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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Soil Strength
Shear Strength of Soil (τ):
Internal resistance of soil / unit area.
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Inclination of the Plane of Failure Caused by Shear:
Failure Æ when shear stress on a plane reaches τf (line)
Æ determine inclination (θ) of failure plane with major & minor
principal plane
τ h
σ1
A B τf = c + σ tanφ
d
σ3 σ3 g
F
θ c
C f φ e 2θ b
D E
O σ3 a σ1 σ
σ1 σ1 > σ3
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Soil Strength
Shear Strength Parameters in Laboratory:
τf = σ1 / 2 = qu / 2 = Cu or Su
σ1
τ
qu: unconfined compressive strength,
cu (Su): undrained shear strength
σ1
φ=0
Cu
or
Total stress Mohr’s
Su Circle at failure
σ3 σ1 = qu σ
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Direct Shear Test (stress or strain controlled):
Specimen is square or circular
Box splits horizontally in halves
Normal force is applied on top shear box
Shear forces is applied to move one half of the box relative to the other (to fail specimen)
Stress Controlled: Shear force applied in equal increments until failure
Failure plane is predetermined (horizontal)
Horizontal deformation & ∆H is measured under each load.
Strain Controlled: Constant rate of shear displacement
Restraining shear force is measured
Volume change (∆H)
(Advantage: gives ultimate & residual shear strength) Peak shear
strength
Normal force Dense Ultimate shear
Shear Stress
sand strength
Loading
plate τf τf
Loose
Porous sand Shear Displacement
Stone
Sample Expansion Dense
Shear τ sand
Force τ ∆H
Shear Displacement
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Soil Strength
Direct Shear Test (continued):
τf
τf = σ tan φ
φ
σ
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Drained Direct Shear Test on Saturated Sand & Clay:
Test conducted on saturated sample at slow rate of loading Æ allowing excess pore water to
dissipate.
For sand (k is high Æ pwp dissipates quickly) Therefore φ under drained conditions ~ same
For clay (k is low Æ under load consolidation takes time, therefore load needs to be applied
very slow).
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test:
Reliable method for determination of shear strength parameters.
Axial stress (deviator stress) is applied to cause failure (shear) by
σ1 vertical loading.
cap
membrane Load vs. deformation readings are recorded.
Three general types of triaxial test are:
σ3 σ3
1. Consolidated – drained test (CD)
2. Consolidated – undrained test (CU)
Porous
stone 3. Unconsolidated – undrained test (UU)
σ1
σ3 σ3
Porous
stone
σ3
σ = σ3 + ∆σd
∆σd 1
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-drained test:
Specimen is subjected to confining stress σ3 all around.
As a result the pwp of the sample increases by uc.
If the valve is opened at this point the uc will dissipate and sample will consolidate
(∆V decreases under σ3)
σ3
uc
B= Skempton’s pwp parameter (B~1.0 for saturated soils)
σ3 σ3 σ3
σ3
End of consolidation stage uc = 0.
∆σd
σ3 Application of deviator stress (∆σd):
For drained test ∆σd is increased slowly, while the drainage valve
σ3 σ3 is kept open, & any excess pwp generated by ∆σd is allowed to
ud = 0 dissipate.
(∆V can be measured by measuring amount outflow-water, since S=100%)
σ3
∆σd CD test Æ excess pwp completely dissipated Æ σ3 = σ3’
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-drained test (Continued):
At failure (Axial stress) Æ σ1 = σ1’ = σ3 + (∆σd)f
σ1’ Æ major principal stress at failure
σ3’ Æ minor principal stress at failure
Conduct other triaxial (CD) tests under different σ3 (confining) pressure and obtain the
corresponding σ1’ at failure and plot the Mohr’s circle for each test. φ
’
σ1 anφ
τ σ’ t Total and
θ = 45 + φ / 2 τf = Effective Stress
Failure Envelope
σ3 σ3 B
for OC
clays A
σ1
φ1
c σ
2θ 2θ
O σ3 = σ3’ σ1 = σ1’
(∆σd)f
(∆σd)f
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-undrained test (CU):
Consolidation of S=100% sample under σ3 (confining stress) & allow uc to dissipate.
Drainage valve is closed after complete consolidation (uc = 0)
Deviator stress (∆σd) is applied and increased to failure.
∆ud is developed (due to no drainage).
σ3
σ3 σ3
σ3
End of consolidation stage uc = 0 (and close valves).
∆σd
σ3 ∆ud
A= Skempton’s pwp parameter
σ3 σ3
∆σ d
∆ud ≠ 0
Loose sand & NC clay Æ ∆ud increases with strain
σ3 Dense sand & OC clay Æ ∆ud increases with strain up to a certain
∆σd point and drops & becomes negative
(due to dilatation of soil)
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-undrained test (Continued):
Total and Effective principal stresses are not the same.
At failure measure (∆σd)f and (∆ud)f
Major principal stress at failure is obtained as:
Total: σ3 + (∆σd)f = σ1
Effective: σ1 - (∆ud)f = σ1’ Mohr’s Circle for CU Test:
Minor principal stress at failure is obtained as: φ’ Effective Stress
n
Total: σ3 ta Failure Envelope
σ’ φcu
Effective: σ3 - (∆ud)f = σ3’ τf
=
φ’ nφ c u
τ σ ta Total Stress
τf = Failure Envelope
Note:
σ1 - σ3 = σ1’ - σ3'
B
A
σ
O σ3’ σ3 σ1’ σ1
(∆ud)f (∆ud)f
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-undrained test (Continued):
For OC Clay:
φcu
nφ c u
τ σ ta
τf =
for OC n φ 1cu
clays + σ ta
τ f = c cu
φ1cu
B
ccu A
σ
O σ3’ σ3 σ1’ σ1
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Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Unonsolidated-undrained test (UU):
Drainage in both stages is not allowed.
Therefore application of σ3 Æ uc = B σ3
And application of ∆σd Æ ∆ud = Ặ ∆σd
u = uc + ∆ud Æ u = B σ3 + Ặ ∆σd = B σ3 + Ặ (σ1 - σ3)
It can be seen that tests conducted with different σ3 results in the same (∆σd)f, resulting in
mohr’s circle with same radius.
τ φ
Effective
φ = 0 Failure envelope
Cu
σ3 σ1
σ3’ σ3 σ1’ σ1 σ
Soil Strength
General Comments on Triaxial Tests:
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Soil Strength
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
K0 < 1 NC soils
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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General Comments
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
To increase space
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
modes)
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Landslide Components
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Landslide Components
Rotational Slides
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Components of Slopes
Facing
Crest
Toe
Slope angle
Foundation
Reinforcement
Reinforced
fill Retained
Fill
Foundation
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Possible Failure Modes of Slopes
Local
failure
Slope
Surficial failure failure
Global failure
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Typical Surfical Failure:
• Shallow failure surface up to 1.2 m (4ft)
• Failure mechanisms:
– Poor compaction
– Low overburden stress
– Loss of cohesion
– Saturation Original ground
Slip Surface
– Seepage forces surface
Slide Mass
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Analytical Solutions – Limit Equilibrium:
Where FS > 1.0 represents a stable slope and FS < 1.0 stands for failure.
Required values:
Limit Equilibrium: FS = 1.0
Under Static Loads: FS ≥ 1.3 – 1.5
Under Seismic Loads: FS ≥ 1.1
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Limit Equilibrium:
Overall measure of the amount by which the strength of the soil would have to fall short
of the values described by c and φ in order for the slope to fail.
c + σ tan φ τf
FS = =
τ eq τd
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Limit Equilibrium (continued):
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Stability of Infinite Slopes without Seepage (Surficial slope stability):
Soil Shear Strength: τf = c’ + σ’ tanφ’ Forces:
Pore water pressure: u=0 Na = γ L H cosβ
Failing along AB at a depth H Ta = γ L H sinβ
Static equilibrium of forces on the block. σ‘ = γ L H cos β / (L/cosβ) = γ H cos2β
Assume F on ab and cd are equal. τ= γ L H sinβ / (L/cosβ) = γ H cosβsinβ
Along line AB: Nr = γ L H cosβ
Tr = γ L H sinβ
Developed resistance:
τf = cd’ + σ’ tanφd’
= cd’ + γ H cos2β tanφd’ L d
Driving force due to weight:
a
τd = γ H cosβsinβ
F
β W
Factor of Safety: Na
β
2c tan φ B
FS = + F Ta
γ H sin 2β tan β c
H
For c = 0:
tan φ Tr
FS = b
tan β β
A β Nr
FS = 1 Æ H = Hcr R
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Stability of Infinite Slopes with Seepage (Surficial slope stability):
Soil Shear Strength: τf = c’ + σ’ tanφ’ Forces:
GWT at surface, pore pressure u=γwh= γwHcos2β Na = γsat L H cosβ
Failing along AB at a depth H Ta = γsat L H sinβ
Static equilibrium of forces on the block. σ = γsat L H cos β / (L/cosβ) = γsat H cos2β
Assume F on ab and cd are equal. τ= γsat L H sinβ / (L/cosβ) = γsat H cosβsinβ
Along line AB: Nr = γsat L H cosβ
Tr = γsat L H sinβ
Developed resistance:
h= Hcos2β
τf = cd’ + σ’ tanφd’ = cd’ + (σ-u) tanφd’
= cd’ + (γsat - γw) H cos2β tanφd’ L d
Driving force due to weight: E
a PAG
τd = γ H cosβsinβ SEE
Factor of Safety: β W F
2 c' γ ' tan φ ' Na
β
FS = + B
γ sat H sin 2β γ sat tan β
F Ta
c Equipotential
For c = 0: H line
γ ' tan φ '
FS = b Tr
γ sat tan β β
A β Nr
FS = 1 Æ H = Hcr R
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Slope Stability with Plane Surface:
AC Æ Trial failure place
B C
W
θ Ta
Na
H
Tr
A β θ
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Modes of Failure of Finite Slopes:
Shallow slope
failure
Base failure
Slope failure
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Circular surface – Slip circle analysis (φ = 0):
Circular slip surfaces are found to be the most critical in slopes with homogeneous soil.
There are two analytical, statically determinate, methods used for FS: the circular arc
(φ=0) and the friction circle method.
M r cu LR resisting moment
FS = = =
Md Wx driving moment
Circular failure surface in φ=0
soil is defined by its undrained
strength, cu.
Mr cu R 2θ
FS = =
M d W1l1 − W2l2 W1
W2 l2 l1
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Circular surface – Friction circle (φ, c soil):
Trial circle through toe.
The friction circle method attempts to satisfy the requirement of complete equilibrium by
assuming that the direction of the resultant of the normal and frictional component of
strength mobilized along the failure surface corresponds to a line that forms a tangent to
the friction circle with radius:
Procedure (Abramson et al 1996 more detailed)
C parallel to ab
Rf = R sinφm
P passes through intersection W-C
P makes φm with line through center
of friction circle, & tangent to FC
U often taken 0
Force polygon Æ determine C
Critical circle Æ developed cohesion is
maximum
For FS = 1, the critical height:
C’ / (γ Hcr) = f(α, β, θ, φ’) = m (stability No.)
β
φ > 3 deg Æ critical circles all toe circles
P φm
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Method of Slices (limit equilibrium):
Soil divided to vertical slices, width of each can vary.
The previous methods do not depend on the distribution of the effective normal stresses
along the failure surface. The contribution is accounted for by dividing the failing slope
mass into smaller slices and treating each individual slice as a unique sliding block.
Non-circular: Circular:
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Circular surface (Bishop method):
Soil divided to vertical slices, width of each can vary.
Can be applied to layered soil, with different properties.
Find minimum FS by several trials. ΣM0 = 0
n
∑ (W sin α )
i =1
i i
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Search for Minimum Factor of Safety:
Minimum FS values for the failure surface for every center is obtained, and recorded by
the center of rotation, the contours indicate the location of the center with minimum overall
FS.
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Slope Stability with Seepage (u ≠ 0):
Obtain the average pwp at the bottom of the slice using the phreatic line.
Total pwp for the slice is un ∆Ln
Phreatic
surface
h z
Seepage
H
∑ [c' ∆l + (W − u ∆l )cos α
i i i i i tan φ ']
FS = i =1
n
∑ (W sin α )
i =1
i i
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Lateral Earth Pressure
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
σz’
H
σx’
P=(1/2)K γ H2
1/3 H
K=σx’/σz’
σx’ = Kσz’= KγH
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Lateral Earth Pressure
Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient at Rest:
Relationship between σz’ and σx’ at a given depth (at rest means no shear).
Ko : Coefficient of earth pressure at rest, Ko = σx’ / σz’
Rigid Wall
No movement For coarse-grained soils:
Ko = 1 - sinφ’ (ok for loose sand)
σz’ For fine grained NC soils:
H
σx’ Ko = m - sinφ’
P=(1/2)K γ H2
m: 1 for NC cohesionless or cohesive
1/3 H
m: 0.95 OCR > 2
K=σx’/σz’ σx’ = Kσz’= KγH Massarch (1979)
Ko = 0.44 + 0.42 (PI% / 100)
For OC clays:
Ko = Ko(NC) (OCR)(1/2)
Or
Ko = (1 - sinφ’) OCRsinφ’
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Movement
σz’
H
σx’
Ka=σx’/σz’
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Lateral Earth Pressure
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Movement
σz’
H
σx’
Kp=σx’/σz’
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Lateral Earth Pressure
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
In Summary:
1. If the wall moves away from the fill (soil) pressure will decrease and reach to
active state. (σh = Ka σv)
2. If the wall moves towards the fill (soil) pressure will increase and reach to passive
case. (σh = Kp σv)
3. More deformation is generally required to achieve passive case than the active
case.
Kp
Ko
Ka
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Lateral Earth Pressure
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Lateral Earth Pressure
Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory:
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
C β
T
W
θ
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Lateral Earth Pressure
Rankine’s Theory – Critical Angle of Failure Plane:
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
H P = (1/2) K γ H2
β
PH = P cosβ = (1/2) K γ H2 cosβ
H/3
σ = K σz = K γ H
β
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Lateral Earth Pressure
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Dr. Mesut Pervizpour ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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