense organizations and NGOs
Plan.
were involved in planting activities. In last
meeting held on July 28, 2015 for the monsoon Keeping in view the experience of preparation of
tree planting campaign a target of 40 million trees the first Biodiversity Action Plan, the project is
was fixed in consultation with provinces and other being executed in collaboration with IUCN
partners. Pakistan. Establishment of provincial focal
committees for monitoring, implementation and
Mangroves for the Future (MFF)
coordination of CBD in all the provinces
The Mangroves for the Future (MFF) initiative including Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and
focuses on the countries affected by the tsunami. Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) have been proposed in the
However, MFF also include other countries of the plan. A draft NBSAP was prepared during
region that face similar issues, with an overall aim FY2015 with the consultation of provinces
to promote an integrated ocean wide approach to including GB and AJK and launching ceremony
coastal zone management. Pakistan joined MFF as of the same was held on 5th November 2015.
dialogue country in 2008 and prepared National
Strategy and Action Plan for the Mangroves for Nagoya Protocol
the Future. Pakistan has become regular member The Cabinet approved the Summary for Accession
of MFF in 2010. As a member, Pakistan is entitled to Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit
to receive reasonable support for institutional Sharing (ABS) arising from the utilization of
strengthening, capacity building and for genetic resources under Convention on Biological
implementation of small and large projects in Diversity on 28th July, 2015. Instrument of
coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan. Under this Accession to Nagoya Protocol on ABS was signed
initiative, since 2011 twenty small grant projects by the President of Pakistan on 12th October,
and one regional project have been launched and 2015. Draft ABS law has already been prepared
completed all along the coastline of Pakistan with by the Biodiversity Directorate in consultation
the financial assistance of MFF. with the provinces, and is being shared again for
their inputs to finalize the process during 2016.

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Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-16
Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem and contributing to the ultimate objective of the
Protection Programme Convention. CDM, Pakistan from 2005-2014, has
accorded Host Country Approval to 71 CDM
The Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem
Projects out of which 38 projects are registered
Protection (GSLEP) Programme seek to address
with UNFCCC (United Nations Framework
high mountain development issues related to the
Convention on Climate Change) which will
conservation of the charismatic and endangered
generate Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs).
snow leopard as a flagship species. The GSLEP is
The estimated amount of GHG mitigation/year
a range wide effort that unites 12 range country
from these 38 registered projects is 4.91 million
governments (Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India,
tons of CO2, total GHG mitigation/project
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal,
period for 38 registered projects is 91.17 million
Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan),
tons of CO2. Estimated CDM revenue from 38
non-governmental and intergovernmental
projects per year is US$ 61.31 million and
organizations, local communities, and the private
estimated CDM revenue from 38 projects and
sector around a shared vision to conserve snow
total project cost is US$ 1.13 billion. The
leopards and their valuable high mountain
extension of CDM for another 8 years provides a
ecosystems.
tremendous opportunity for Pakistan to benefit
National Report on Urban Development of from the International funding mechanism.
Pakistan
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
Habitat III is the United Nations Conference on (NAMAs)
Housing and Sustainable Urban Development that
NAMA is a set of government prioritized policies,
will take place in October 2016. Habitat-III will
strategies, programmes and actions aimed at
be the first UN global summit after the adoption
reducing or limiting GHG emissions. The
of the Post-2015 Sustainable Development
government can initiate the NAMAs through
Agenda. The objective of Habitat III is to secure
collaboration of relative departments and private
renewed political commitment for sustainable
sector. It also emphasizes financial assistance
urban development, assess accomplishments to
from developed countries to developing countries
date, address poverty and identify and address
to reduce GHG emissions.
new and emerging urban challenges for the
establishment of the New Urban Agenda. The following seven NAMA proposals were
submitted to UK German NAMA facility during
Ministry of Climate Change has developed
its second call and UNFCCC NAMA Registry to
National Report of Pakistan for HABITAT-III
seek International funding:
Conference. The report reviews the
implementation of Habitat-II agenda and other a) Accelerating the market transformation to
relevant internationally agreed goals and targets as energy efficient lighting
well as new challenges, emerging trends and a b) Supporting mechanisms for promoting
prospective vision for sustainable human distributed generation (net metering,
settlements and urban development. wheeling, banking etc.) in Pakistan to put a 3
GW Alternative and Renewable Energy
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
(ARE) projects in next seven years.
The Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC was adopted at c) Strategizing for grid strengthening /
the 3rd Meeting of the Parties held in Kyoto, improvement for evacuation of power from
Japan, in 1997. Under the Protocol, developed solar power projects
countries agreed to reduce their combined green d) Strategizing for grid strengthening /
house emissions3. CDM is the only instrument improvement for evacuation of power from
that is available for developing countries to assist wind power projects
them in achieving sustainable development e) Development and installation of carbon
3
UNFCCC website, CDM Executive Board, Bonn; CDM Pakistan
dioxide sequestration technologies in Pakistan
website

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Environment
f) Harnessing municipal waste of big cities of (CTCN), Ministry of Climate Change is carrying
Pakistan to generate electricity out Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) in
g) Bio-energy generation and greenhouse-gases Pakistan. The objective of this activity is to enable
mitigation though organic-waste utilization Pakistan to conduct TNA process and produce
implementable Technology Action Plans (TAP) in
These seven NAMA projects will reduce 12.16
line with current best practices.
million tons per year GHG emission if climate
finance to the tune of 101.62 million is available Second National Communication (SNC) &
through international climate finance. Biennial Update Reports (BURs)
Comprehensive Reduction and elimination of BUR is an extended report on National
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Pakistan Communications. It describes the status of GHG
(POPs) Emissions and mitigation measures taken by the
countries. Work on Pakistans first BUR is
The main objectives of this project are reducing
expected to be started soon. The preparation for
human health and environmental risks by
Pakistans Second National Communication
enhancing management capacities and disposal of
(SNC) on Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions
POPs in Pakistan through:
has been started This will be a three year study
i. The development and implementation of leading to stocktaking of all GHG emissions in
regulatory, policy and enforcement system to Pakistan with options of mitigation and adaptation
reduce POPs releases and to regulate POPs actions.
waste disposal;
International Practices:
ii. Capacity building to reduce exposure and
The Kyoto Protocol focused on promoting low-
releases of POPs;
carbon development through the Clean
iii. Collection, transport and disposal of 300 tons Development Mechanism (CDM). Although the
to Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) and CDM has undoubtedly resulted in some low-
1200 tons of POPs Pesticides. The elimination carbon investment that would not have otherwise
of POPs pesticide stockpile became even occurred; it has not prompted fundamental shifts
more urgent after the 2010 floods which in development patterns. The United Nation
damaged some of the storage sites of Environment Programme is the leading global
hazardous chemicals and pesticides. To environmental authority that sets the global
ensure environmentally sound disposal of environmental agenda, promotes the coherent
POPs, facilities are to be upgraded, tested and implementation of the environmental dimension
permitted in compliance with Stockholm of sustainable development within the United
Convention best available techniques (BAT) Nations system. The UNEP has launched several
and best environmental practices (BEP). initiatives, including the Global Bio-energy
Partnership (GBEP) to support the deployment of
Technology Needs Assessment (TNA)
biomass and bio-fuels, and the Solar and Wind
Committee
Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA).
TNA is a systematic approach for conducting
technology needs assessments in order to identify, United Nations Conference of Parties on
evaluate and prioritize technological means for Climate Change (COP-21)
both mitigation and adaptation. It also provides The 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties
processes and methodologies for uncovering gaps (COP-21) to the UN Framework Convention on
in enabling frameworks and capacities and for Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held at 30th
formulating a national action plan to overcome November 2015 in Paris where world leaders
them, as part of overall climate change strategies including Pakistan hammered out an agreement
and plans such as NAMAs and National aimed at stabilizing the climate and avoiding the
Adaptation Plans (NAPs). With the support of worst impacts of climate change. The agreement
Climate Technology Centre and Network consists of four main areas:

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Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-16
i. Adoption & Mitigation developing low-carbon communities.
ii. Intended Nationally Determined Expectations for nuclear power as an alternative
Contributions (INDCs) source of energy are especially high among big
emitters such as India, China, and the United
iii. Technology Development and Transfer
States, as well as in a number of developing
iv. Capacity Building countries that lack the necessary infrastructure to
The main focus was to mitigate pledges in terms meet their growing energy needs. The
of global annual emissions of green house gases International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
by 2020 and aggregation emissions pathways assists countries in determining whether nuclear
consistent with holding the increase in the global energy is a feasible option.
average temperature to well below 2oC above
industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the International institutions have begun to promote
temperature increase to 1.5oC above pre-industrial domestic policy shifts through measures like
levels. technical assistance on tariff reductions for
environmentally friendly technologies through the
Carbon Capture and Storage WTO, and processes aimed at phasing out fossil
fuel subsidies spurred through the G20.
Carbon capture and storage is a new technology
which focuses on securing and storing carbon Activities of Pakistan Environmental
dioxide emissions before they are released into the Protection Agency (PAK-EPA)
atmosphere. Although this technology is still in its
early stages, successful pilot projects offer hope of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PAK-
developing and implementing it for large-scale EPA) is mandated to enforce the Pakistan
projects. Some countries are committed to Environmental Protection Act 1997 in Islamabad
implementing variations of it and both bilateral Capital Territory. The following major activities
and multilateral cooperation is under way. This are being undertaken by PAK-EPA
cooperation is particularly important because I. EIA/MONITORING
implementing CCS on a large scale can be
expensive and offers few obvious economic i. During the period 2015-16 six Initial
benefits. EU-China Partnership on Climate Environmental Examination (IEE) reports and
Change helps to develop Near-Zero Emissions seven Environmental Impact Assessment
Coal (NZEC) plants in China using CCS reports EIA have been received for review at
technology. The United States and China have this Agency which is under process for
also recently agreed to develop joint projects review.
using CCS technology. II LAB/NEQS
Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum i. Working on oxo-biodegradable plastic bags.
The purpose of this forum is to accelerate the The biodegradable plastic bags regulations
research, development, demonstration, and were developed to curb environmental
commercial deployment of improved cost pollution due to increased accumulation of
effective technologies for the separation and plastic bags that leads to health hazards,
capture of carbon dioxide for its transport and chocking of sewerage lines, chocking of
long term safe storage or utilization. Futuregen, watercourses and problem in ship navigation.
led by the U.S department of energy, harnesses ii. Monitoring of industrial area 1-9 and 1-10 for
public and private-sector funds and expertise to control of the pollution.
help build near-zero emissions plants around the iii. Visited the several industries for import the
world. non-hazardous chemical and issue the NOCs.
Pak-EPA visited 61 hospitals for checking
International Atomic Energy Agency their Hazardous Management Service and
Renewable and nuclear energy will be critical in received monthly waste report.
diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and

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Environment
iv. Worked on implementation of Euro-II iii. Haze and smog formation will be curtailed by
standards for 2 & 3 wheelers and ensuring tapping sources of ammonia, nitrogen oxides
Euro-II complaint diesel in the market latest and sulphur oxides emission.
by June, 2017.
iv. Air quality of all major cities shall be
v. Environmental pollution, Rawal dam continuously monitored and disseminate to
Catchment area, Supreme Court action. general public.
Lab/NEQS section monitored the Rawal Lake
and Bari Imam area. v. The fresh water sources will be categorized
and protected against pollution.
vi. Evaluated and monitored the audit and
performance report of different certified vi. All major cities will install sewage treatment
laboratories and waste companies. plants. The treated water will be used for
vii. Checking of traffic pollution on busy roads agriculture and horticulture purposes.
during peak hours. Stack emission monitoring vii. Cleaner Production techniques will be
of the factories, especially marble factories in adopted by industry to minimize pollution
Islamabad. generation. federal and provincial
viii. Survey of the brick kilns pollution in and governments will ensure that at least 70
around Islamabad. percent industrial wastewater be treated by
ix. Checking of water quality of the filtration 2025 before discharge into water bodies.
plants of Islamabad. viii. Wastewater Discharge limits shall be imposed
II. LEGAL/ENFORCEMENT on industry to conserve water and reduce
pollution load.
i. Pak-EPA served 4 notices u/s 16 (1) of the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ix. Provincial Cleaner Production Centers will be
to various polluters in the capital under the established to promote waste minimization,
provision of PEP Act, 1997. recycling and waste exchange.

ii. 12 Environmental Protection Orders issued x. Investment windows and incentive schemes
with the direction to stop their activities till shall be announced to encourage installation
compliance of section 12 of PEP Act, 1997 of treatment plants.
and NEQS. xi. Environmental Engineering Industry shall be
iii. Notified amendment in regulations on recognized and encouraged to manufacture
prohibition Oxo-Biodegradable plastic bags. treatment plants locally.

iv. Finalized amendments in Pakistan xii. Integrated solid waste management system
Environmental Protection Act,1997 and shall be promoted.
IEE/EIA Regulations 2016 xiii. Solid waste shall either be converted to RDF
v. Established Clean Environment Fund under or used for Waste-to-Energy.
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. xiv. Cloth bags, paper bags and biodegradable
Future Environmental Quality Control plastic bags will only be allowed.
Measures Conclusion
i. Level of suspended particulate matter PM 1.0 Pakistan is the sixth largest nation of the world in
and PM 2.5 shall be brought within limits of terms of population size, having tremendous
Ambient Air Quality Standards. Provincial amount of natural resources, a variety of
governments will develop and implement ecological regions and highly productive coastal
Clean Air Program for their major cities. zones. There are many causes and driving forces
ii. Industrial sector will be facilitated with well- for these environmental problems like air and
designed and efficiently operated air cleaning water pollution, natural depletion and loss of
devices. biodiversity. Increasing urbanization and
expending industrialization are some of the major

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Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-16
driving forces which are putting negative effects enacting legislation, setting standards and
on the environment. The government is conscious developing and implementing policies for a secure
of the need for environmental protection and has and lively environment.
undertaken a number of measures through

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