NH HNG CA T L NC/XI MNG N

CC TNH CHT CA B TNG T LN

TS. NGUYN QUANG PH

B mn Vt liu Xy dng - Khoa Cng trnh, Trng i hc Thy li, Vit Nam
GS. JIANG LINHUA
Khoa Vt liu Xy dng, Trng i hc H Hi, TP. Nam Kinh, Trung Quc
GS. LIU JIAPING
Vin nghin cu vt liu mi, Tnh Giang T, TP. Nam Kinh, Trung Quc

Tm tt: B tng t ln (SCC) c nhng tnh nng vt tri trong tin thi cng so vi b tng
thng cho cc cng trnh b tng ct thp, c bit cc cng trnh c lng ct thp nhiu. Cc hn
hp b tng t ln lun lun c sn xut vi cc t l nc/xi mng trong phm vi khc nhau, tu
thuc vo kh nng t ln cht. Vic iu chnh t l nc/xi mng v lng dng ph gia gim nc
bc cao l mt trong nhng tnh cht then cht trong t l ca cc hn hp SCC. Trong bi bo ny,
nm hn hp b tng vi cc t l nc/xi mng v lng dng ph gia gim nc bc cao khc nhau
c nghin cu. Mt s th nghim nh: chy, phu ch V, hp ch L cng c tin hnh xc
nh cc thng s ti u cho kh nng t ln cht ca cc hn hp b tng. S pht trin ca cng
nn, m un n hi v cng khng nt ca cc hn hp b tng cng c tnh ton v d on.
1. t vn
B tng t ln (SCC) c s dng ngy cng ph bin cho cc cng trnh b tng ct thp c
hm lng ct thp dy c, nh cc nh cao tng, dm sn, cu cng thit k mt hn hp
SCC thch hp khng phi l mt cng vic n gin. Khi thit k hn hp SCC, s tnh ton nh
lng t ln cht l mt vn ht sc cn thit [1].
Trong vic chn thnh phn ca b tng truyn thng, t l nc/xi mng lun c gi khng i
m bo t c cng v bn yu cu. Tuy nhin, vi SCC th t l nc/bt phi c
chn bi kh nng t ln cht ca hn hp b tng l rt quan trng trong thit k [2].
Cc phng php kim tra khc nhau pht trin vi n lc m t y cc tnh cht ca SCC.
Khng mt phng php n l no c th la chn c tt c cc tnh cng tc ca SCC, do mi
hn hp thit k nn c kim tra bi nhiu phng php t c cc c trng tnh cng tc
khc nhau ca hn hp b tng [3].
V mt hng dn thc hin, c hai phng php ni chung l kim tra cht lng ca
SCC. in hnh l s kt hp ca phng php chy v phu V, hoc chy v vng J. Tuy
nhin in y v kh nng di chuyn ca SCC khng th c tnh ton y nu ch dng mt
phng php chy [1]. C hai phng php hp ch L v ch U c th c s dng nh gi
kh nng di chuyn ca SCC [3].
T quan im ca lu ha, SCC cn c tnh do va m bo cho s l lng v phn b
ng u ca cc phn t rn trong sut qu trnh thi cng. Vic gim hm lng nc t do v tng s
tp trung ca cc phn t mn c th lm tng tnh dnh kt v tnh do, do lm tng tnh n nh ca
SCC. Lng nc t do bng tng lng nc tr i lng nc t nhin v ho hc b gi li bi ct
liu v vt liu bt cng nh bt k lng nc kt hp no ca cc ph gia ha hc. Ni chung
phng php gim thiu hm lng nc t do tng s n nh c th lm cho hn hp SCC c ng
sut n hi thp v mc dnh kt t cp va phi n cao. Hm lng nc t do thp i hi c
lin quan ti lng dng ph gia gim nc cao t c chy yu cu, c bit vi nhng hm
lng cht kt dnh thp [4].
Trong nghin cu ny, nm hn hp SCC khc nhau c ch to vi cng hm lng xi mng
(376 kg/m3), hm lng nc t do c gim t 277 n 140 lt/m3; khi liu lng dng ph gia
gim nc tng t 3.7 n 13.0 lt/m3 m bo chy trong khong 60-80 cm. p dng cc
hn hp SCC cho thc t th mu thch hp nht phi c pht trin c bit v kim tra y cc
thng s k thut [5]. Mc ch ca nghin cu ny l ngh mt phng php la chn hn hp
mu thit k thch hp. Kh nng t ln cht v cc tnh nng k thut ca cc mu SCC cng c
kim tra bng mt s phng php th nghim.
2. Vt liu v phng php nghin cu
2.1. Vt liu
2.1.1. Xi mng
 Xi mng Pooclng PC 42.5 c cng nn xc nh theo tiu chun GB/T 17671-1999 [6] t
ti 7 ngy v 28 ngy tng ng l 49.7 MPa v 60.1 MPa. Thnh phn ha hc v vt l ca xi mng
c th hin trong bng 1:
Bng 1. Thnh phn ha hc v vt l ca xi mng
Thnh phn ho hc chnh (%) Khi lng ring Din tch b mt
SiO2 Al2 O3 CaO MgO Fe2 O3 SO3 Loss (g/cm3) (m2/kg)
20.60 5.03 64.11 1.46 4.38 1.72 1.18 3.15 450
2.1.2. Bt
Bt c dng cho th nghim nhm nng cao do ca b tng. Khi lng ring ca bt
l 2.58 g/cm3 v c mn vi din tch b mt theo Blaine l 4400 m2/kg.
2.1.3. Ct liu mn (ct)
Ct t nhin c cp phi tt, sch t yu cu; cc tnh cht ca ct c th hin trong bng 2:

Bng 2. Cc tnh cht ca ct

3 Khi lng n v M un ln
Khi lng ring (g/cm ) m (%)
(g/cm3)
2.66 1.65 1.5 2.92
2.1.4 Ct liu th ()
dm nghin c dng trong th nghim c ng knh ln nht t 15mm; cc tnh cht ca
c th hin trong bng 3:
Bng 3. Cc tnh cht ca
Khi lng ring (g/cm3) Khi lng n v (g/cm3) m (%)
2.76 1.70 0.50
ng cong cp phi ca ct liu dng cho cc hn hp SCC c th hin hnh 1.

100 16, 100

Lng st tch ly (%)

80 8, 79

60 4, 62

2, 44
40

1, 26
20
0.5, 14
0.25, 7
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Kch thc mt sng (mm)

Hnh 1. Cp phi ct liu cho cc hn hp SCC

2.1.5. Ph gia ho hc
Ph gia gim nc bc cao (high-range water-reducing admixture, HRWR) k hiu PCA (I) c
dng cho tt c cc mu th nghim, cc tnh cht ca HRWR c th hin trong bng 4:
Bng 4. Cc tnh cht ca ph gia gim nc
Tn Thnh phn chnh Mu Khi lng ring (g/cm3)
PCA (I) Polycarboxylate Dark brown 1.04
Tt c cc loi vt liu v ph gia dng cho th nghim u c cung cp ti phng th nghim
ca Vin nghin cu Vt liu, thnh ph Nam Kinh, tnh Giang T - Trung Quc (Jiangsu Bote New
Materials - SBT).
2.2. Phng php th nghim
Cc mu th nghim c thc hin trn 5 hn hp SCC khc nhau m bo t c cc tnh
cht ca trng thi b tng ti khc nhau. Hm lng nc gim v lng dng ph gia gim nc
tng tng ng t c cc chy yu cu. Hm lng xi mng v cp phi ca ct liu cc
hn hp SCC c gi khng i cho tt c cc mu th nghim. Thnh phn hn hp b tng c
th hin bng 5.
 Bng 5. Thnh phn hn hp b tng
Xi HRW Tng W/C W/P
Bt Ct Nc K. lng
mng dm R lng bt, (theo (theo
Mu (kg/m3 (kg/m 3
(kg/m 3
n v
(kg/m3 (kg/m3 (kg/m3 P k.lng k.lng)
) ) ) (kg/m3)
) ) ) (kg/m3) )
1 376 240 562 861 225 3.7 612 0.60 0.37 2269
2 376 245 577 886 200 6.5 620 0.53 0.32 2293
3 376 245 593 898 180 7.9 623 0.48 0.29 2303
4 376 262 609 932 154 9.0 637 0.41 0.24 2346
5 376 270 630 963 140 13.0 650 0.37 0.22 2394

Mt m trn dung tch 100 dm3 c chun b cho tt c cc mu. Khong 30% lng b tng ca
m trn c dng kim tra cc tnh cht ca b tng ti. Phn cn li c dng c cc mu
hnh tr (khng m rung) xc nh cc tnh cht c l ca b tng; cc mu c bo dng trong
nc vi bo ha nhit khong 20oC. xc nh tnh cht t ln cht, cc th nghim nh:
chy, thi gian T50, chy trong phu ch V, hp ch L c kim tra. hm kh ca b tng
cng c xc nh. Tt c cc th nghim ca b tng ti c thc hin trong 30 pht (ngay sau
khi trn) theo tiu chun EFNARC [3].
Cng nn c kim tra ti cc ngy tui: 1, 7, 28 ngy vi cc mu hnh tr kch thc DxH
= 100 x 200 mm. Cng khng nt v m un n hi c kim tra ti tui 28 ngy vi cc mu
hnh tr kch thc DxH = 150 x 300 mm [7, 8].
3. Kt qu th nghim v tho lun
3.1. Kt qu th nghim ca b tng ti
chy ca cc hn hp SCC xc nh c nm trong khong 65 n 80 cm. Lng dng ph
gia c iu chnh sao cho t c chy ban u ln hn 65 cm, iu ny l cn thit cho vic
ch to cc hn hp SCC c lu ng cao.
T quan im ca lu ha, b tng ti c coi nh mt dng chy c th c nh ngha
bi hai i lng: ng sut n hi v do nht. Nu ch s dng mt i lng chy nh gi
c tnh ca b tng ti th cha chnh xc [9], v nu so snh mu 1 v 5 c cng chy tng
ng l 69.0 cm v 69.5 cm nhng thi gian chy trong phu ch V tng ng l: 3 giy v 46 giy; v
h s in y hp ch L tng ng l: 0.95 v 0.50.
nh hng ca t l nc/bt v lng dng ph gia gim nc bc cao n chy (Slump
flow) v thi gian chy trong phu ch V (V-funnel time) c th hin hnh 2; vic gim hm
lng nc t do, ng thi tng lng dng ph gia gim nc bc cao khng t c cng
thi gian chy trong phu ch V trong khong gi tr chy cho php (65-80 cm). Do nh hng
ca vic gim hm lng nc t do n thi gian chy trong phu ch V l tri hn so vi nh
hng ca lng dng ph gia gim nc bc cao.

90 50
Slump flow
Thi gian chy qa phu ch V (s)

80 45
V-funnel time
70 40
35
60
chy (cm)

30
50
25
40
20
30
15
20 10
10 5
0 0
Mu 1 Mu 2 Mu 3 Mu 4 Mu 5

Hnh 2. nh hng ca W/P, lng dng ph gia n chy v thi gian chy trong phu ch V

nh gi tnh do cao ca cc hn hp b tng, trong th nghim s dng c hai i lng l

thi gian T50 v thi gian chy trong phu ch V. Quan h gia hai i lng ny cho cc hn hp
SCC c th hin trong hnh v 3. Khi thi gian T50 v thi gian chy trong phu ch V qu ln s
gim kh nng t ln cht ca cc hn hp b tng.
 60

Thi gian chy qua phu ch V (s)

50 V ft = 3.0118 [T50]2.0065
R2 = 0.8832
40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
T50 (s)

Hnh 3. Quan h gia thi gian T50 v thi gian chy qua phu ch V

Cc th nghim lin quan n h s chy trong hp ch L l xc nh kh nng in y v

t chy ca mi mu th nghim; s c s kt tng ca hn hp b tng khi h s nh hn 0.8 [10].
Tuy nhin, th nghim trn nhiu mu th nghim cho thy rng, h s chy trong hp ch L khong
0.60 l c th t c kh nng in y tt ca cc hn hp b tng [11]. Kt qu h s chy trong
hp ch L ca 5 hn hp b tng c th hin hnh 4. T hnh 4 nhn thy rng, nhng mu c t
l W/C ln hn 0.48 s t c h s chy trong hp ch L ln hn 0.80. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng
c ngha l khng th ch to cc hn hp SCC c t l W/C nh hn 0.48. Nu cc thnh phn b
tng c thit k li theo tiu chun kh nng t ln cht, SCC c th c ch to vi cc t l W/C
thp hn.
Hm lng kh ca b tng ti cng c xc nh theo ASTM C231 [12]. Kt qu c th
hin hnh 4 cho thy t l W/C ln th lng hm kh trong b tng s gim.

1 5

0.8 4
Hm lng kh (%)
H s kt tng

0.6 3

0.4 2

H s kt tng
0.2 1
Hm lng kh, %

0 0
Mu 1 Mu 2 Mu 3 Mu 4 Mu 5

Hnh 4. nh hng ca t l W/C n kh nng in y v hm lng kh ca b tng

3.2. Kt qu th nghim ca b tng cng kh

C ng nn ca b tng ti 1, 7 v 28 ngy tui c th hin hnh 5. Kt qu cho
thy, cng nn tng rt nhanh khi t l W/C gim (lng nc t do gim); tuy nhin
trong th nghim t c t chy yu cu ca cc hn hp SCC th khi gim lng
nc t do cn tng liu lng dng ph gia gim nc bc cao, do c ng b tng cng
s b nh hng v pht trin chm i.
 60
1 ngy
50 7 ngy
28 ngy
40

f'c (MPa)
30

20

10

0
W/C = 0.60 W/C = 0.53 W/C = 0.48 W/C = 0.41 W/C = 0.37

Hnh 5. S pht trin cng nn ca b tng

Dehn et al. [13] ch ra rng, m un n hi ca SCC nh hn b tng truyn thng. Jacobs v

Hunkeler [14] cho rng, vi cng mt gi tr cng nn ca b tng th SCC c m un n hi
nh hn b tng truyn thng. iu ny l do SCC c ln ht nh hn v c hm lng va xi
mng ln hn b tng truyn thng.
Sonebi v Bartos [17] ch ra rng cng khng nt ca SCC ti 28 ngy cao hn so vi b tng
truyn thng, iu ny l do tnh ng u ca SCC nhn c t s ln cht t nhin.
T cc kt qu th nghim ca m un n hi (Ec) v cng khng nt (ft) ca cc hn hp
SCC, thnh lp mi quan h Ec fc v ft fc.
Mi lin h gia cng nn (fc) v m un n hi (Ec) ca cc hn hp SCC c biu din
di dng cng thc 1.
E c = 1,568 fc0,804 (1)
Trong : Ec: m un n hi (GPa);
fc: cng nn (MPa).
Mi lin h gia cng nn (fc) v cng khng nt (ft) ca cc hn hp SCC c biu
din di dng cng thc 2:
ft = 0,428 fc0,612 (2)
Trong : ft : cng khng nt (MPa);
fc: cng nn (MPa).
4. Kt lun
t c t ln v tnh cng tc cao, c th ch to SCC da theo cc ch tiu sau:
- Cc hn hp b tng c la chn c chy yu cu nm trong khong 65-80 cm;
- Cc hn hp b tng c thi gian chy trong phu ch V di 20 giy v thi gian T50 trong
khong 0-1 giy;
- Cc hn hp b tng c h s chy trong hp ch L ln hn 0.60.
T l nc/xi mng (theo th tch) ti u cho ch to SCC nm trong khong t 0.84 n 1.07. Vi
cc t l nm ngoi phm vi trn c th gy nn s ng tng hoc tch lp cho cc hn hp SCC.
Cc quy nh ca phng php th nghim ln cht khng c chp nhn nh l cc nguyn
tc ph bin; mc chp nhn c ph thuc vo s iu chnh k thut, loi v cc trng thi
khc nhau ca vt liu dng trong th nghim. Hn hp b tng thch hp c th c sn xut bng
cc mu th nghim v iu chnh cc thiu st ca phng php.
Kt qu cho thy cc mu SCC c cng khng nt tng v m un n hi gim so vi cc
mu b tng c m cht theo phng php thng thng. Khi s dng SCC trong xy dng, cn
nghin cu thit lp cc quan h gia cc tnh cht c hc ca cc hn hp SCC (cng nn vi
cng khng nt v m un n hi) mt cch y ; v p dng tnh ton cho nhiu mc cng
khc nhau vi cc loi vt liu khc nhau.
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