International Journal of Thermal Sciences 64 (2013) 257e263

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International Journal of Thermal Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts

Study of local heat transfer in a spirally uted tube

Hyun Jin Park b, Dae Hee Lee a, *, Soo Whan Ahn c
a
Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, High Safety Vehicle Core Technology Research Center, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of
Korea
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
c
Department of Mechanical and System Engineering, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Local Nusselt numbers in a spirally uted circular tube are presented. Thermochromic liquid crystals and
Received 13 September 2011 shroud-transient technique are used to measure spatially-resolved surface temperature distributions,
Received in revised form which are used to deduce local Nusselt numbers. The Reynolds number Re ranges from 30,000 to 70,000,
18 August 2012
a spiral angle q is xed at 60
and the dimensionless streamwise distance z/d ranges from 0 to 4.5. The
Accepted 20 August 2012
Available online 26 September 2012
results show that in general, the local Nusselt numbers monotonically decrease with a distance away
from both windward and leeward crests of the spiral ute and reach a minimum value near its valley for
all Res and z/ds tested. The local Nusselt numbers in the spirally uted tube are maximum 179e89.3%
Keywords:
Spirally uted tube
higher for Re 30,000e70,000 near the windward crest at z/d 4.5 than the fully developed values
Liquid crystal in the smooth tube. It is also found that the average Nusselt numbers are 52e23.7% higher for
Heat transfer enhancement Re 30,000e70,000 than the fully developed values in the smooth tube.
Local Nusselt number 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The introduction of spirally uted grooves to the inner surface of
tubes has revealed a successful technique in enhancing heat
transfer rate, resulting in the size reduction and cost saving in the
heat transfer devices. This technique has been widely used in heat
transfer applications such as heat recovery processes, air-
conditioning and refrigeration systems, and chemical process
plants.
Spirally uted grooves have been introduced in the inner
surfaces of circular tubes to enhance their heat transfer rates by
increasing their surface area for heat convection, as well as
providing for more active mixing of the surrounding uid. Baughn
and Yan [1], Han et al. [2], and Ravigururajan and Bergles [3] have
investigated the effect of groove shapes on the local heat transfer.
Cho et al. [4] and Rhee et al. [5] studied the local heat transfer of
various rib arrangements and found that the heat transfer rate from
a rectangular duct with a rib installed on its surface was 1.5e2.0
times that of a duct with no ribs.
Yampolsky et al. [6] and Panchal et al. [7] conducted a heat
transfer experiment with spirally uted tubes and reported that the
heat transfer rate was enhanced by 50e200% over that of a smooth
tube. Obot et al. [8] also reported that the friction factor of a spirally
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 82 55 320 3185, 82 55 324 1723.
E-mail address: mechdhl@inje.ac.kr (D.H. Lee).
uted tube was generally greater than that of a smooth tube in the
laminar, transitional, and turbulent ow regimes. Lijun et al. [9]
showed that the total heat transfer coefcient of the inside and
outside spirally triangle nned tube was 63e95% greater than that
of a smooth tube, with only a slight increase in the friction
coefcient.
On the other hand, Syred et al. [10] demonstrated that semi-
circular grooves (i.e., dimples) on the at surface signicantly
enhance the heat transfer rate. Mahmood and Ligrani [11] also
investigated the heat transfer from a dimpled channel and learned
that the heat transfer rate with the groove increased to a maximum
of 92.8% over that of a at plate.
In this study, the hydrodynamically fully developed ow enters
a spirally uted circular tube. The angle of the ute is xed at 60
to
study the variation in the heat transfer with the Reynolds number
and distance from the entrance of the tube. The dimensionless
streamwise distance (z/d) ranges from 0 to 4.5, and the Reynolds
number (Re) ranges from 30,000 to 70,000. The local heat transfer
coefcients from the windward crest to the leeward crest of the spiral
ute are accurately measured by using the liquid crystal/shroud-
transient technique and a digital color image-processing system.
It is worthy to note that these accurate local heat transfer data
with low uncertainties, which are measured in a complex three-
dimensional geometry like the spirally uted tube, can be utilized
as bench mark data to verify the numerical modeling results, as
well as help better understand physical mechanisms for the heat
transfer enhancement.

1290-0729/$ e see front matter 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2012.08.013
258 H.J. Park et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 64 (2013) 257e263

Nomenclature Nuav average Nusselt number

Nufd fully developed Nusselt number in the smooth tube
c specic heat of acrylic (J/kg K) Re Reynolds number (Vd/n)
d diameter of the spirally uted tube (i.e., distance to the Ti initial surface temperature (
C)
top of the crests) (cm) Tj inlet uid temperature (
C)
dg groove diameter (i.e., distance to the base of the TLC surface temperature measured by the liquid crystal
grooves) (cm) color (
C)
D diameter of the upstream tube (cm) Tref average surface temperature (0.5(Ti TLC))
e groove depth (cm) t time for the surface temperature difference (Ti  TLC) to
e/dg groove depth-to-diameter ratio occur
hc convection heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K) V average air velocity in the tube (m/s)
hr radiation heat transfer coefcient x distance from the leeward to the windward crest
2 T 2
3 sTref Tj Tref z streamwise distance along the test section (cm)
j
k thermal conductivity of acrylic (W/m K) z/d dimensionless streamwise distance along the test
ka thermal conductivity of air (W/m K) section
L length from either the windward or leeward crest to
the groove valley (cm) Greek symbols
Le length of the upstream tube (cm) q angle of the spiral groove (degree)
Le/D upstream tube length-to-diameter ratio r density of acryl (kg/m3)
Lt length of the test section (cm) n kinematic viscosity of air (m2/s)
Lt/d test section length-to-diameter 3 emissivity of the liquid crystal/black paint coated
Nu local Nusselt number (hd/ka) surface

2. Experimental apparatus and procedure
A schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus for the
present study is shown in Fig. 1. The apparatus consists of a blower,
a heat exchanger, an orice ow meter, a long straight acrylic tube
with a bundle of straws inserted, a ow switching bypass valve,
immediately followed by the spirally uted tube test section which
is placed inside the Styrofoam shroud.
First, a centrifugal fan blows laboratory air through a copper
tube. The fan speed is controlled by an inverter and the air ow rate
is measured with an orice ow meter and a micro-manometer
(MERIAM/34 MB) to an accuracy of 0.001 cm (water column). The
air temperature is maintained within 0.2
C by way of the heat
exchanger through which water from a constant temperature water
bath is circulated.
A long straight upstream tube with an inner diameter D 7 cm
and a length of Le 245 cm has a bundle of 17.5 cm long straws
inserted 21 cm downstream the orice ow meter. This bundle of
straws plays a role as a ow straightener extending the tube length
(i.e, 1 tube diameter length with the ow straightener is equivalent
of 4 tube diameters length without it). Thus, the effective upstream
tube length-to-diameter ratio becomes Le/D 42.5, resulting in
a hydrodynamically fully developed ow at the entrance of the
spirally uted tube test section.
K-type (Chromega-Alomega) thermocouples are used to
measure temperatures of the uid and the test section. These
thermocouples are then connected to a data acquisition system
(OMEGA/DATA Shuttle 12-bit A/D board and Computer) and cali-
brated against a platinum-resistance thermometer in a constant
temperature water bath (NESLAB/RTE-221D).
Fig. 2 shows details of the spirally uted tube test section. Spiral
grooves are made inside the acrylic tube having an inner diameter
(i.e., distance to the top of the crests) of d 7 cm and a length of
Lt 40 cm such that a groove angle and a length from either the

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus.

 H.J. Park et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 64 (2013) 257e263 259

constant temperature bath circulates through the heat exchanger,

e
r heating the air supplied by the fan. The air then heats the test
Air flow model uniformly to a temperature about 8e10
C above the
z

dg
d
temperature at which red color of the liquid crystal begins to
appear. The test model is heated inside the shroud until the
maximum temperature difference along the body becomes less
than 0.2
C.
Test section Section view A-A The ow switching bypass valve is illustrated in Fig. 4. When the
Leeward side test model reaches a desired temperature and remains at steady-
state, air ow is allowed to enter the model and the shroud is
Black paint
suddenly removed by way of the switching valve in 1/30th of
Liquid crystal Windward side
a second. The switching valve is operated by high-pressure air
Acryl supplied by an air compressor when a solenoid valve is opened,
allowing the uid to pass through and cool the test model.
The color of liquid crystal coated on the surface of the test model
begins to change to red where the heat transfer rate is greatest.
Then, the time-dependent heat transfer coefcient is measured on
both the windward and leeward sides of the spiral ute (see Fig. 2),
by using a digital color image processing system.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the test model.

3. Experimental analysis

windward or leeward crest to the groove valley become q and 60

L 1.0 cm, respectively. Therefore, the groove depth becomes
e 0.866 cm and groove diameter (i.e., distance to the base of the
grooves) becomes dg 8.732 cm, resulting in the groove depth-to-
diameter ratio of e/dg 0.099. It should be noted that since the test
section length-to-diameter is only Lt/d 5.7 and the pressure drop
along the test section is negligibly small at all Res tested. And the x
coordinate begins at the leeward crest. Thus, x/2L 0 and x/2L 1.0
correspond to the leeward crest and windward crest, respectively,
while x/2L 0.5 corresponds to the valley.
Details on one spiral groove are also shown in Fig. 2. Only the
bottom half of the test section surface is coated with black paint
The principle of the liquid crystal/transient technique is to
calculate the local heat transfer coefcient by using a temperature
difference between surface and ambient uid, and an elapsed time
for this difference to occur. A one-dimensional heat conduction
approximation is used since the surface temperature response is
limited to a thin layer near the surface and lateral conduction can
be shown to be negligibly small (Baughn and Yan [1]).
Therefore, one-dimensional conduction into a semi-innite
medium with a convective boundary condition is assumed and it
has the following solution:
TLC  Tj 2

and liquid crystals by using an air brush so that changes of the T* el erfcl (1)
Ti  Tj
liquid crystal color can be observed through the top half of the
transparent acrylic tube surface. where erfc(l) is the complementary error function. In Equation (1)
Schematic diagram of the shroud-transient technique is shown
p
in Fig. 3. The test model is placed inside the constant temperature hc hr t
air oven called, the shroud (see Fig. 3), which is fabricated from 5- l p (2)
rCk
cm-thick Styrofoam insulation sheets. A fan and heat exchanger are
installed in the upper part of the shroud. Hot water from the Now, the convection heat transfer coefcient hc is calculated as

Connected to constant temperature

water bath
Fan

Heat exchanger

Air flow
Remove

Test section Styrofoam shroud

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the shroud-transient technique.

260 H.J. Park et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 64 (2013) 257e263

600
Re=30,000
Re=50,000
500 Re=70,000

400

Nu
300

200

100

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/2L
Fig. 5. Distributions of the local Nusselt number for z/d 0.0.

represents the maximum uncertainty in the Nusselt number under

the given experimental conditions. The uncertainty in the property
of the acryl is the largest contribution to the overall uncertainty.
Another important source of uncertainty is the surface temperature
measured by the liquid crystal. The present uncertainty estimates
are based on 20:1 odds (i. e. 95% condence level of both the bias
and precision errors).

4. Discussion of results

Figs. 5e8 show the local Nusselt number distributions along

the length of the spiral ute for three Reynolds numbers of
Fig. 4. Flow switching valve. Re 30,000, 50,000, 70,000 at four dimensionless streamwise
distances of z/d 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, respectively. In these gures the
p distance between the ute crest and valley is L 10 mm. And x/
l rCk
hc p  hr (3) 2L 0 and x/2L 1 correspond to the windward crest and
t
leeward crest, respectively, while x/2L 0.5 corresponds to the
where t represents the time for the surface temperature difference valley. It is shown from all gures that the Nusselt number
(Ti  TLC) to occur, hr is the radiation heat transfer coefcient increases with the Reynolds number, and the largest Nusselt
2 T 2 , 3 is the emissivity of the liquid crystal/
3 sTref Tj Tref numbers appear to occur at the crest with their magnitudes being
j
black paint coated surface, and Tref is the average surface temper- larger in the windward side than in the leeward side. This
ature (0.5(Ti TLC)). behavior is attributed to the ow impingement on the windward
The Nusselt number can be determined as follows:
600
hc d
Nu (4) Re = 30,000
ka Re = 50,000
500 Re = 70,000
The Nusselt number uncertainty analysis has been carried out
using the method by Kline and McKlintock [12]. Table 1 shows that
the Nusselt number uncertainty for z/d 4.5 and 0  x/2L  1 at 400
Re 50,000 is 5.41%. It should be noted that this uncertainty
Nu

300
Table 1
Nusselt number uncertainty analysis.
  200
Xi value dX i dXi Nu
 100%
Nu dXi
p
rCk 230 29.6 3.95
100
TLC 34.83(
C) 0.18 3.17
Ti 41.6(
C) 0.15 1.57
Tj 24.87(
C) 0.15 1.07
0
d 0.07(m) 0.00005 0.21
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t 297(s) 0.03 0.05
3 0.9 0.05 0.02 x/2L
Total Nu uncertainty dNu/Nu 5.41%
Fig. 6. Distributions of the local Nusselt number for z/d 1.5.
 H.J. Park et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 64 (2013) 257e263 261

600 600
Re=30,000 z/d=0.0
Re=50,000 z/d=1.5
500 Re=70,000 500 z/d=3.0
z/d=4.5

400 400

Nu
Nu

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/2L x/2L
Fig. 7. Distributions of the local Nusselt number for z/d 3.0. Fig. 9. Distributions of the local Nusselt number for Re 30,000.

side. In the meantime the Nusselt number sharply decreases as the
valley of the ute is approached from the crest because the
uting-guided uid ow tends to recirculate and reside near the
valley, resulting in the heat transfer reduction. It should be noted
that we were not able to obtain the local Nusselt numbers very
close to both the crest and the valley due to some measurement
difculties in those regions.
Figs. 9e11 are the same local Nusselt distributions as shown in
Figs. 5e8, but differently plotted in order to investigate how the
dimensionless streamwise distance (z/d) and length of the spiral
ute (x/2L) affect the local Nusselt number for Reynolds numbers of
30,000, 50,000, and 70,000. Figs. 9 and 10 show that the Nusselt
number distributions for Re 30,000 and 50,000 at z/d 3.0 are
very similar to those at z/d 4.5 with an exception in the windward
and leeward crest regions, indicating that both hydrodynamic and
thermal boundary layers at and beyond z/d 4.5 may be fully
developed. This behavior is more pronounced in the leeward side
than in the windward side.
Fig. 12 shows the average Nusselt number distributions both in
the windward side and in the leeward side for different Reynolds
numbers and z/ds. The average Nusselt number in the windward
side is 10.7% higher than that in the leeward side. The smallest
difference occurs for Re 50,000, while the largest difference
occurs for Re 70,000.
In order to investigate the heat transfer enhancement in the
spirally uted tube, the local Nusselt numbers for Re 30,000,
50,000, 70,000 at z/d 4.5 are normalized by the fully developed
Nusselt numbers in the smooth tube and are shown in Fig. 13. The
Nusselt number data at z/d 4.5 are chosen because both the
velocity boundary layer and thermal boundary layer are believed to
be fully developed at that location. The fully developed Nusselt
numbers in the smooth tube can be calculated from the equation
Nu 0.023 Re0.8Pr0.4 presented by Dittus and Boelter [13]. The
results show that the local Nusselt numbers in the spirally uted
tube are maximum 179%, 96.5%, 89.3% higher for Re 30,000,
50,000, 70,000 near the windward crest (x/2L 0.96) than the fully
developed values in the smooth tube, respectively.
Fig. 13 also shows, however, that as the Reynolds number
increases, the rate of heat transfer enhancement decreases. In fact,
the local Nusselt numbers in some region along the ute at
Re 50,000 and 70,000 are smaller than those in the smooth tube
because the ute is too deep. This phenomenon occurs when the
depth of one side exceeds 5e6 mm (x/2L 0.18 and 0.7) for
Re 50,000, and 2e3 mm (x/2L 0.1 and 0.75) for Re 70,000. It

600 600
Re=30,000 z/d=0.0
Re=50,000 z/d=1.5
500 Re=70,000 500 z/d=3.0
z/d=4.5

400 400
Nu

Nu

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/2L x/2L
Fig. 8. Distributions of the local Nusselt number for z/d 4.5. Fig. 10. Distributions of the local Nusselt number for Re 50,000.
262 H.J. Park et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 64 (2013) 257e263

600 350
z/d=0.0 Re=30,000 (fluted)
z/d=1.5 Re=30,000 (fully developed)
500 z/d=3.0 300 Re=50,000 (fluted)
z/d=4.5 Re=50,000 (fully developed)
Re=70,000 (fluted)
400 250 Re=70,000 (fully developed)

Nuav
Nu

300 200

150
200

100
100

50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
z/d
x/2L
Fig. 14. The average Nusselt number distributions with z/d.
Fig. 11. Distributions of the local Nusselt number for Re 70,000.

can only be speculated without an accurate ow measurement that

400 as the Reynolds number increases, secondary vorticies formed near
z/d=0.0 (leeward) the valley of the ute may reside for a longer period of time,
z/d=0.0 (windward) resulting in the heat transfer reduction for larger Reynolds
350 z/d=1.5 (leeward)
z/d=1.5 (windward) numbers.
300
z/d=3.0 (leeward) Fig. 14 shows that the average Nusselt number increases with
z/d=3.0 (windward)
z/d=4.5 (leeward)
the Reynolds number. For all Reynolds numbers tested, the average
z/d=4.5 (windward) Nusselt number rapidly decreases for 0.0  z/d  1.5 and remains
250
Nuav

nearly the same for z/d > 3.0. This rapid decline of the Nusselt
number is due to the fact that 0.0  z/d  1.5 corresponds to the
200
thermal entrance region where the ow is hydrodynamically fully
developed and thermally developing. It is also observed that the
150
average Nusselt numbers are 52%, 28.9%, 23.7% higher for
Re 30,000, 50,000, 70,000 at z/d 4.5 than the fully developed
100 values in the smooth tube, respectively. This heat transfer
enhancement may be due to the increased surface area provided by
50 the spiral uted geometry as well as the enhanced mixing of the
20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 uid caused by ow recirculation and swirl.
Re
Fig. 12. The average Nusselt number distributions with Reynolds numbers at wind-
5. Conclusions
ward and leeward sides of each z/d.

In the present study, in order to enhance the heat transfer rate in

the circular tube, the tube inner surface has been modied from
smooth surface to spirally uted surface. A few conclusions of the
3.0
Re=30,000 present research can be made.
Re=50,000 We produced bench mark local heat transfer data with low
Re=70,000 uncertainties under well-dened ow boundary conditions inside
2.5
the spirally uted circular tube with a spiral angle of 60
. In general,
the local Nusselt numbers monotonically decrease with a distance
away from both windward and leeward crests of the spiral ute and
2.0
Nu/Nufd

reach a minimum value near its valley for all Res and z/ds tested.
We found that the local Nusselt numbers in the spirally uted
tube are maximum 179%, 96.5%, 89.3% higher for Re 30,000,
1.5
50,000, 70,000 near the windward crest at z/d 4.5 than the fully
developed values in the smooth surface, respectively. We also
learned that the local Nusselt numbers in some region along the
1.0
ute at Re 50,000 and 70,000 are smaller than those in the
smooth tube because the ute is too deep. This phenomenon occurs
when the depth of one side exceeds 5e6 mm (x/2L 0.18 and 0.7)
0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 for Re 50,000, and 2e3 mm (x/2L 0.1 and 0.75) for Re 70,000.
The results show that for all Reynolds numbers tested, the average
x/2L
Nusselt number rapidly decreases for 0.0  z/d  1.5 and remains nearly
Fig. 13. Nusselt numbers normalized by the fully developed values at z/d 4.5. the same for z/d > 3.0. This rapid decline of the Nusselt number is due to
 H.J. Park et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 64 (2013) 257e263
the fact that 0.0  z/d  1.5 corresponds to the thermal entrance region
where the ow is hydrodynamically fully developed and thermally
developing. We also found that the average Nusselt numbers are 52%,
28.9%, 23.7% higher for Re 30,000, 50,000, 70,000 at z/d 4.5 than the
fully developed values in the smooth tube, respectively. This heat
transfer enhancement may be due to the increased surface area
provided by the spiral uted geometry as well as the enhanced mixing
of the uid caused by ow recirculation and swirl.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the 2012 Inje University research
grant. We are grateful for the nancial support for this research.
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