Biodiesel

A STUDY ON METHONAL AND
BIODIESEL AS PETRO FUEL

ALTERNATIVES
ABSTRACT
Developed in the 1890s by inventor Rudolph Diesel, the diesel
engine has become the engine of choice for power, reliability, and high
fuel economy, worldwide. Early experimenters on vegetable oil fuels
included the French government and Dr. Diesel himself, who
envisioned that pure vegetable oils could power early diesel engines
for agriculture in remote areas of the world, where petroleum was not
available at the time. Modern biodiesel fuel, which is made by
converting vegetable oils into compounds called fatty acid methyl
esters, has its roots in research conducted in the 1930s in Belgium, but
todays biodiesel industry was not established in Europe until the late
1980s
The early diesel engines had complex injection systems and

were designed to run on many different fuels, from kerosene to coal
dust. It was only a matter of time before someone recognized that,
because of their high energy content, vegetable oils would make
excellent fuel. The first public demonstration of vegetable oil based
diesel fuel was at the 1900 Worlds Fair, when the French government
commissioned the Otto company to build a diesel engine to run on
peanut oil. The French government was interested in vegetable oils as a
domestic fuel for their African colonies.
VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 1

Rudolph Diesel later did extensive work on vegetable oil fuels
and became a leading proponent of such a concept, believing that
farmers could benefit from providing their own fuel. However, it
would take almost a century before such an idea became a widespread
reality.
Shortly after Dr. Diesels death in 1913 petroleum became

widely available in a variety of forms, including the class of fuel we
know today as diesel fuel. With petroleum being available and
cheap, the diesel engine design was changed to match the properties of
petroleum diesel fuel. The result was an engine which was fuel
efficient and very powerful. For the next 80 years diesel engines would
become the industry standard where power, economy and reliability
are required.
The future of biodiesel lies in the worlds ability to produce

renewable feedstock such as vegetable oil and fats to keep the cost of
biodiesel competitive with petroleum without supplanting land
necessary for food production , or destroying natural ecosystems in
process Creating biodiesel is a sustainable manner will allow this
clean, renewable and cost effective fuel to help ease the world through
increasing shortages of petroleum, providing economic and
environmental benefits well into the 21st century.
Jatropha curcas has limited natural vegetative propagation and

is usually propagated by seed. Propagation through seed (sexual
propagation) leads to a lot of genetic in terms of growth, biomass, seed
yield and oil content. Low seed viability and the recalcitrant nature of
oil seeds also limit seed propagation. However, clonal techniques can

help in overcoming these problems that hinder mass propagation of
this tree-borne oilseed species.
Methods:
Biodiesel is extracted from jetropha seeds by crushing

the seeds. Jetropha oil is processed this oil is further processed
by standardization, Hanus method etc oil is thoroughly mixed
with organic solvents and HCl is added to neutralize the
solution.
With the help of separating funnels organic solvents are

separated the residue is washed with water and separated
further experiments and calculations are processed to find the
quality of oil.

1. INTRODUCTION
The usage of bio-fuels particularly ethanol, methanol and bio-

diesel is not a new. They are the fuels when Ford invented his popular
model T automobile, similarly the Rudolf Diesel's prototype engine
was made to run on vegetable oil. when the production of petro fuels
commenced, they became fuels of people choice as they were cheaper,
readily available.
However in the recent fast the scarcity of fossil fuels,

environmental concerns, global warming made people to rethink
about fuels obtained from biomass, particularly oxygenated fuels. It
was found that liquid fuels obtained from biomass are less polluting,
as their exhaust emissions do not contain harmful components.
Methanol is found to be excellent blending agent for gasoline and

bio-diesel (Methyl fatty acid esters) is for diesel oil. Ethanol increases
the octane rating of gasoline, biodiesel increases the octane rating of
petro-diesel.
Besides this these Bio components increase the life span of

vehicles due to their better lubricating Bio fuels particularly ethanol
and bio diesels are fuels of future, because they renewable,
biodegradable and less polluting.
The production of these fuels less unit operations and simple.Tie
extended use of bio-fuels saves huge amounts of foreign exchange and
improves rural economy.

2. BIO-FUELS
2.1 Classes of Bio-fuels
Bio Fuels fall into 3 classes.
The first class are material produced in dedicated fuel
production, energy plantations bi-products of other agricultural
activities and materials that could be classified as wastes. The
economics of using such fuels depends on which class the fuels belong
to.
The second class fuels that are produced as a processing by-
products, offer better economic opportunities. Bagasse, Sawmill refuse,
Rice Husk etc are all used as fuels. The manufacturing process
leading to their creation produces a concentration of material is still
valuable because of its immediate availability. The drawback with some
of these fuels is that they are produced on a seasonal basis. To run a
power plant using such fuel on a continuous basis, fuel storage would
be required.
The third class bio-fuels include materials that have only marginal
fuel value, and may have a negative useable energy potential. These
materials often require a considerable energy input into their collection
and processing. Their use as a fuel is dependent on other benefits such
as environmental hazard reduction being the primary reason for
collection and combustion. An example of such waste is sewage sludge.
Sludge cake is generally auto thermal at greater than 29% solids. If cake
can be produced at over 33% solids, the combustion of waste can
produce heat that is worth of recovering. The cost of producing a cake
of 33% solids can however be considerable. Both physical

(centrifuging and belt presses) and chemical (flocculates and filter aids)
process are needed to produce cake of high solids. An aerobic sludge
digestion is used to reduce sludge quantities, gas produced in the
process would be available for use in latter combustion process. The
gas which would contain between 60-65% (with the remainder mostly
carbon dioxide and water vapor) can be considered as useful fuel.
2.2 Benefits of bio-fuels:

Indigenous bio-fuels can be useful and significant source of
energy in the developing countries like India. In some situations
these fuels need to be supplemented with local or imported fossil
fuels (especially local coal) to maintain an even energy output.
2.3 Fuel Supplementation:

Bio-fuels of the second and third classes are likely to need
supplementation to maintain energy outputs where energy is
the desired product. The supplementation may need to be consistently
necessary in terms of both availability and level of supply, always
available but in varying quantities or may only be required on an
intermediate basis.
Sewage cake will often require a constant supplementary energy

input. Domestic garbage is likely to require some supplementary fuel,
with the level of being primarily dependent on moisture content.
Bagasses and other field wastes may be able to supply a consistent
power input for a large part of the year, but a complete substitution
may be required for the rest of the year.

2.4 Bio-fuels and the environment:
Transportation is a major or cause of advert environmental
impacts.
Much of the transportation -caused environmental damage can
be substantially alleviated by substituting bio-fuels for fossil fuels or
just by using them as fuel additives. From carbon monoxide and
ozone air pollution to M.T.B.E contamination of ground water to
global warming using bio-fuels can help.
2.5 Air pollution:

The transportation sector is responsible for large majority of the
air pollutants in urban areas. Carbon monoxide emission is a direct result
of incomplete combustion, which bio-fuels can reduce because of the
oxygen they contain. Another serious toxin, ground level ozone (often
referred to as smog) formation is a result of complex reaction triggered
by ultra violet radiation, but the principal ingredients are carbon
monoxide, hydro-carbons and nitrogen oxides. Again, adding bio-fuels
to gasoline or diesel produces more complete combustion reducing
carbon and unburned tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions. On the other
hand the typical 10% blend of ethanol is more volatile than straight
gasoline or ethanol (which has very low volatility), so hydrocarbons
evaporation from the fuel system may be higher with ethanol blends.
Also nitrogen oxides formation increases with combustion temperature,
so NOX production actually go up slightly with oxygenated. The overall
impact however of bio-fuels use is to substantially reduce the emission
of ground level ozone causing pollutants.

2.6 Water pollution
Bio-fuels reduce the risk of ground water contamination from
underground gasoline storage tank. Ground water contamination
caused when the additives M.T.B.E leaks from underground storage
tanks. Obviously, the leaks should be stopped, but that is not necessarily
easy. As a more effective oxygenated and octane booster, ethanol can
replace M.T.B.E with an essentially non-toxic fuel that quickly bio
degrades in water. Bio-diesel is also non-toxic and biodegradable in
water; it is an attractive to petroleum diesel.
2.7 Global climate change:

Combustion of bio-fuels releases CO2but because bio-fuels are made
from plants that just recently captured that CO 2 from the atmosphere
rather than billions of years ago-that release balanced by CO2 uptake
for the plants growth. Much or all of the CO 2 released when bio-mass
is converted into bio-fuels and burned in truck or automobile engines
is recaptured when new bio-mass grown to produce more bio-fuels. To
whatever extent bio-fuels are used instead global warming will be
reduced.
2.8 Other benefits:

Environmental consideration in combustion bio-fuels vary with
the fuels. Bagasse has a low sulpher content. Rice hull contain around
20% silica. If the combustion is not well controlled, the carbon
content of rice hull ash will be high making the ash useless for
processing industries that could otherwise use it as a valued silica
source. Other uses such as soil conditioning, for partially burnt rice by
the found if a secondary environmentally hazard is not going to be
created by combustion process.

2.9 Bio- fuel for automobiles:
Bio-fuels are alcohol, ethers, esters and other chemicals made
from cellulose biomass such as herbaceous and woody plants,
agricultural and for yeast residues and a large portion of municipal
solid and industrial waste.
Bio-fuels are good for environment because they add fewer

emissions to the atmosphere than petroleum fuels and use wastes that
currently have no use.
Unlike petroleum, which is nonrenewable resource, bio-fuels are

renewable and exhaustible sources of fuel. Bio-fuels is typically used as
a fuel additives in 20% blends (B2o) with petroleum diesel in
compression ignition (diesel) engines, although other blends levels can
be used depending on the cost of the fuel and the desirable benefits.
Bio-diesel, methanol and ethanol can soon become the fuels of choice
100% biodiesel is referred to as B100

20% biodiesel, 80% petro diesel is labeled B20
5% biodiesel, 95% petro diesel is labeled B5
2% biodiesel, 98% petro diesel is labeled B2bode
Biodiesel has better lubricating properties and much higher

octane ratings than today's low sulfur diesel fuels. Biodiesel addition
reduces fuel system wear and-in low levels in high pressure systems
increases the life of the fuel injection equipment that relies on the fuel
for its lubrication. Depending on the engine, this might include high

pressure injection pumps, pump injectors (also called unit injectors)
and fuel injectors.
The calorific value of biodiesel is about 37.27 MJ/kg. This is

9% lower than regular Number 2 petro-diesel. Variations in biodiesel
energy density is more dependent on the feedstock used than the
production process. Still, these variations are less than for petrodiesel.lt
has been claimed biodiesel gives better lubricity and more complete
combustion thus increasing the engine energy output and partially
compensating for the higher energy density of petro diesel.
Biodiesel is a liquid which varies in color between golden and

dark brown depending on the production feedstock. It is slightly
miscible with water, has a high boiling point and low vapor pressure.
The flash point of biodiesel (>130 C. >266 F)' is significantly higher
than that of petroleum diesel (64 C, 147 F) or gasoline (-45 C,-52
F). Biodiesel has a density of- 0.88 g/cm3, higher than petrodiesel( ~
0.85 g/cm3).
Biodiesel has virtually no sulfur content, and it is often used as an

additive to Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel to aid with lubrication,
as the sulfur compounds in petro diesel provide much of the lubricity.
Plastics: High density polyethylene (HOPE) is compatible

but polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is slowly degraded.
Polystyrene is dissolved on contact with biodiesel.
Metals: Biodiesel (like methanol) has an effect on copper-
based materials (e.g. brass), and it also affects zinc, tin, lead,
and cast iron Stainless steels (316 and 304)and aluminum are

unaffected.
Rubber: Biodiesel also affects types of natural rubbers found
in some older engine components.
Water reduces the heat of fuel combustion, causing smoke,
harder starting, and reduced power.
Water causes corrosion of fuel system components (pumps,
fuel lines, etc.)
Microbes in water cause the paper-element filters in the
system to rot and fail, causing failure of the fuel pump due
to ingestion of large particles.
Water freezes to form ice crystals that provide sites for
nucleation, accelerating gelling of the fuel.
Water causes pitting in pistons.
Several groups in various sectors are conducting research on

Jatrophacurcas, a poisonous shrub-like tree that produces seeds
considered by many to be a viable source of biodiesel feedstock oil.
Much of this research focuses on improving the overall per acre oil yield
of Jatropha through advancements in genetics, soil science, and
horticultural practices.
SG Biofuels, a San Diego-based Jatropha developer, has used

molecular breeding and biotechnology to produce elite hybrid seeds
of Jatropha that show significant yield improvements over first
generation varieties.
SG Biofuels also claims that additional benefits have arisen

from such strains, including improved flowering synchronicity, higher
resistance to pests and disease, and increased cold weather tolerance.

Plant Research International, a department of the Wageningen
University and Research Centre in the Netherlands, maintains on
going Jatropha Evaluation Project (JEP) that examines the feasibility
of large scale Jatropha cultivation through field and laboratory
experiments.
The Center for Sustainable Energy Farming (CSEF) is a Los

Angeles-based non-profit research organization dedicated to Jatropha
research in the areas of plant science, agronomy, and horticulture.
Successful exploration of these disciplines is projected to increase
Jatropha farm production yields by 200-300% in the next ten years.
2.10 Historical assessment
Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as

1853 by E. Duffy and J. Patrick, 1 many years before the first diesel
engine became functional. Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10 ft
(3 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power
for the first time in Augsburg, Germany, on 10 August 1893 running
on nothing but peanut oil. In remembrance of this event, 10 August
has been declared "International Biodiesel
2.11Biodiesel to hydrogen-cell power

A micro reactor has been developed to convert biodiesel into
hydrogen steam to power fuel cells steam reforming, also known as
fossil fuel reforming is a process which produces hydrogen gas from
hydrocarbon fuels, most notably biodiesel due to its efficiency. A
reformer, is the processing device in which water vapour reacts with

the liquid fuel under high temperature and pressure. Under
temperatures ranging from 700 1100 C, a nickel-based catalyst
enables the production of carbon monoxide and
hydrogenFurthermore, a higher yield of hydrogen gas can be
harnessed by further oxidizing carbon monoxide to produce more
hydrogen and carbon dioxide:
CO + H2O - CO2 + R2 (Mildly exothermic)
20H is that it has a higher octane rating than ethanol-free gasoline

available at road side gas stations, which allows an increase of an
engine's compression ratio for increased thermal efficiency. In high-
altitude (thin air) locations, some states mandate a mix of gasoline and
ethanol as a winter oxidizer to reduce atmospheric pollution emissions.
Ethanol is also used to fuel bio ethanol fireplaces. As they do not

require a chimney and are "fuels", bio ethanol fire are extremely useful
for newly built homes and apartments without a flue. The downsides to
these fireplaces is that their heat output is slightly less than electric heat
or gas fires, and precautions must be taken to avoid carbon monoxide
poisoning, In the current corn-to-ethanol production model in the United
States, considering the total energy consumed by farm equipment,
cultivation, planting, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides
made from petroleum, irrigation systems, harvesting, transport of
feedstock to processing plants, fermentation, distillation, drying,
transport to fuel terminals and retail pumps, and lower ethanol fuel
energy content, the net energy content value added and delivered to
consumers is very small. And, the net benefit (all things considered)

does little to reduce imported oil and fossil fuels required to produce the
ethanol although corn-to-ethanol and other food stocks have implications
both in terms of world food prices and limited, yet positive, energy yield
(in terms of energy delivered to customer/fossil fuels used), the
technology has led to the development of cellulosic ethanol. According
to a joint research agenda conducted through the US Department of
Energy the fossil energy ratios (PER) for cellulosic ethanol, corn ethanol,
and gasoline are
Green diesel is produced through hydro cracking biological oil

feed stocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats. Hydro cracking is a
refinery method that uses elevated temperatures and pressure in the
presence of a catalyst to break down larger molecules, such as those
found in vegetable oils, into shorter hydrocarbon chains used in diesel
engines. It may also be called renewable diesel, hydro treated vegetable
oil r hydrogen-derived renewable diesel. reen diesel has the same
chemical properties as petroleum-based diesel It does not require new
engines, pipelines or infrastructure to distribute and use, but has not
been produced at a cost that is competitive with petroleum Gasoline
versions are also being developed. Green diesel is being developed in
Louisiana and Singapore by ConocoPhillips, Neste Oil, Valero, Dynamic
Fuels, Fuel viscosity.
One of the main concerns regarding biodiesel is its viscosity. The

viscosity of diesel is 2.5-3.2 cSt at 40C and the viscosity of biodiesel
made from soybean oil is between 4.2 and 4.6 cSt The viscosity of diesel
must be high enough to provide sufficient lubrication for the engine parts

but low enough to flow at operational temperature. High viscosity can
plug the fuel filter and injection system in engines.
A biofuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon

fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of
this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are
made by a bio mass conversion (biomass refers to recently living
organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials).
This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing
substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical
conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can
result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can be used
for biofuels. Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil
prices and the need for energy security.
Bio ethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from

carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn,
sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-
food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a
feedstock for Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form,
but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and
improve vehicle emissions. Bio ethanol is widely used in the USA and
in Brazil. Current does not provide for converting the lignin portion of
plant raw materials to fuel components by fermentation.
Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it
is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates,
carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles.
Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is

the most common bio fuel in Europe.
In 2010, worldwide bio fuel production reached 105 billion liters

(28 billion gallons US), up 17% from 2009,' and biofuels provided
2.7% of the world's fuels for, a contribution largely made up of ethanol
and biodiesel' Global ethanol fuel production reached 86 billion liters
(23 billion gallons US) in 2010, with the Brazil as the world's top
producers, accounting together for 90% of global production. The
world's largest biodiesel producer is the European Union, accounting for
53% of all in 2010. As of 2011, mandates for blending biofuels exist in
31 countries at the and in 29 states or provinces The International
Energy Agency has a goal for biofuels to meet more than a quarter of
world demand for transportation fuels by 2050 to reduce dependence on
petroleum and coal.
2.12 Liquids fuel transmission

Most transportation fuels are liquids, because vehicles usually
require high energy density. This occurs naturally in liquids and solids.
High energy density can also be provided by aninternal combustion
engine. These engines require clean-burning fuels. The fuels that are
easiest to burn cleanly are typically liquids and gases. Thus, liquids
meet the requirements of being both energy-dense and clean-burning. In
addition, liquids (and gases) can be pumped, which means handling is
easily mechanized, and thus less laborious.

Biologically produced alcohols, most commonly ethanol, and less
commonly propanol and butanol, are produced by the action of
microorganisms andenzymes through the fermentation of sugars or
starches (easiest),or cellulose (which is more difficult). Biobutanol (also
called bio gasoline) is often claimed to provide a direct replacement for
gasoline, because it can be used directly in a gasoline engine (in a
similar way to biodiesel in diesel engines).
Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly

in Brazil. Alcohol fuels are produced by fermentation of sugars derived
from wheat, corn ,sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses and any sugar or
starch from which alcoholic beverages such as whiskey, can be made
(such as potato and fruit waste, etc.). The ethanol production methods
used are enzyme digestion (to release sugars from stored starches),
fermentation of the sugars, distillation and drying. The distillation
process requires significant energy input for heat (often unsustainable
natural gas fossil fuel, but cellulosic biomass such as bagasse, the waste
left after sugar cane is pressed to extract its juice, can also be used more
sustainably).
Methanol can be used in petrol engines as a replacement for
gasoline; it can be mixed with gasoline to any percentage. Most existing
car petrol engines can run on blends of up to 15% bioethanol with

petroleum/gasoline. Methanol has a smaller energy density than that of
gasoline; this means it takes more fuel (volume and mass) to produce the
same amount of work.
NBB was founded in 1992 by state soybean commodity groups.

Originally known as the National Soy Diesel Development Board, it
was created by farmers who saw a real potential for biodiesel made
from soybean oil. (Soybean oil is a byproduct of harvesting and
processing soybeans for protein, for both human and animal
consumption.) The commodity groups funded important biodiesel
research and development programs focusing on soybean oil as the
primary feedstock source for biodiesel. Feedstock is whatever the main
ingredient of a biodiesel is. While the majority of today's biodiesel is
still made from soybean oil, over the years, new feed stocks have
emerged.
2.13 Fuel quality
Ensuring consumers have a high level of confidence in the

biodiesel they purchase is a top priority for NBB and a key element in
the industry's growth. Regulation of fuel standards is a function
primarily left to the states, but regulation of biodiesel is not uniform
across all states. NBB works with states on fuel quality enforcement
measures. NBB also catalogs information regarding their authority to
regulate fuels; their status in adopting ASTM D6751 as the fuel
specification for biodiesel; enforcement procedures; and assessment of
capacity to analyze samples.
The National Biodiesel Accreditation Program is a cooperative

and voluntary program for the accreditation of producers and marketers
of biodiesel fuel called BQ-9000.
2.14 Sustainability
NBB is committed to sustainability meeting today's needs for

environmental stewardship, economic prosperity, and quality of life
without compromising future generations' ability to meet these needs
for themselves. NBB believes biodiesel demonstrates environmental
stewardship across its lifecycle by maximizing net energy balance and
minimizing negative impacts on natural ecosystems, creating green
jobs, and enhancing quality of life.
NBB membership adopted the following sustainability principles

to guide the industry.
Biodiesel production shall follow all applicable laws of the

jurisdiction in which it is produced.
Biodiesel projects shall be developed and operated under
appropriate, transparent, and participatory processes that involve
all relevant stakeholders.
Biodiesel shall contribute to climate change mitigation by
significantly reducing lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions as
compared to fossil fuels. Producers shall strive to continuously
improve that reduction.
Biodiesel production shall support human rights and labor rights,
and shall ensure safe and decent working conditions.
Biodiesel production shall contribute to the social and economic
development of local communities.

Biodiesel production shall strive to improve food security.
Throughout the supply chain, the biodiesel industry shall
implement management systems that maintain and strive to
improve biodiversity, areas of High Conservation Value, and the
quality of natural resources such as soil, air, and water.
Biodiesel production shall respect natural resource rights, such
as land and water rights.
All participants throughout biodiesel supply chain shall be
dedicated to the ideal of continuous improvement. Members
shall, through ongoing efforts, make advancements in the
economic, social and environmental performance of the industry.
2.15 The National Biodiesel Foundation
The National Biodiesel Foundation (NBF) was organized in

1994 to support and promote outreach, education, science, and
demonstration activities for the advancement of biodiesel and its co-
products to improve national security, air quality, and the environment.
Project funding is provided through government grants, charitable
organizations, and corporate and individual donations.
2.16 Americas First Advanced Biofuel

Made from an increasingly diverse mix of resources such as
recycled cooking oil, agricultural oils and animal fats, biodiesel is a
renewable, clean-burning diesel replacement that can be used in
existing diesel engines without modification. It is the first and only
EPA-designated Advanced Biofuel being produced on a commercial
scale across the country.
Biodiesel is produced in nearly every state in the country and in

2011 supported nearly 41,000 jobs and $4 billion in GDP. Every gallon
of biodiesel is displacing an equivalent amount of imported diesel fuel,
and the EPA estimates that biodiesel reduces greenhouse gas emissions
by 57 percent to 86 percent compared with petroleum diesel.
2.17 Greater Energy Security

Biodiesel is helping to diversify our supplies so that were not as
vulnerable to global petroleum markets that constantly disrupt our
economic stability and threaten our national security. There is a reason
our nations military leaders are so interested in American-made
renewable fuels. They understand that strong domestic energy
production is critical to our national security.
2.18 Background on the Mining Sector
The mining sector in the United States is generally comprised of

those entities that extract naturally-occurring materials such as crude
oil, minerals, or metals from the Earth. Mining operations are
generally classified as above-ground (surface) mining and underground
mining operations and the underground mining sector is a chief focus
of the biodiesel industry due to the primary use of diesel fuel to power
machinery underground and diesel particulate emissions from that
machinery which has a direct effect on worker respiratory health.
The US Department of Labor Mining Safety and Health

Administration (MSHA) is directly responsible for insuring the health
of the nations underground mining workers. One key aspect involves
controlling their exposure to diesel particulate matter resulting from the

combustion of petroleum-based fuels such as diesel fuel in equipment
used to mine metals and non-metals in underground mines. To control
exposure to acceptable levels, MSHA in 2006 set forth health standards
limiting diesel particulate matter emissions in underground mining
operations.
Specifically, from May 20, 2008, a miner's personal exposure to

diesel particulate matter (DPM) in an underground mine must not
exceed an average eight-hour equivalent full shift airborne
concentration of 160 micrograms of total carbon (TC) per cubic meter
of air (160TCg/m3) which is a significant decrease from 2007, which
set the limit at 350TCg/m3. MSHA measures the total carbon level as
elemental carbon (EC) which is the TC level divided by 1.3.
Therefore, 160TCg/m3 becomes roughly 123ECg/m3.
There are a number of control strategies underground mines can

take to achieve this level such as increased ventilation, installing newer
engines with better exhaust profiles or use of environmental cabs, and
the use of biodiesel in high blend levels. Because of this ruling,
operators of underground mines where exposure to elevated levels of
DPM are prevalent must install controls to keep DPM levels below the
mandates 160TCg/m3. The MSHA recognizes the use of biodiesel as
an accepted method for accomplishing DPM reductions in
underground mines.
2.19 Why Biodiesel is Important to the Mining Sector
Biodiesel has been shown by MSHA in their underground

testing and in numerous underground mining applications at various

blend levels to consistently help meet or exceed DPM PEL criteria,
thereby significantly improving worker health. MSHA has continually
endorsed biodiesel in national workshops and meetings as a viable
means of reducing total and elemental carbon levels in underground
mines and meeting the required exposure limits. Information provided
by MSHA on biodiesel, its application in a number of underground
mines, and reductions in DPM achieved can be found here:
2.20 Farmers are becoming a strong customer base for biodiesel
Biodiesel provides an opportunity for farmers to create demand

for the crops they grow through on-farm use. Farmers' commitment to
biodiesel is reflected in their $25 million investment in the product
through check off dollars.
The industry has encouraged all farmers to ask their fuel

distributors to carry biodiesel in at least a two percent blend (B2).
Building demand at a grassroots level is critical to the addition of
biodiesel to terminals on a large national scale. Although biodiesel is
compatible with existing diesel technology, including diesel tanks and
other infrastructure, some petroleum distributors may choose to have
separate tanks for biodiesel. Adding those tanks now to meet farmer
demand will help ensure that the infrastructure is in place to meet
future demand from the general public.
2.21 Biodiesel use benefits farmers
Farmers recognize that biodiesel is a high-quality product to use

in their farm equipment. Even low blends of biodiesel like B2 and B5
offer exceptional lubricity, thus slowing engine wear and tear. Plus it is
a cleaner-burning fuel that is friendlier to the user and the environment
2.22 Modern Diesel Vehicles

Diesel engines are about 30 percent more efficient than gasoline
engines. This means that a diesel engine of the same displacement will
produce about 30 percent more horsepower or give 30 percent better
fuel economy (or 30 percent less carbon dioxide emissions). Todays
diesel engines are quieter, cleaner burning and more responsive than
earlier diesels. In Europe, where the cost of owning and operating a
passenger vehicle is significantly higher that the U.S., diesels already
account for more than 40 percent of the passenger car market. In the
U.S, stringent laws adopted by California and four northeast states
have slowed the introduction of diesel vehicles to the market.
However, increasing fuel prices, the introduction of ultra-low sulfur
diesel, and new emissions technology are making passenger diesel
vehicles more attractive to customers leading to more diesel option
offerings by auto manufacturers.
2.23 Support for biodiesel

Hundreds of U.S. fleets, representing over 25,000 vehicles for
commercial, government, utility and transit use, currently run on
biodiesel blends nationwide. Biodiesel blends are also used
increasingly in the farming, mining and marine industries, as well as
for heating oil and electrical generation applications.
Biofuel has far surpassed any expectations I have had on

performance, efficiency, and cleanliness. At this point, I think it is far

superior to any petroleum-based diesel fuel available at present.
Because of the enhanced performance characteristics of biodiesel as
well as the environmental benefits, there is little or no reason not to
support this product not to mention the added benefits of not having to
rely on the Middle East as a sole supplier of fuel for motor vehicles.
Tommy Payne, Denton, TX
Biodiesel is excellent. I have had no problems and the

operators like the fuel. OEMs [engine manufacturers] need to get on
the bandwagon! They have been dragging their feet for too long on
this fuel.
Michael McClurkin, Harrisburg, PA
In a similar fashion to what was provided for ethanol blended

gasoline, OEMs can help to support the use of biodiesel by
acknowledging in their warranty materials, biodiesels suitability for
use as a fuel in their vehicles.
Michael Ackerman, Jasper, IN
"Biodiesel cleans the fuel delivery system, Our vehicles run

great. The emissions are visibly improved."i
Jonathan Baty, VW/Mercedes OwnerRedlands, California

2.24 Performance
Successful alternative fuels fulfill environmental and energy

security needs without sacrificing operating performance.
Operationally, biodiesel blends perform very similar to low sulfur
diesel in terms of power, torque, and fuel without major modification
of engines or infrastructure.
Biodiesel offers similar power to diesel fuel. One of the major

advantages of biodiesel is the fact that it can be used in existing
engines and fuel injection equipment with little impact to operating
performance. Biodiesel has a higher octane number than most
U.S. diesel fuel. In more than 50 million on-road miles and countless
marine and off-road applications, biodiesel shows similar fuel
consumption, horsepower, torque, and haulage rates as conventional
diesel fuel.
Biodiesel provides significant lubricity improvement over

petroleum diesel fuel.
Lubricity results of biodiesel and petroleum diesel using industry

test methods indicate that there is a marked improvement in lubricity
when biodiesel is added to conventional diesel fuel. Even biodiesel
levels as low as one percent can provide up toa 65 percent increase in
lubricity in distillate fuels.
Compatibility of biodiesel with engine components. The switch

to low sulfur diesel fuel has caused most OEMs to switch to

components suitable for use with biodiesel, but users should contact
their OEM for specific information. In general, pure biodiesel will
soften and degrade certain types of elastomers and natural rubber
compounds overtime. Using high percent blends can impact fuel
system components (primarily fuel hoses and fuel pump seals), that
contain elastomer compounds incompatible with biodiesel.
Manufacturers recommend that natural or butyl rubbers not be

allowed to come in contact with pure biodiesel. Blends of B20 or lower
have not exhibited elastomer degradation and need no changes. If a
fuel system does contain these materials and users wish to fuel with
blends over B20, replacement with compatible elastomers is
recommended.
Biodiesel in cold weather. Cold weather can cloud and even gel
any diesel fuel, including biodiesel. Users of a 20 percent biodiesel
blend with #2 diesel will usually experience an increase of the cold
flow properties (cold filter plugging point, cloudpoint, pour point)
approximately 2 to 10 Fahrenheit. Precautions employed for
petroleum diesel are needed for fueling with 20 percent blends. Neat
(100 percent) biodiesel will gel faster than petrodiesel in cold weather
operations. Solutions for winter operability with neat biodiesel are
much the same as that for low-sulfur #2 diesel (i.e.,blending with #1
diesel, utilization of fuel heaters, and storage of the vehicle in or near
a building). These same solutions work well with biodiesel blends, as
do the use of cold flow improvement additives.

Biodiesel further enhances the advantages of diesel by reducing
vehicle emissions. B20 a 20 percent blend of biodiesel and
conventional diesel reduces emissions of hydrocarbons by 20 percent
and carbon monoxide and particulate emissions by 12 percent. It
reduces sulfur on average by 20 percent and is nontoxic and
biodegradable. Biodiesel is also a domestically produced, renewable
resource that contributes to the U.S. economy and independence from
foreign oil. Poland Spring Bottling of Maine has been in the spotlight
lately for reducing their carbon emissions, and biodiesel is part of the
reason. The company's environmental efforts were recognized recently
by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), a leading non-profit
environmental organization with more than 700,000 members.
Biodiesel blends have played a major role in Poland Spring's

success. In an effort to reduce the company's carbon footprint, Poland
Springs switched to a five percent (B5) biodiesel blend in its fleet in
2007. Poland Spring Truck Fleet Manager Chris McKenna estimates
that since then, the company has reduced annual carbon emissions by
1.8 million pounds. That is the equivalent of taking approximately 193
cars off the road every year.
Using biodiesel blends has also improved fuel economy in

Poland Spring's fleet of 36 tractor trailers and 75 tanker trucks.
Biodiesel has been cheaper than its petrol counterpart in Poland
Spring's neighborhood and after two years of using biodiesel blends,
the company has saved $70,000 in fuel costs alone.
"The switch to biodiesel ended up being a win not just for the
environment, but for our company's bottom line as well," McKenna

said. "Today, we're saving 5 to 12 cents per gallon and also
significantly reducing our carbon emissions."
In addition to using biodiesel blends, the company has reduced

truck idling time by 70 percent, resulting in an annual reduction of 77
tons of carbon dioxide and saving roughly $20,000 in reduced fuel
costs in 2008.
2.25 Biodiesel and Engine Oil Lubrication
In this section, access the resources detailing biodiesels impact

on engine oil lubrication. Many studies have been performed to
evaluate biodiesel performance on todays advanced engine lubrication
systems.
2.26 Biodiesel Case Studies
Several important fleet case studies are available for download.

Learn the from past experiences of fleet managers across the United
States and universities who have fully evaluated the implementation of
biodiesel blends in todays diesel fuel pool.
2.27 Biodiesel Emissions
See how biodiesel (B100) and biodiesel blend emissions are

greatly improved over petroleum diesel emissions. These resources are
from the EPA, the National Biodiesel Board, the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory. They cover older diesel engines and newer diesel
applications with exhaust after treatment.

2.28 Disadvantages
Disadvantages of biodiesel is a major buzzword in transportation

circles these days, and for good reason. Plant-based fuel can be
produced almost anywhere, comes from a renewable resource and
often produces cleaner emissions than petroleum-based fuel. With
international trends swinging toward sustainable transportation, fuels
such as corn-based ethanol and biodiesel from soy, switchgrass and
palm oil seem like a good step toward cleaner, greener highways.
But biofuels arent completely cost-free. A number of factors

play into any fuels cost, both in economic and environmental terms,
and biofuel doesnt always come out as the most sustainable option.
True, a plant-based fuel comes from a renewable source, while fossil
fuels will eventually run out. But factor in a number of other
complicating aspects, and biofuel often carries a heavy price.
Many common crops could economically produce biofuel in

certain parts of the world. But in other regions, the same plants would
be impossible or extremely costly to grow. Likewise, the
fertilizer, water and land required to produce enough biofuel to reduce
fossil fuel consumption significantly can create other problems,
ranging from increased pollution to decreased access to food.
Biofuels, and the process of integrating them into our fuel use
habits, can be costly. Lets look at some of the drawbacks of biofuels
and gain a new perspective on the fuels we may see more of in the
future.

3. METHANOL
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood
naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH 3OH(often
abbreviated MeOH). Methanol acquired the name "wood alcohol"
because it was once produced chiefly as a byproduct of the
destructive distillation of wood. Modern methanol is produced in a
catalytic industrial carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
Methanol is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile,

colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor very similar to,
but slightly sweeter than, that of ethanol drinking is a polar liquid,
and is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for
ethanol. It is also used for producing biodiesel via transesterification
reaction. Methanol is produced naturally in the anaerobic metabolism
of many varieties of bacteria, and is commonly present in small
amounts in the environment. As a result, there is a small fraction of
methanol vapor in the atmosphere. Over the course of several days,
atmospheric methanol is oxidized with the help of sunlight co2 to
water Methanol burns in oxygen including open air, forming carbon
dioxide and water:
2 CH3OH + 3O2 2 CO2 + 4 H2O
Methanol ingested in large quantities is metabolized to formic

acid or for mate salts, which is poisonous to the central nervous
systems, coma, and death. Because of these toxic properties, methanol

is frequently used as a denaturant additive for ethanol manufactured
for industrial uses. This addition of methanol exempts industrial
ethanol (commonly known as "denatured alcohol" or "methylated
spirit") from liquor excise taxation in the US and some other
countries
3.1 Feedstock
The largest use of methanol by far is in making other chemicals.
About 40% of methanol is converted to formaldehyde, and from there
into products as diverse as plastics, plywood,paints, explosives, and
permanent press textiles.
Also in the early 1970s, a methanol to gasoline process was

developed by Mobil for producing gasoline ready for use in vehicles.
One such industrial facility was built at Motunuiin New Zealand in the
1980s. In the 1990s, large amounts of methanol were used in the United
States to produce the gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).
While MTBE is no longer marketed in the U.S., it is still widely used in
other parts of the world. In addition to direct use as a fuel, methanol (or
less commonly, ethanol) is used as a component in thetransesterification
of triglycerides to yield a form of biodiesel.
Other chemical derivatives of methanol include dimethyl ether,

which has replacedchlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol spray propellant,
and acetic acid. Dimethyl ether (DME) also can be blended with
liquified petroleum gas (LPG) for home heating and cooking, and can be
used as a diesel replacement for transportation fuel.

Methanol-to-Olefins/Methanol-to-Propylene (MTO/MTP),
among others processes such as: Metathesis, Propane Dehydrogenation
(PDH). High Severity FCC, and Olefins Cracking, is a new and novel
lower-cost chemical process for on-purpose propylene production
technology of high interest to the petrochemical marketplace, to supply
the tight market for propylene.
The market became tight because of the ethane prices falling in

the USA, due to the exploration of shale gas reserves.
The low price ethylene produced from this raw material has given
chemical producers in North America a feedstock advantage. Such
change has put naphtha-fed steam crackers at a disadvantageous
position, with many of them shutting down or revamping to use ethane
as feedstock. Nevertheless, the propylene output rates from ethane-fed
crackers are negligible.
3.2 Transesterification
Animal and plant fats and oils are composed of triglycerides,
which are esters containing three free fatty acids and the trihydric
alcohol, glycerol. In the transesterification process, the alcohol is
deprotonated with a base to make it a stronger nucleophile.
Commonly, ethanol or methanol are used. As can be seen, the reaction
has no other inputs than the triglyceride and the alcohol. Under
normal conditions, this reaction will proceed either exceedingly
slowly or not at all, so heat, as well as catalysts (acid and/or base) are
used to speed the reaction. It is important to note that the acid or base
are not consumed by the transesterification reaction, thus they are not

reactants, but catalysts. Common catalysts for transesterification
include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium
methoxide.
Almost all biodiesel is produced from virgin vegetable oils

using the base-catalyzed technique as it is the most economical
process for treating virgin vegetable oils, requiring only low
temperatures and pressures and producing over 98% conversion yield
(provided the starting oil is low in moisture and free fatty acids).
However, biodiesel produced from other sources or by other methods
may require acid catalysis, which is much slower.
The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl
ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol. The reaction between the bio lipid
(fat or oil) and the alcohol is a reversible reaction so excess alcohol
must be added to ensure complete conversion Fuel for vehicles
Methanol is used on a limited basis to fuel internal combustion

engines. Pure methanol is required by rule to be used in Champcars,
Monster Trucks, USAC sprint cars (as well as midgets, modifieds, etc.),
and other dirt track series, such as World of Outlaws, and Motorcycle
Speedway. Methanol is also used, as the primary fuel ingredient since the
late 1940s, in the power plants for radio control, control line and free
flight airplanes (as methanol is required in the engines that primarily
power them), cars and trucks, from such an engine's use of a platinum
filament glow plug being able to ignite the methanol vapor through a
catalytic reaction. Drag racers and mud racers, as well as heavily

modified tractor pullers, also use methanol as their primary fuel source.
Methanol is required with a supercharged engine in a Top Alcohol
Dragster and, until the end of the 2006 season, all vehicles in the lndian
polis 500 had to run methanol. Mud racers have mixed methanol with
gasoline with nitrous oxide to produce more power than mixing gasoline
and nitrous oxide alone.
One of the potential drawbacks of using high concentrations of

methanol (and other alcohols, such as ethanol) in fuel is the corrosivity
to some metals of methanol, particularly to aluminium. Methanol,
although a weak acid, attacks the oxide coating that normally protects
the aluminum from corrosion:
6 CH3OH + A12O3 2 A1(OCH3)3 + 3 H2O
The resulting methoxide salts are soluble in methanol, resulting

in a clean aluminium surface, which is readily oxidized by dissolved
oxygen. Also, the methanol can act as an oxidizer:
6 CH3OH + 2 Al 2 A1(OCH3)3 + 3 H2
This reciprocal process effectively fuels corrosion until either the

metal is eaten away or the concentration of CH3OH is negligible.
Concerns with methanol's corrosivity have been addressed by using
methanol-compatible materials, and fuel additives that serve as corrosion
inhibitors.

When produced from wood or other organic materials, the
resulting organic methanol (bio alcohol) has been suggested as
renewable alternative to petroleum-based hydrocarbons. Low levels of
methanol can be used in existing vehicles, with the use of proper co
solvents and corrosion inhibitors.
Methanol fuel has been proposed for ground transportation. The

chief advantage of a methanol economy is that it could be adapted to
present internal combustion engines with a minimum of modification in
both engines and infrastructure to store and deliver liquid fuel.
3.3 Safety in automotive fuels
Pure methanol has been used in open wheel auto racing since the
mid-1960s. Unlike petroleum fires, methanol fires can be extinguished
with plain water, A methanol-based fire burns invisibly, unlike gasoline,
which burns with a visible flame. If a fire occurs on the track, there is no
flame or smoke to obstruct the view of fast approaching drivers, but this
can also delay visual detection of the fire and the initiation of fire
suppression. The decision to permanently switch to methanol in
American Indy Car racing was a result of the devastating crash and
explosion at the 1964 Indianapolis 500, which killed drivers Eddie
Sachs
3.4 Feedstock pretreatment

Common feedstock used in include yellow grease (recycled ),
"virgin" vegetable oil. and tallow. Recycled oil is processed to remove
impurities from cooking, storage, and handling, such as dirt, charred
food, and water. Virgin oils are refined, but not to a food-. Degumming

to remove phospholipids and other plant matter is common, though
refinement processes vary.
Regardless of the feedstock, water is removed as its presence

during base-catalyzed transesterification causes the tri glycerides to
hydrolyze, giving salts of the (soaps) instead of producing biodiesel.
3.5 Determination and treatment of free fatty acids

A sample of the cleaned feedstock oil is titrated with a
standardized base solution in order to determine the concentration of
(carboxylic acids) present in the vegetable oil sample. These acids are
then either esterified into biodiesel, esterified into glycerides, or
removed, typically through neutralization.
3.6 Reactions
Catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids (fats and oils) with
alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) to produce biodiesel and an
impure co product, glycerol. If the feedstock oil is used or has a high
acid content, acid-catalyzed esterification can be used to react fatty
acids with alcohol to produce biodiesel.
Other methods, such as fixed-bed reactors, supercritical reactors,

and ultrasonic reactors, forgo or decrease the use of chemical catalysts.
3.7 Product purification
Products of the reaction include not only biodiesel, but also

byproducts, soap, glycerol, excess alcohol, and trace amounts of water.
All of these byproducts must be removed to meet the standards, but the

order of removal is process-dependent.
The density of glycerol is greater than that of biodiesel, and this
property difference is exploited to separate the bulk of the glycerol co
product. Residual methanol is typically recovered by distillation and
reused. Soaps can be removed or converted into acids, is also removed
from the fuel
3.8 Supercritical process
An alternative, catalyst-free method for transesterification uses

supercritical methanol at high temperatures and pressures in a
continuous process. In the supercritical state, the oil and methanol are in
a single phase, and reaction occurs spontaneously and rapidly. The
process can tolerate water in the feedstock, free fatty acids are converted
to methyl esters instead of soap, so a wide variety of feed stocks can be
used. Also the catalyst removal step is eliminated. High temperatures
and pressures are required, but energy costs of production are similar or
less than catalytic production routes.
3.9 Ultra- and high-shear in-line and batch reactors
Ultra- and High Shear in-line or batch reactors allow production

of biodiesel continuously, semi- continuously, and in batch-mode. This
drastically reduces production time and increases production volume.
The reaction takes place in the high-energetic shear zone of the
Ultra- and High Shear mixer by reducing the droplet size of the
immiscible liquids such as oil or fats and methanol. Therefore, the
smaller the droplet size the larger the surface area the faster the catalvst
can react.

3.10 Ultrasonic reactor method
In the ultrasonic reactor method, the ultrasonic waves cause the
reaction mixture to produce and collapse bubbles constantly. This
activation simultaneously provides the mixing and heating required to
carry out the transesterification process. Thus using an ultrasonic reactor
for biodiesel production drastically reduces the reaction time, reaction
temperatures, and energy input. Hence the process of transesterification
can run inline rather than using the time consuming batch processing.
Industrial scale ultrasonic devices allow for the industrial scale
processing of several thousand barrels per day.
3.11 Lipase-catalyzed method

Large amounts of research have focused recently on the use of
enzymes as a catalyst for the transesterification. Researchers have found
that very good yields could be obtained from crude and used oils using
lipases. The use of Ukases makes the reaction less sensitive to high FFA
content, which is a problem with the standard biodiesel process. One
problem with the lipase reaction is that methanol cannot be used
because it inactivates the lipase catalyst after one batch. However, if
methyl acetate is used instead of methanol, the lipase is not in-activated
and can be used for several batches, making the lipase system much
more cost effective.
Volatile Fatty Acids from Anaerobic Digestion of Waste

Streams Lipids have been drawing considerable attention as a substrate
for biodiesel production owing to its sustainability, non-toxicity and
energy efficient properties. However, due to cost reasons, attention must

be focused on the non-edible sources of lipids, in particular oleaginous
microorganisms. Such microbes have the ability to assimilate the carbon
sources from a medium and convert the carbon into lipid storage
materials. The lipids accumulated by these oleaginous cells can then be
transesterified to form biodiesel.

4. ANALASIS
4.1 Viscosity
Oil is taken in the beaker and is covered through water With t

he help of sensor the room temperature is intially determined and the
raise in temperature is also calculated the point where the oil starts
flowing out of the beaker gives the final B Value pour point Four
beakers are taken here such that ice piece is taken in each coloumn Oil
is taken and is allowed to fall on the surface in the cube .The point
where oil tends to solid state with ice determines the pour point
Aniline value After the solidification of the oil this is again allowed to
get liquid state It is being noted out for every minute the point where the
oil attains its original state defines analine value Sopanifieation value
determination
4.2 Chemicals required

-Na2CO3
-HCl
-Phenophtlane indicator
Na2CO3 of 1 gm is dissolved in 250 ml of water in a round

bottom flask It is allowed to mix good and 20 ml is pipettes out in to
conical flask Indicator (phenophtlane ) is added to the conical flask and
HCl from the burette is allowed to run down from the burette.
On adding indicator to the conical flask pink colour appers

run down of HCl pink colour disappeares..
This process is repeated untill concurrent values are observed
Values are noted in the coloumn and one specific value is considered.

Titration -2
2gms of oil with 25ml of alcoholic potash is taken in a 250 ml

conical flask Water bath is maintained for the conical flask and
titrated against HCl The disapperance of pink colour gives the
standard values blast process The concurrent values are observed in
both the steps.
Here oil is not taken exprement is done in the absence of oil.

5. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
5.1 Experimental Procedure:
5.1.1. Seed Collection:
5.1.2 Extraction of Oil:

5.1.3 Oil and Methanol:
5.1.4. Separation of Methanol and Bio Diesel:
5.1.5. Washing Bio Diesel with

water:
5.1.6. Separation of Bio Diesel:

Analasis:
Flash Point and Fire point:
Cloud and Pour Point:

Viscosity:
5.2 Iodine value of an oil [hanus method]
Iodine value is defined as the number of parts by weight of iodine

reacting with 100 parts by weight of oil or fat. The drying of oil is
generally proportional to its iodine value. Coconut oil (a non drying oil)
has low iodine value of 6 to 10.linseed oil(a drying oil ) has a iodine
content of 77 to 88 value. Iodine value indicates the degree of un
saturation of fatty acids, present in the oil or fat. The determination of
iodine value is of great importance in characterization of oil and also in
finding the proposition of an adulterant in a sample of oil. In Hanus
method of determination of the iodine value, a known weight of oil is
dissolved in CCL and treated with excess volume of iodine mono-
bromide solution . The unused IBR is back titrated against std K2S2O7.
Requirements :K2Cr2O7, 1.2gm in 250 ml water ,K2S2O7 0.6gm in 250

ml water ,KI log in 100ml water ,starch solution 10 ml CC14 20ml.

5.3. Procedure
Standardization of thio: A std solution of K2Cr2O7 of is prepared by

weight about 1.2 grams of analar crystals accurately in chemical balance
dissolving in water of making up to 250 ml in a standard flask.20 ml of
standard K2Cr207 is pippetted out into a clean 250 ml conical flask.
About 5 ml cone HCl is added following 10ml ofaq KI solution. The
liberated iodine is immediately titrated with Thio taken in the burreted.
when the solution reaches a straw yellow colour, 1ml of freshly prepared
starch is added and the titration is continued without any titration is
continued without shaking. The end point is a change in color from blue
to green. The titration is repeated to obtain concurrent values.
Determination of I2value: About 0.52 to 1 grams of soil is weighed

accurately in chemical balance of dissolved in25 ml of IBr solution is
burreted into a bottle and the time is noted. The resulting mixture if is
turbid is cleared by adding a small additions of a known value of CC1 4
this is moistered with a few drops of AGKI solution and then is inserted
into the bottle.
The bottle is kept aside for 40 to 60 min with occasional shaking.

Then the reacted mixture is diluted with 200 ml of water followed by the
addition of 20 ml 10% aqu KI solution .the mixture is titrated with thio
taken in the burrete, by using starch as indicator added near the end
point. A duplicate is also conducted a blank titration is carried out
without the oil using exactly the same quantity of CCl.

5.4. Calculation:
Calculate the strength of thio let 'a'ml be the vol of thio required for
excess
Iodine bromide solution.
Let b ml be the blank titrate value.
Iodine value = [(b-a)x 127/1000 ] x [100/w] x strength of thio Where 'w'

is the weight of oil taken.
The following fig shows the variation of iodine value with

different proportions of blending.
Diesel blend:
Table- 1
Volume % of Bio- 0 5 10 15 20 100

diesel
Iodine value 7.84 6.382 5.84 4.46 3.2 3.74

Volume % of Bio Diesel
Iodine Value
Figure-1
Discussion
When petro diesel is blended with bio-diesel its Iodine value is
Found to decreases. This shows the improved quality of petro-diesel.
Acid value of an oil
Theory: the acid value of lubricating oil is defined as the number of

milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free acid present in Igram
of the oil sample.
In good lubricating oils, the acid value should (<0.1). Increase in

acid value should be taken as an indicator of oxidation of oil, which may
lead to gum and sludge formation beside corrosion.
A known weight of oil sample is dissolved in a suitable solvent

and titrated with a standard alcoholic solution of KOH to a definite end
point.

Apparatus and reagents required:
1. Conical flask
2. Burette, pipette
3.0.1 N KOH solution
4. Neutral ethyl alcohol
5. Phenolphthalein indicator
6. Water bath
Procedure:
Weighed out accurately about 5 grams of the oil. Taken the oil
sample into a 250ml conical flask and add 50ml of neutral alcohol. Heat
the flask over a water bath for about 30min. Cooled the flask and the
contents to room temperature and added a few drops of phenolphthalein
indicator. Titrated with the 0.1N KOH solution until a faint permanent
pink color appears at the end point.
Acid value = No.of milligrams of 0.1N KOH used x 5.6
Where 5.6 represents the amount of KOH in milligrams presents per

each ml of 0. I N KOH solution.
Observation and calculations:
1. Initial weigh of weighing bottle = X1 grams

2. Final weight of weighing bottle =X2 grams
3. Weight of oil sample taken = (X2-X1) grams
4. Volume of 0.IN KOH used in the test =Vml
5. Acid value = {V/(X2-X1)} x 5.6

Precautions:
The alcoholic solution of KOH should be freshly prepared and

should best standardized just before the test. While carrying out the test
on fatty oils the reaction mixture should not be heated. In case the pink
color fades repeatedly after subsequent addition of alkali, the titration
should be completed rapidly and the first appearance of pink color
should be taken as the end point. Phenolphthalein is a satisfactory
indicator for pale oils but when the test sample is highly colored (red or
black) a smaller weight of the test sample should betaken and p-
naphtholbenzoin indicator should be used or better end point should be
determined potentiometrically
The following fig shows the variation of acid value with different
proportion of blending
Diesel blend:
Table - 2
Vol% of 0 5 10 15 20 100
Bio-diesel
Acid 9.368 8.7376 6.553 7.281 3.27 1.52908
value

Acid Value
Figure - 2
Flash point:
The flash point may he defined as the lowest temperature at

which oil on vaporization gives sufficient quantity of vapors that will
flash if brought into contact with flame. In case of lubricating oils, it is
an index of the danger in using them for lubrication. Lubricants with
high flash point are preferred so as to avoid any sort of explosion. For
the determination of flash point two. standardized forms of apparatus
are in general use.
1. Th

e Abel flash point apparatus which is used for the oil with flash
points below 50C.
2. The pensky masters apparatus which is used for for oils which
posses flash points above 50C.
Table - 3
% of Diesel Flash Point 0C
Pure Diesel 52
5% Blended 59
10% Blended 48
15% Blended 48.7
20% Blended 51.9
Bio-Diesel 56
Flash Point
Diesel Blend
Figure - 3
Fire point:
The fire point of oil is the lowest temperature at which it will give
enough vapors, which on rising will begin to produce a continuous flame
above the oil. The fire point of oil is determined in the same manner as the

flash point. After the flash point has been obtained the oil is heated
continuously at the rate of 4-50 C per minute. The application of test flame
is continued as before. At certain temperature the oil wells ignites and
continue to burn for a period of at least 5 seconds. The temperature at
which such thing will happen is noted, that will give the fire point of the
oil. Flash and fire point of different blends for diesel.
Table 4
% of Diesel Fire Point 0C

Pure Diesel 57
5% Blended 68.1
10% Blended 64
15% Blended 65
20% Blended 51.2
Bio-Diesel 66
Fire Point

Diesel Blend
Figure - 4
Discussions:
Both Flash and fire points are slightly increased when petro
diesel is blended with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% bio diesel. However the
increase very minimal, however it is not consider as disadvantage. It
can be also conclude that slight increase in flash points reduces the
inflammability petro diesel.
Redwood viscometer:
Viscosity is the most important property, which is considered
while selecting lubricant, for a particular application. It is a measure of
internal resistance in the fluid.
Apparatus:
Redwood viscometer, beaker, stop watch, thermometer, stirrer, stopper.
Procedure:
To conduct the experiment, clean the oil cup and dry it Level the
apparatus with the help of spirit level. Fill the heating bath with the
water up to a level just above the hoop gauge in the oil cup. Close the
orifice. Fix the thermometer at an appropriate position at oil cup and
heating bath. Record the temperature of the pure oil in the oil cup.
Move the orifice and not down the time in seconds for effuse of 50ml

of oil through the orifice. Again clean the cup and dry it. Repeat the
same for different blends of oil.
Formula:
Kinematic viscosity = AT-(B/T) centi stroke A = 0.00247, B =0.05
Diesel Blended:
Table - 5
Vol% of Bio diesel 0 5 10 15 20 100
Viscosity 0.021 0.037 0.054 0.0664 0.076 0.96
Viscosity

Figure - 5

CONCLUSIONS
We can conclude that replacing the petroleum fuel used in the

entire fleet of vehicles with ethanol and biodiesel in the next four
years, even in blended form would significantly, though temporarily
reduce CO2 emissions. This change would replace the exponential
growth rate of CO2emissions with a linear one which continues to be
problematic because it is still consistently increasing.
Furthermore, this drastic measure would not sufficiently reduce

greenhouse gas emissions to permanently curb global warming. Thus,
using alternative fuels for transportation ought to be supplemented
with other significant changes.
This does not even take into account the economic, environmental
and moral problems and questions which arise in the shift from the
production and transportation of traditional petroleum fuels to
biofuels. And, of course, this study has been limited to the United
States
Clearly, ethanol and biodiesel are environmentally responsible

alternatives to petroleum-based gasoline and diesel, and are a good
transitional option in what needs to be global effort in slowing
greenhouse gas emissions and global warming
Increasing worries over energy security in the face of growing

demand, dwindling supplies of oil, and international conflicts and wars

drove countries dependent on energy imports to look for alternative,
home-grown sources. Interest in biofuels further intensified with the
search for new opportunities for economic development, especially in
agriculture
This was particularly relevant in emerging economies such as

India and China however, creating new jobs and a new industry are
also attractive prospects in the developed world, where many
established sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing are
increasingly precarious. And, most recently, the growing awareness of
the dangers of global climate change reinforced the challenge to find
alternatives to fossil fuels as the dominant form of energy.

BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Biodiesel Handling and use guidelines, Third Edition,

September 2006, US Department of Energy.
2. Demirbas, A., Progress and recent trends in biofuels,

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 33 (2007), pp. 1
18
3. Thevenot N., Alternative Fuels in the World - Diesel

Outlook, Hart World Refining & Fuels, Conference Rio 2006,
2006.
4. "Genus: Jatropha L". Germplasm Resources Information

Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05.
Retrieved 2010-08-13.
5. Case Study Jatropha Curcas Hartlieb Euler & David Gorriz,

60314 Frankfurt, Germany.
6. Biofuels: The Next Generation. Euractiv [London, UK] 13

July 2009: EurActiv Network. Web. 17 Apr. 2010.

7. Peterson, C.L., "Truck-In-The-Park Biodiesel Demonstration
with Yellowstone National Park," University of Idaho, August
1999.
8. Sharp, C.A., "Transient Emissions Testing of Biodiesel and

Other Additives in a DDC Series 60.
9. Engine," Southwest Research Institute, Final Report to the

National Biodiesel Board, December 1994.
10. "Emissions from Biodiesel Blends and Neat Biodiesel from a

1991 Model Series 60 Engine.
11. Operating at High Altitude," Colorado Institute for Fuels and

High Altitude Engine Research, September 1994.

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A STUDY ON METHONAL AND

BIODIESEL AS PETRO FUEL

The early diesel engines had complex injection systems and

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 1

Shortly after Dr. Diesels death in 1913 petroleum became

The future of biodiesel lies in the worlds ability to produce

Jatropha curcas has limited natural vegetative propagation and

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 2

Biodiesel is extracted from jetropha seeds by crushing

With the help of separating funnels organic solvents are

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 3

The usage of bio-fuels particularly ethanol, methanol and bio-

However in the recent fast the scarcity of fossil fuels,

Methanol is found to be excellent blending agent for gasoline and

Besides this these Bio components increase the life span of

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 4

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 5

2.2 Benefits of bio-fuels:

2.3 Fuel Supplementation:

Sewage cake will often require a constant supplementary energy

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 6

2.5 Air pollution:

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 7

2.7 Global climate change:

2.8 Other benefits:

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 8

Bio-fuels are good for environment because they add fewer

Unlike petroleum, which is nonrenewable resource, bio-fuels are

100% biodiesel is referred to as B100

Biodiesel has better lubricating properties and much higher

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 9

The calorific value of biodiesel is about 37.27 MJ/kg. This is

Biodiesel is a liquid which varies in color between golden and

Biodiesel has virtually no sulfur content, and it is often used as an

Plastics: High density polyethylene (HOPE) is compatible

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 10

Several groups in various sectors are conducting research on

SG Biofuels, a San Diego-based Jatropha developer, has used

SG Biofuels also claims that additional benefits have arisen

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 11

The Center for Sustainable Energy Farming (CSEF) is a Los

2.10 Historical assessment

Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as

2.11Biodiesel to hydrogen-cell power

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 12

CO + H2O - CO2 + R2 (Mildly exothermic)

20H is that it has a higher octane rating than ethanol-free gasoline

Ethanol is also used to fuel bio ethanol fireplaces. As they do not

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 13

Green diesel is produced through hydro cracking biological oil

One of the main concerns regarding biodiesel is its viscosity. The

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 14

A biofuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon

Bio ethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 15

In 2010, worldwide bio fuel production reached 105 billion liters

2.12 Liquids fuel transmission

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 16

Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly

VIGNANS UNIVERSITY Page 17

NBB was founded in 1992 by state soybean commodity groups.

2.13 Fuel quality

Ensuring consumers have a high level of confidence in the

The National Biodiesel Accreditation Program is a cooperative