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Nonlinear Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

Part I
Analysis and Modeling of Reinforced Concrete

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Behavioral Simulation of Structures
1.1.1 Constitutive modeling ? How to express nonlinear mechanics of RC? -
1.1.2 Nonlinear structural analysis ? How to use nonlinear mechanics? -
1.1.3 Verification of nonlinear modeling ?How applicable and reliable? -
1.2 Engineering Application
1.2.1 Performance based design
1.2.2 Limit state criteria
1.2.3 Performance assessment of existing structures
1.3 Structures of book contents -How to read this book? -

CHAPTER 2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

2.1 Smeared crack concept - space averaged constitutive model -
2.2 Direction of Cracking
2.3 Implicit formulation - preliminary discussion -
2.4 Explicit formulation - active crack approach -
2.5 Orthogonal two-way fixed crack model
2.5.1 Concrete model before cracking
2.5.2 Cracked concrete model
2.6 Quasi-orthogonal two-way fixed crack approach
2.7 Verification of two-way fixed crack model
2.7.1 Shear panels subjected to monotonic loads
2.7.2 Shear panels subjected to reversed cyclic loading
2.8 Four-way fixed crack model
2.8.1 Basic concept
2.8.2 Strategic framework
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2.9 Verification of the four-way fixed crack model

2.9.1 Average shear stress-average shear strain relationship
2.9.2 Average shear stress-nornal strain relationship
2.9.3 Crack angles
2.10 Two-dimensional structural analysis
2.10.1 Shear wall
2.10.2 Shear failure of reinforced concrete members
2.10.3 Five-storied shear wall subjected to dynamic loading
2.10.4 Analysis of scaled down test structures
2.11 Shear failure of high strength concrete beam
2.11.1 Analytical method and constitutive models
2.11.2 Experimental verification
2.12 Shear wall subject to horizontal two-directional loading
2.13 Underground box culvert

CHAPTER 3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

3.1 General concept
3.2 Elasto-plastic and continuum fracture model for un-cracked concrete
3.2.1 Modeling concept
3.2.2 Elasto-plastic fracture model
3.2.3 Three-dimensional multi-directional smeared crack model
3.3 Three-dimensional zoning concept and anisotropic post cracking response
3.3.1 Anisotropic tension stiffening/softening behavior
3.3.2 Anisotropic shear fracture
3.3.3 Anisotropic average yield strength
3.4 Nonlinear Structural Analysis
3.4.1 RC column subjected to unilateral loading
3.4.2 Torsion of plain and reinforced concrete members
3.4.3 Multi-directional shear failure of short RC column
3.4.4 Combined torsion and shear
3.4.5 RC columns under cyclic combined axial force, torsion and
bending/shear

CHAPTER 4 NONLINEAR SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION

4.1 Entire soil-structure system of nonlinearity
4.2 Modeling of Soil and soil-RC interface
4.2.1 Modeling of soil and foundation
4.2.2 Soil-structure interface
4.2.3 Verification of RC/soil system: Box culvert tested by JSCE committee
4.3 Non-linear static response of underground RC structures
4.3.1 Macroscopic Indicator
4.3.2 Limit state criterion
4.3.3 Shear response of RC box culvert tested by JSCE committee
4.3.4 Parametric study
4.4 Non-linear dynamic analysis of RC/soil system
4.4.1 Analysis method
4.4.2 Non-linear dynamic response of underground RC vertical duct
4.4.3 Nonlinear dynamic analysis of underground multi-vent box culvert
4.5 Failure/Collapse mechanism of damaged underground structures
4.5.1 Failure of underground of RC ducks in earthquake
4.5.2 Case study ? Daikai Station -
4.5.3 Case study 2 ? Kamisawa Station -

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CHAPTER 5 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF SHELLS AND FRAMES

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Degenerated shell element and Layered Formulation
5.3 Geometrical non-linearity
5.4 Integration scheme
5.5 Crack patterns in shell element subjected to out-of-plane transverse
load
5.6 Verification of shell element
5.6.1 Shell element under combined out-of-plane flexure and in-plane forces
5.6.2 Shell element subjected to combined transverse shear and in-plane
forces
5.6.3 Slabs under cyclic transverse loading
5.6.4 Box culvert under cyclic loading
5.6.5 Reinforced concrete cylindrical tank subject to reversed cyclic
loading
5.7 Fiber formulation
5.7.1 Degeneration of fields
5.7.2 Normal stress, stiffness and fiber assembly
5.7.3 Shear stress and stiffness model
5.7.4 Geometrical non-linearity in frame element
5.7.5 Constitutive modeling and RC zoning
5.8 Verification of frame elements
5.8.1 Interaction diagram of column
5.8.2 Cyclic loading of a steel tube
5.8.3 Cyclic loading of RC square box section
5.8.4 Three-dimensional cyclic loading of concrete filled tube
sub-assemblage
5.8.5 Multi-directional flexure subject to eccentric axial force
5.8.6 Three-dimensional dynamic analysis of multi-story frame
5.9 Buckling and spalling models
5.9.1 Compression envelope of reinforcement and cyclic loops
5.9.2 Cover concrete spalling
5.9.3 Mesh size consistency
5.9.4 Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto model for cyclic loops
5.10 Frame member under large lateral deformation
5.10.1 RC column subjected to reversed cyclic load
5.10.2 High strength composite RC column subjected to reversed cyclic load
5.10.3 Dynamic analysis of RC pier
5.11 Post-peak cyclic response analysis
5.11.1 Experimental setup and specimen details
5.11.2 Numerical simulation of the experiments
5.12 Geometrical nonlinearity on collapse of reinforced concrete piers

CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHENED / RETROTITTED STRUCTURES

6.1 Background
6.2 Structural steel model
6.2.1 Elasto-perfectly plastic plane stress routine
6.2.2 Parallel elasto plastic model
6.2.3 Verification of constitutive modeling
6.3 Carbon fiber sheet model
6.4 Steel-concrete interface model
6.4.1 Requirement of modeling
6.4.2 Softening plasticity interface model
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6.4.3 Numerical integration

6.4.4 Verification ? uniform stress field -
6.5 Concentric and eccentric compression of strengthened columns
6.5.1 Effect of steel-concrete shear transfer mechanism
6.5.2 Carbon fiber sheet as confining agents
6.5.3 Carbon fiber sheets versus steel jackets
6.5.4 Eccentric compression
6.6 RC-columns strengthened by steel encasement
6.6.1 Practical needs
6.6.2 Consideration of discontinuities in analysis
6.6.3 Overall response
6.7 RC column strengthened by carbon fiber sheet wrapping
6.7.1 Strengthening of RC columns failing in flexure
6.7.2 Strengthening of RC column failing in shear
6.8 Recommendations for strengthening RC columns
6.8.1 Steel encasement /CFS wrapping
6.8.2 Effectiveness of steel jacketing with varying plate thickness

CHAPTER 7 NONLINEAR INTERACTION OF MULTI-DIRECTIONAL CRACKING

7.1 Crack-to-crack interaction
7.2 Beam containing pre-cracks - Two-way crack interaction -
7.2.1 Experimental program
7.2.2 Test results and discussions
7.2.3 Crack arrest and diversion
7.2.4 Failure of pre-cracked beams and development of failure path
7.3 Numerical simulation of non-orthogonal two-way crack interaction
7.3.1 Significance of shear transfer along crack plane
7.3.2 Verification
7.4 Three-way crack interaction
7.4.1 Experimental program
7.4.2 Numerical simulation of RC beam with 3-way crack interaction
7.5 Crack interaction in which two cracks are inclined close to each other
7.5.1 Experimental program
7.5.2 Experimental results and observations
7.5.3 Numerical simulation of RC beams containing near-parallel pre-cracks
7.6 Shear failure of RC members subject to pre-cracking and combined axial
tension and shear
7.6.1 Coupled axial tension ? shear on initially un-cracked concrete
7.6.2 Coupled axial tension ? shear on pre-cracked RC members

Part II
Constitutive Model of Reinforced Concrete

CHAPTER 8 STRESS TRANSFER ACROSS REINFORCED CONCRETE INTERFACE

8.1 Engineering needs
8.2 Basic joint element model
8.2.1 Material models for the RC joint element model
8.2.2 Verification and Improvement of steel slip-strain model
8.2.3 Verification using RC plates with a single crack
8.2.4 Verification on shear strength
8.3 Enhanced joint element model
8.3.1 RC interface shear transfer mechanism
8.3.2 Localized deterioration and non-uniform dilatancy
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8.3.3 Ultimate shear capacity of RC interfaces

8.3.4 Computation of idealized models on shear transfer
8.3.5 Verification of stress transfer model
8.3.6 Effect of reinforcement ratio on RC interface mechanics
8.3.7 Simulation of size effect in RC interfaces
8.4 Shear transfer across High Performance Concrete construction joints
8.4.1 Effect of joint surface asperity on shear capacity
8.4.2. Modeling of crack surface geometry
8.4.3 Experimental outline
8.4.4 Stress-displacement relations for construction joint
8.4.5. High Performance and Normal Concrete joints in construction

CHAPTER 9 ELASTO-PLASTIC FRACTURE MODEL FOR CONCRETE

9.1 Basic concept of fracturing and plasticity
9.2 Continuum fracture in concrete non-linearity under tri-axial confinement
9.2.1 Coverage of loading paths
9.2.2 Separation of elasticity from damaged concrete
9.2.3 Volumetric elasticity and fracture
9.2.4. Elastic deviator and fracture
9.2.5 Tensorial expression of fractured elasticity
9.3 Plasticity in concrete non-linearity
9.3.1 Plasticity in shear
9.3.2 Volumetric plasticity
9.3.3 Flow rule
9.3.4 Tensorial expression of plastic constitutive law
9.3.5 Verification
9.4 Triaxial elasto-plastic and fracture model for concrete
9.4.1 Full constitutive matrix
9.4.2 Material constants and functions
9.4.3 Verifications
9.5 Strength and damage of confined concrete columns
9.5.1 Finite element approach
9.5.2 Confinement index
9.5.3 Steel encased confined concrete columns
9.5.4 Discretely confined concrete columns for square sections

CHAPTER 10 STRESS TRANSFER ACROSS CRACKS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE

10.1 Micro-mechanism of crack face contact
10.2 Literature review
10.2.1 Shear stress-shear displacement relation
10.2.2 Models considering shear dilatancy
10.3 Basic contact density model
10.3.1Experimental program
10.3.2 Basic proposals of contact density and stress direction
10.3.3 Basic assumptions of interface stress transfer
10.3.4 Formulation of Constitutive Equations
10.3.5 Examination of thermodynamic requirement
10.3.6 Closed form solution of contact stress model for monotonic loading
path
10.4 Verification of basic contact density model
10.4.1 Verification of basic proposals ? loading path-dependency -
10.4.2 Verification of basic assumptions
10.5 Characteristics of stress transfer mechanism
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10.5.1 Simplified path-independent stress transfer model

10.5.2 Unique relation between stress and direction of crack displacement
10.5.3 Unique relation between compressive and shear stresses
10.5.4 Normality rule
10.5.5 Tangential shear stiffness
10.6 Application of stress transfer model to reinforced concrete
10.6.1 Application to smeared crack model
10.6.2 Application to discrete reinforced concrete crack
10.7 Qualitative evaluation of basic contact density model
10.7.1 Crack surface geometry
10.7.2 Qualitative investigation into stress transfer characteristics under
arbitrary
10.8 Universal model for stress transfer across crack in reinforced concrete
10.8.1 Geometrical formulation
10.8.2 Constitutive model of contact force
10.8.3 Verification analysis
10.9 Verification of the universal stress transfer model
10.9.1 Basic loading paths
10.9.2 Special loading paths
10.9.3 Concrete cracks with flat crack surface geometry

CHAPTER 11 BOND MECHANICS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

11.1 Multi-scale modeling
11.1.1 Micro-mechanical modeling of bond ? stress transfer through
bar-lugs -
11.1.2 Meso-scale approach based on local bond-slip relations
11.1.3 Spatially average macro-model
11.1.4 Member level approach
11.1.5 Flow of this chapter
11.2 Local bond stress-slip-strain relationship of deformed bars
11.2.1 Experimental program
11.2.2 Bond-slip-strain relationship
11.2.3 Bond characteristics for long embedment length
11.3 Bond characteristics in post-yield range
11.3.1 Experiments
11.3.2 Strain distributions
11.3.3 Distribution of slip, stress and bond
11.3.4 Bond-slip-strain relation
11.4 Strain-slip model of anchored bar subject to cyclic loading
11.4.1 Unique relation between slip and strain
11.4.2 Formulation of slip-strain relation
11.5 Basic tension stiffening model under reversed loading including
post-yield range
11.5.1 Tension stiffening experiments
11.5.2 Average stress-strain relation in post-yield range
11.5.3 Tension stiffness under reversed loading
11.6 Enhancement of macroscopic models by meso-level bond
11.6.1 Assumption
11.6.2 Meso-scale bond analysis and averaging scheme
11.6.3 Experimental verification
11.7 Computational model for structural analysis
11.7.1 Model of reinforcement embedded in reinforced concrete
11.7.2 Modeling of concrete
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11.8 Micro-mechanical model of bond -bar rib-concrete stress transfer-
11.8.1 Numerical simulation
11.8.2 Verification

CHAPTER 12 MODELING OF REINFORCING BARS IN STRUCTURE

12.1 Embedded bars in concrete under coupled axial and transverse
displacement
12.1.1 Extension of applicability
12.1.2 Pull-out tests on embedded bar under coupled transverse shear
12.1.3. Mechanism of reduced axial performance under coupled shear
12.1.4 Dowel behavior with coupled axial pullout
12.1.5 Nonlinear interactions with crack shear in concrete
12.2 Computational model under coupled axial and transverse displacement
12.2.1 Analytical modeling
12.2.2 Verification
12.3 Stability of reinforcing bar and cover concrete
12.3.1 Engineering needs
12.3.2 Literature review
12.4 Modeling for post-yield buckling of reinforcement
12.4.1 Simulation of plain bar buckling
12.4.2 Verification and parametric study
12.4.3 Modeling of average stress-strain relation
12.5 Stability of reinforcement and fracture of cover concrete
12.5.1 Buckling Length
12.5.2 Cover concrete spalling

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