Aly Designation: D 3359 - 97 uit Standard Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Te: si a clan A ei iy tn thi tnd ak Ken spe for wu 1. Seope 1.1 ‘These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made jn the fil 1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Metiod B is more suitable for use in the laboratory ‘Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable for films thicker than $ mils (125}m). Noire Subject to agseemen’ between the purchaser asd the seller, Test Method 1H gan be wsed for thicker films if wider spaced cute are employed 1.3 These test methods are used to establish whether U adhesion of a coating to a substra level. They do not distinguish between higher lev adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of mi ment are required, is at a generally adequate Now 2-It shod te recognized tha dieredees in adherbiity of the ing surface can affect the reuls obained wth coatings having the sme inherent udhesion 1.4 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur be- tweet coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substeate is not determined, 1.5 ‘The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, The values given in parentheses are for information ony. 1.6 This stondard does sot purport to address the safety ‘concerns, if any, associated with its use. Itis the responsibil of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2, Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards. D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and ti Related Coatings, Materials, and Appleatioes andar Ue diet responsibility ws Wi Thysieat Proprio of Applied Pint Fle ved Now 10, 1997 Published September [998 Originally rntce DO 78 A number ps st! ng the designation Indicates the year of Tedeate the yar last eapproval. A ies ofthe Department of Defente wating Products! D823 Practice for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness ‘of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels? D 1000 essite-Sensitive Adhesive. Coated Tapes Used for F and Electronic Applica D 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and, Alumminum-Alloy Surfaces tor Painting’ 1D 2092 Guide for Preparation of Zine-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting? D 2197 ‘Test Methods for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion® ‘Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings? 1.3330 Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure Sensitive Tope of 180° Angte* D 3824 Specification for Standard Environment for Condi tioning and Tesing Paint, Varnish, Lacquers, and Related Materials? 1D 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser™ 3. Summary of Test Methods 3.1 Test Method A—An X-cut is made in the filoy 10 the substrate, pressure-sensitive iape is applied over the cut and then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on the 0 05 scale. 3.2 Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either sx eleven cuts in each direction is made in we film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the Lattice ané then removed, and edhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and illustrations, 4, Significance and Use 4.1 IF a coating is to fulill Its function of protecting & decorating a substrate, it must adhere to it for the expected service life, Because the substrate and its surface preparatiot (or lack of it) has a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings Arma! Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 0601 * pn! Rook of ASTM Standards. Vol (2.05, Annual Rok of ASTM Srobards, Nol 6.02 Asal Biok of ASTM Standards, Vol 1509. COPIA NAO CONTRCLADA‘ew nd ed) shy an ede lated > the and the ix or > the and with ng o* seced ration ings tp a method of evaluation adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments, or of different coatings 10 the fame substrate and treatment, is of considerable usef the industry, "4.2 The Fim the specific limitation af this test method to lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3) should be recognized before using it. The intra- and interlaboratory precision of this test method is similar to other wwidely-accepted tests for coated substrates (for example, Test Meitiod D 2370 and Test Methox! D 4060), but this is partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhgsion, The limited scale of 0 to 5 was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive ess in tions of all adhesion method "7 METHOD A— “UT TAPE TEST. 5, Apparatus and Materials 5.1 Cuting Too!—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife oF other cutting devices. It is of panicular importance that the cutting tdges be in good condition 5:2 Custing Guide—Stecl or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts $.3 Tape—One-inch (25-mm) wide semitransparent pressure-sensiive tape with an adhesion strength agreed upon by the supplicr and the user is needed”. Beceuse of the Variability in adhesion strength for bateh-torbatch and with Lime itis essential that lape from the same butch be used tests are fo be run in different Inboratories. If this is not possible the test method should be used only for ranking a series of test coatings. 5.4 Rubber Eraser, on the end of a peacit 5.5 Mlumination—A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made throvgh the film to the substate 6, ‘Test Specimens 6.1 When this test method is used in the field, the specimen is the coated structure of article on which the adhesion is to be svaluated, 6.2 For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested 10 panels of the composition and surface conditions on which itis desired to determine the adhesion, Non 3—Applicable test pane) description and ssrface preparation Ietbods are piven in Practise 11600 and Practices D 1730 and D 2082 Nore 4—Coatings should be applied in aceordaace with Prac 823, or sx agreed upon betwoen the purchaser and the seller Note 5—Ifdesined or specified, the coated test panels may be subjected 10.4 preliminary expostre such as water immersion, salt spray. oF high humidty before conducting the tape test. The conditions and time ‘poser will he governed hy wlimate coating use or shall De agreed upon between the purchaser and sel 1. Procedure 7A Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface Ren i lhe fore vanes Peace tape dsbutors. erp she ote for thi stose. The manlactte of ti tape and he malar lbiary study age RR: TAIN), Have advise iiss Fpaes al hee apr vote oh STE mater pee comparatie te that the D 3359 imperfections. For tests in the field, ensure that the surface clean and dry. Exttemes in temperature or relative humid may affect the adhesion of the-tape or the coating, 7.2 Make two cuts in the film each about {.5 in, (40 mi Jong that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle between 30 and 45°. When making the incisions, use siraightedge and cut through the coating 40 the substrate in u dy motion, 7.3 Inspect the meisions tor reflection of light fram ¢ Metal substrate (0 establish that the coating Him has be Penetnated. If the substeate has not beet reached make anoth X ina different location. Do not attempt to deepen a previa cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision, 74 Remove {wo complete laps of the pressure-sensiti tape from the roll and discard. Remove an additional length a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and et a piece about 3 in. ¢ mmm) long 7.5 Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the et with the tape ninning in the same direction as the angles. Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of 1 incisions and then rub firmly with the eraver on tik: end of pencil, The under the transparent tape is a usef indicalion of when good coniact has heen made 7.6 Within 99 © 30 5 of application, remove the tape t seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked) bac upon itself at as close to an angle of 180" us possible, 7.7 Inspect the X-cut area for removal ul coating, from th substrate oF previous coating and rate the adhesion in acco ice with the following scale: 4A Trace posting or removal lang incisor Intron, 2A Jagged remoral sen iexsons up to Yn (1.6 mm) an ei so 2A ngged amoral along most of nlsens pio 6 (22 min) gn eae 1A Bamavs trom most of the area of he X under thé tape and 8A emoval bayond tha area ofthe X 7.8 Repeut the test in tWo other locations on each test pane For laige structures. make suificient tests to ensure that th achesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface 7.9 After making several cuts examine the eutting edge unk if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abnulin lightly on @ fine oil stone before using agein, Discard cutin tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the flim, 8. Report 8.1 Report the number of fests, their mean snd range, an the failure occurred that is, betwe first coat and substrate, between first and second coat, ete 8.2 For held tests report the structure or article wsted., th location and the environmental conditions al the time o testing. 8.3 For test panels report the substrate employed, the type 0 coating, the method of cure, and the enviroamental condition at the time of testing for coating systems, wht 8.4 If the auhesion strength of the tape has been deteriiine in accordance with Test Methods D 1000 or D 3330, report th results with the adhesion ratings). IF the aihesion stzengtit o the tape has nat been determined, report the specitie tupe use and its manufaeiurer ™ COPIA NAO CONTRCLADA(fy p 3359 9. Precision and Bias * 9.1 Tw an interlaboratory study of this test method in which ‘operators in six laboratories made one adhesion mé ‘on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion, the within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be 0,33 and the between-laboratories 0.44, Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the 95% confidence level OAL Repeatability large surface, results obtained by the same operaior should be considered suspect if they differ by more than 1 rating unit for urement Provided adhesion is uniform over a 9.1.2 Reproducibility licales, obtained by different operators should be consid suspeet if they differ by more than 1.5 rating units, 9.2. Bias cannot be established for these test methods. Two results, each the mean of tip “J TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST 10. Appi id Materials 10.1 Cutting Tool—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other curing device having a cutting edge angle between 15 and 30" that will make either a single cut or several cuts at ‘once’. IC is of particular importance that the culting edge or edges be in good condition. 10.2. Crating Guide—Iteuts are made manually (as opposed to amechanical apparatus} a stce! or other herd metal straight edge or template to ensure straight cuts. 10.3 Rwle—Tempered steel rule graduated in 0.5 mm for messuring individual euts 10.4 Tape. as described in 5.3 10.5. Rubber Eraser, on the end of a pencil 10,6. iHtumination, as described in 5.5 10.7 Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier t0 be used while making individeal cuts and examining the test sroa, IL. Test Specimens I1.1 Test specimens shall be as described in Section 6. It should be noted, however, that multitip cutiers provide good results only on test areas suMficiently plane’® that all cutting. edges contact the substrate to the same degree. Check for flatness with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rale (103), 12. Procedure 12.1 Where required or when agreed upon, subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (see Note 3), After diying oF testing the coating, conduct the " Suppnsting data ace-aviluNe- trom ASTM: Headquarter: Request RR: oti Muli cttw Com w few wore tae spciatve wing equi lr the pai inary One spe hal hs assed the reine of eve metuds and Test Bethe D227 tive it fotnot 10 "The ele omc of supply ofthe uk eater Ieee pipe sarfaces known the enmitee i thi tame 6 Paul N.Galdier Go, 6 NE Fast St, Pompano Teach, EL S30 hy inforoation 0 ASTM Headquarter. Your comment wll ceive care! con aon at tig tte Feoponste technical comatee." which you mayen eee prove th tape {est at room temperature as defined in Specilication D 3024, ure iS requited of agreed. unless 3024 standard tempe lect an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections, place on a firm base, and under the iluminated magnifier, make parallel cuts as follows 122.1 For coatings having a dry fil thickness up to and including 2.0 mils (50 jm) space the cuts | mir apart ane! make eleven cuts unless otherwise agreed upor 12.2.2 For coatings having a dry film thickness between 2.9 mils (50 pm) and 5 mils (125 pm), space the cuts 2 mm apart and make six cuts. For films thicker than 5-muls. use “Test Method A.!! 122.3 Make all cuts about Yein. 20 mn) long. Cut through the film to the Seady motion using. just sufficient pressure on the curting tool to have the cutting edge reach the substrate, When making successive single cuts with the aid of a guide, place the guide on the uneut 123 After making the required cats brush the fil lightly with a soft brust or tissue 10 remove any detached flakes ot ribbons of coatings 124 Examine the cutting edge and, if necessary, remeve any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading fighily ona fine oi stone. Make the additional number of cuts at 90° to and centered on the original cuts. 125 Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the substrate, If the metal has not been reached make another grid in a different location. 126 Remove two complete laps of tape and discard. Res move an additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 3 in. (73 mm) long 127 Place the center ofthe tape over the grid and in the aret of the grid smooth into place by a finger, To ensure good ontact with the filay rub the tape fialy with the eraser on the ‘end of a pencil. The color under the ‘ape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made 128 Within 90 = 30 s of application, remove the tape by seizing the free end and rapidly (not jerked) back upon itself at € 10 an angle of 180" as possible 129 Inspect the grid area for removal of ebating fom the substrate or from a previous coating using the illurninaed magnilier Rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale illustrated in Fig, | substrate in one £8 The edges ofthe cus ae completly smooth: none ofthe squans of 8 lati detached 46 Sora iskas of he coaing ate detachad at ntrsectons; tos an 8% the aa ie ed sting are detached slang edges and a verse tone of ats. The aaa aectad Sto 18 eof he atic 2 Tha coating has fakad along the edges ard on pas oft squares “Toa area ated t 15 ta 35 Mf the lace 18 The coating has taxed along Ine eages of evs in largo bos ad ‘whole equares have detached. The area atlectod @ 35 i 65 % of 6 Flaking ané detachment worso than Grave + Test Meo thay bee ued sues Hy sums ent on coatings Aen than $ mils (O13 ram) by spacing the crs 8 etapa Hoseyer. the psi ‘ales sien in 11 dont wply as they ane bse on coins es han Su (O12 comin NAO CONTRCLADAecificari aquired up toa and nn tween 2 mn apy use Te H dion Ising je ting ed ul i Jin High flakes 4 remo fine 4 00 an isions fh no bese eae, Ry ke) thea ure govt seron ndivativ © bape b nase fran th followin, than ners uate. ve and (fly D 3359 . | FIG. 1 Classification of Achesion Test Results 12.10 Repeal the test in vo other locations on each test pane 13, Report 13.1 Report the number of tests, their mean and rang failure cecurred, thé en firs! and second coat, where the for coating systems, between first coat and substrate, hetw ete. 13.2. Repon the substrate employed, the type of coating and method of cure 13.3. If the adhesion strength bas been d dance with Test Methods D 1000 or D 3330, report the results with the adhesion rating(s), If the adhesion strength of the tape -d, report he specific tape used and it the ined iy aceor- ‘manufacturer, 14. Precision and Bias * 14.1 On the basis of two interlaboratory tests Of this test tethod in one of which operators in six laboratories made on adhesion measurement on three panels each of three ewings covering a wide range of adhesion and in the other operators in \de three measurements On twWo panels eaich pplied over to other coatings, the pooled standard deviations for withiny and betwe laboratories were found t be 0.37 and 0,7, Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for six laboratories 1 of four ditferent coatings. judging the acceptability of results at the 95% confide level 14.1.1 Repeatability Provided adhesion is unite over a large surface, results obtained by the same «operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than one rating unit for two measurements 141.2 Reproductbility—Two results, each the mean of dur plicates or triplicates, obtained by different operators shouid be ing units, considered suspect if they differ by more than two 14.2 Bias cannot be established! for these test methods. Keywords 1 adhesion; tape; crosseut adhesion (est method; tape adhesion test method; X-cut adhesion test method APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) XI. X1.1.1 Given the complexities of the adhesion process, can adhesion be measured? As Mittal (1)' has pointed out, the answer is both yes and ao, It is reasonable to state that at the Present time no test exists that can precisely assess the actual Thysical sirength of an adhesive bond. Bu it can also be said ‘Wat i is possible to obtain an indication of relative adhesion Ferfommance X11.2 Practical adhesion test methods are generally of 160 'ypes: “implied” and “direct”. “Iinphied” tests include inden: wi | COPIA NAO CONTRCLADA COMMENTARY tation or scribe techniques, rub testing, and wear testing Criticism of these tests arises when they are used 10 quant the strength of adhesive bonding, But this, in Tack, is not th purpose. An “implied” test should be used 10 assess coat performance under actual service conditions. “Direct” mea ss on the other hand, are intended expressly measure adhesion. Meaningful tests of this type are high) sought after, primarily because the results are expressed by Single discrete quantity, the force required to rupture thy ccoating/substrate bond under prestribed conditions. Dir tests include the Hesiometer and the Adherometer (2). Con mon methods which approach the direct tests are peel, she: id tensile test, a"h} 0 3359 X12 Test Methods X1.2.1 In practice, numerous types of tests have been used to aulerpt te evaluate adhesion by inducing bond rupture by different moves. Criteria deemed essential for a test to warrant large-scale acceplance are: use of a straightforward ard unam- biguous procedure: relevance io its intended application; re- peatabity and reproducibility; and quantifisbiity, including meoninglu rating scale for assessing performance X12.2 ‘Test methods used for coatings on metals are: peel adhesion oF “tape testing”; Gardner impact flexibility testing and adhesive join. testing including shear (lap joint) and direct {ensile (butt joiny testing. These tests do not strictly meet all listed, but an appealing aspect of these tests is that equipment/instrumentation is readily avail able or can be obtained at reasonable cost NI.2.3 A wide diversity of tests metiods have been devel oped over the years that measure aspects of adhesion (1-S) There generally is difficuliy, however. in relating these tests to basic adhesion phenomens XL.4 ‘The Tape Test X1.M1_ By far the most prevalent test for evaluating coating ‘adhesion "isthe tape-andspee! test, which the 1930's. In its simplest version a piece of adhesive tape is pressed against the paint film and the resistance to and degree Df lili removal observed when the tape is pulled off. Since an intact film with appreciable adhesion is frequently not removed tall, the severity of the test isusually enhanced by cutting into the filma figure X or a cross hatched patter, before applying and removing the tape, Adhesion is then rated by comparing film removed against an established rating scale. If an intact film is peeled cleanly by the tape, or if i debonés just by cuiting into it without applying tape, then the adhesion is rated simply as poor or very poor, a more precise evaluation of such films nat being within the capability of this tes. X1.22 ‘The current widely-used version was first published in 1974; owo test methods are covered in this standard. Bot test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to 2 substrate is at an adequate level; however they do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for w more sophisticated methods of measurement are required. Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensitivity applicabiity only to coatings of relative and non-determination of adhesion to the substrate where failure occurs within a single coat. es when testing primers alone, or within or between coats in multicoat systems. For multicoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between or within coats, the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined X1.3.3 Repeatability within one rating unit is generally observed for coatings on metals for both methods, with reprockicibility of one to. two units. The tape test enjoys widespread popularity and is viewed as “simple” as well as low in-cos!. Applied to metals, itis economical to perform, lends itself 10 job site application, and most importantly, after decades of use. people feel comfortable with i as been used since low bond strengths, X1.4.4 When a flexible adhesive tape is applied to a coated rigid substrate surface and then removed, the removal process tas heen described in terms of the illustrated in Fig. XL X13.5 Peeling begins at the “toothed” leading edge (at the right) and proceeds along the coati coating/substrate interface, depending on the relative bond Strengths. It is assumed that coating removal occurs When the tensile fore generated along the latter interface, which ie ¢ function of the theological properties. of the ticking ad adhesive layer materials, s greater than the bork strength atthe coating substrte interface (or cohesive strenuth of the coat ing). In actuality, however, this force is distributed over q discrete distance (O-A} in Fig, X11, which relates dizeetly to operties described, not concentrated at a point (O) in Fig, XL[ as in the theoretical case—though the tensile force iy prcalest at the origin for both. A significant compressive foree irises from the response of the tape backing material to belng stretched. Thus both tensi pressive forces are ine volved in adhesion tape tesing X13.6 Close scrutiny of the tape test with respect 10 the nature of the tape employed and certain aspects of the procedure itself reveal several factors, each orany combination ff which can dramatically affect the results of the (est at peel phenomenon,” ag adesivelinterface oF the X14 Peel Adhesion 1 resting on Plastic Substrates X11 Tape tests have been criticized when used for substrates other than metal, such as plastics. The central issues ties lacks reproducibility and does not jon, Both concems are well are that the test on relate to the intended applica founded: poor precision is a direct result of several factors intrinsic to the materials employed and the procedure sell More importantly, in this instance the test is being applied beyond its intended scope. These test methonls were designed for relatively ductile coatings applied to metal substrates, not for coatings (often britle) applied to plastic parts (7), The unique requirements of coatings on plastic sub: strates cause the usual tape tests to be unsatisfactory for rmessuring adhesion performance in practice XLS Thi XLS With the withdrawal from commerce of the tap .pe Controversy V FIG. X1.1 Peo! Profile (6) COPIA NAQ SONTRCLADAW the the >on 1 the isa and ithe a era yo Fig ‘one veing the the say for sues sno wal ‘tars tse pelied ned The for sat specified originally, 3M No. 710, current test methods no longer idemify a specific tape. Differences in tapes used can lead 10 different results as small changes in backing stiffness and adhesive rheology cause large changes in the tension area Some commercial tapes are manufactured 0 meet minimum standards. A given lot may surpass these standards and thus be suitable for general market distribution; however, such 2 lot may be a source of serious and unexpected error in assessing adhesion. One commercially available tape test kit had in- clued a tape with adhesion strength variations of up to 50 % claimed by the manufacturer. Also, bs pes change on storage, bond strengths of the tape may change over time (7, 8), X1,5.2 While there are tapes available that appear to deliver consistent performance, a given tape does not adhere equally well (0 all coatings. For example, when the peel removal force of the tape (from the costing) used earlier by Task Group DO1.23.10 to establish precision of the method, by 3M No. 710 was examined with seven different electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference (EMURFI) coatings, it was found that, while pect was indeed consistent fora given coating, the value varied by 25% between the highest and lowest ratings among coatings, Several factors that contribute to these differences include coating composition and topology: 1s a result, no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings. Further, the tape test does not give an absolute value for the force required for bond rupture, but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded (7, 8). X16 Procedural Problems X1.6.1 The tape test is operator intensive, By design it was ‘made as simple as possible 10 perform, and requires a mini ‘mum of specialized equipment and materials that must meet certain specifications. The accuracy and precision depend largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator's ability 10 perform the test in a consistent manner. Key steps that directly reflect the importance of operaior skill include the angleand rate of tape removal ard the visual assessment of the ‘ested sample. It is not unexpected that different operators might obtain different results (7, 8), X16.2 Peel Angle and Rate: ‘The standard requires that the fee end of the tape de ‘emoved rapidly at as close to a 180° angle as possible. If the eel angle and rate vary, the force required to remove the tape can change dramatically. Nearly linear increases were observed in peel fore approaching 100 % as peel angle was changed from 135 40 189, and similar large differences can be expected ay fly o 3359 in peel force as peel rate varies. These effocts are relate they reflect certain rheological properties of the backing adhesive that are molecular in origin, Vaniation in pull rate peel angle can effect large differences in test values and 1 be minimized to assure reproducibility (9) X1.6.3 Visual Assessment ‘The final step in the testis visual assessment of the cow removed from the specimen, which is subjective in nature that the coatings can vary among individuals evaluating same specimen (9) 1.6.3. Performance in the tape test is based on amount of coating removed compared to a descriptive se ‘The exposure of the substrate can be due to factors other t ‘coating adhesion, including that arising from the requitem that the coating be cat (hence the synonym’ eross-hu adhesion test"), Justification for the cutting step is-reasona 3 culling provides a free edge from whieh peeting can be without having to overcome the cohesive strength of | coating layer. X1-6.3.2 Cutting might be suitable for coatings applied metal substrates, but for coatings applicd to plastics or wos the process can lead to @ misleading indication of pu adhesion due 10 the unique interfacial zone. For coatings | soft substrates, issues include how deep should this < Penetrate, and is it possible 10 cul only to the interlace? X1.6.3.3 In general, if adhesion test panels are examin microscopically, it is often clealy evident that the coati removal results from substrate Failure at or below the interfac and not from the adhesive failure between the coating and t substrate. Cohesive failure within the coating film is. als frequently observed. However, with the tape test, failun within the substrate or coating layers are rare because the t adhesive is not usually strong enough to exceed the cohesi stengths of normal substrates and organic coatings. A lthoug some rather brittle coatings may exhibit cohesive failure, t tape test adhesion method does not make provision for givin failure locality (7, 8) X1.6.4 Use of the test method in the field can lead 1 Variation in test results due to temperature and humidit changes and their effect upon tape, coating and substrate, X17 Conclusion X17.1_ All the issues aside, if these test methods are use thin the Scope Section and are performed carefully, som insight into the epproximate, relative level of adbesion can bi COPIA NAO CONTRCLADAAf 0 3359 REFERENCES. (L)Mitsi KL. "Adhesion Measurement: Recent Progress, Unsolved Protiems, and Prospects’, "Adbesion Measurement of Thi. Fils, ‘hic Films, and Bulk Contings." AS7M STP 640, ASTM, 1978. pp 8 £2) Corcoran, B, M. “Adhesion,” Chapter’, Point Testing Manual, 1h cd, ASTM STP 500, ASTM, 1972, pp. 314-332 (3) Garant, WA, and Sward, G. G., Paine Testing Manual, 12h ed CChapler 7, Gardner Laboratory, Bethesda, MD, 1962, pp. 159-170, (A) Mittal, KL, Journal of Adhesion Science and Tectoology, Nol, No 4, 1987, pr 247-250, (8) Stofier, JO, and Gadodia. SK. Jounal, Yot 70, Nos. $0 and 51. respretively American Paint and Coatings 1991. 1. 36-40 and 36-5) Tho Ameroan Society fr Testing and Matos (6) Souheng, Wu, Polsmer tnterface and Adhesion, Marcel Dekker, ie, New York, NY, 1982, p. 531 (7) Nebo, GL, Gray, K. Ny aid Buckley, 8: E, Mader Pa at Coatings, Nol 75, No. 10, 1985, pp. 160-172. (8) Netoon, G. L., an Gray, KN, “Coating Adhesion to Phases Proceedings, Waterbome and Higher Solids Coainngs Symposia, Yo 13, New Orleans, LA, February 5-7, 1986, pp. 14-91, (9) KL. Mital, ed, “Symposium on Adhesion Aspeess of Polymer Coatings,” Proceedings, The Electwoehemical Society, 19RI, pp, 569-582 respecting be vat of any patent ight assed nconnection wun any tom mantoretn hs siansont Users tha sarsrd are onproaay acne Phat determination ofthe vl of ary sic potent ight, and he rs of mningement of uc rights are entire thew own respesily This tania issue to revision at any te byt response techesca!convating aed must be reviewed every te Yas arkd nootrensou.etherroapprovedor wirian. You tonherts are tuted flor resin of tua starderdorforadttona tarda ‘nd should be addeasot fo ASTM Headquarters. Your comme resolve ca70hd consderaton ata mostig af the responsi lcotaveal commutoe, ict you may ater you feel that your ewan avy no! cesta alt hearing you shold make YOUT ‘inte known to he ASTI Commies on Staats. 100 Bar Harbor Davo, Wost Conshchocken, PA 19428 COPIA NAO CONTROLADA