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If A 0 , then the system will have only a trivial (or zero) solution.
If A 0, then the system will have infinitely many non-trivial (or non-zero)
solutions given by
x1 x2 xj xn
... ... k,
Ci1 Ci2 Cij Cin
where k is an arbitrary constant, and C ij represent the cofactor of (i,j)th element of A.
Note : For a non-trivial solution, choose the suitable row from the system (say, row i),
such that at least one of the cofactors in that row is non-zero.
Let A be a square matrix having the n vectors X 1 , X 2 ,..., X n as its columns (or rows).
If A 0 , then the vectors X 1 , X 2 ,..., X n are said to be linearly independent. If A 0,
then the vectors X 1 , X 2 ,..., X n are said to be linearly dependent.
Eigenvalue Problem
In general, the vectors X and AX are not necessarily parallel vectors. If they are parallel,
then for some scalar , we get the system of linear equations as AX X , which can
also be written as [ A I ]X 0 . The determination of the scalar and the non-zero
solutions of this homogeneous system constitute the eigenvalue problem.
The scalar is called the eigenvalue of A if there is a non-zero vector X such that
AX X or [ A I ]X 0.
Any non-zero vector X satisfying this relationship is called an eigenvector associated
with the eigenvalue .
Notes :
simply written as
n n 1 n 2
S1 S2 ... ( 1)n Sn 0 , where
1 1 3
1. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix A 1 5 1
3 1 1
x
Sol : Let be the eigenvalue of A and X y the associated eigenvector of A. We
z
need to solve the homogeneous system
1 1 3 x 0
1 5 1 y 0 (1)
3 1 1 z 0
3 2
The characteristic equation of A is S1 S2 S3 0.
1. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix A, shown in the following table.