Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 1043 1050
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\LQ(QJLQHHULQJ,17(5(1*2FWREHU
7LUJX0XUHV5RPDQLD
1HZ3URGXFWV'HYHORSPHQW7KURXJK&XVWRPL]HG'HVLJQ%DVHGRQ
&XVWRPHUV1HHGV3DUW)RRWZHDU&RPIRUW3DUDPHWHUV
'DQD&RULQD'HVHOQLFXD
$QD0DULD9DVLOHVFXE$XUD0LKDLF$QFD$OH[DQGUD
3XUFDUHDD*KHRUJKH0LOLWDUXD
D
8QLYHUVLW\3ROLWHKQLFDRI%XFKDUHVW6SODLXO,QGHSHQGHQWHL6HFWRU%XFKDUHVW5RPDQLD
E
1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHIRU7H[WLOHVDQG/HDWKHU,1&'73,&3,'LYLVLRQ,RQ0LQXOHVFXVWUVHFWRU%XFKDUHVW5RPDQLD
F
*K$VDFKL7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI,DVL'LPLWULH0DQJHURQ%OYG,DVL5RPDQLD
$EVWUDFW
.H\ZRUGVFXVWRPL]HGSURGXFWGHVLJQSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQWIRRWZHDUFXVWRPHUVDWLVIDFWLRQHOGHUO\
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
(PDLODGGUHVVGDQDGHVHOQLFX#XSEUR
2212-0173 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Petru Maior University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering
doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.01.148
1044 Dana Corina Deselnicu et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 1043 1050
,QWURGXFWLRQ
5HVHDUFK0HWKRGRORJ\
7KHSUHVHQWVWXG\WKHUHIRUHDSSURDFKHVDQH[SORUDWRU\VXUYH\HPSOR\LQJTXDQWLWDWLYHPHWKRGRORJ\WRLQYHVWLJDWH
WKHPDMRUFDXVDOIDFWRUVLQIOXHQFLQJIRRWSDWKRORJLHVDQGGHIRUPDWLRQVLQWKHHOGHUO\SHRSOHLQ5RPDQLDHVSHFLDOO\
FDXVHVUHODWHGWRIRRWZHDU7KHVWXG\ZDVFRQFHLYHGDVDTXDQWLWDWLYHDSSURDFKPDLQO\H[SORUDWRU\DQGGHVFULSWLYH7KH
UHVHDUFKPHWKRGHPSOR\HGZDVWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHEDVHGVXUYH\
'DWDFROOHFWLRQ
6DPSOHGHVFULSWLRQ
7KHVDPSOHRIUHVSRQGHQWVFRQVLVWHGRISHRSOHLQWKHWZRORFDWLRQVHOGHUO\FRQVXPHUVLQ%XFKDUHVWDQGHOGHUO\
FRQVXPHUVLQ,DVL7KHPHWKRGXVHGIRUVDPSOLQJZDVWKHQRQSUREDELOLVWLFRQHEDVHGRQDPL[WXUHRI+HQU\
VW\SHV>@
FRQYHQLHQFHW\SLFDOFDVHVDQGFULWLFDOFDVHVVQRZEDOO7KHGLVWULEXWLRQRIUHVSRQGHQWVE\ORFDWLRQZDVWKHIROORZLQJ)LJ
D
7DEOH6WDWLVWLFDOLQGLFDWRUVUHJDUGLQJWKHUHVSRQGHQWV
DJH
)UHTXHQF\ 3HUFHQWDJH 9DOLGSHUFHQWDJH &XPXODWLYHSHUFHQWDJH
9DOLG \HDUVROG
\HDUVROG
\HDUVROG
2YHU\HDUVROG
7RWDO
6RXUFH7DEOHJHQHUDWHGE\6366VRIWZDUH
1046 Dana Corina Deselnicu et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 1043 1050
'DWDDQDO\VLVDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIUHVHDUFKUHVXOWV
6WDWLVWLFDOSURFHVVLQJRIFROOHFWHGGDWDXVHGWKHVWDWLVWLFDOVRIWZDUH6366IRU:LQGRZVYHUVLRQDQGGHVFULSWLYHDQG
LQIHUHQWLDO VWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ VWDJHV WKH VWDWLVWLFDO VXPPDU\ RI UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ
GHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVDQGDQDO\VLVRIFRUUHODWLRQPDWUL[LQIHUHQWLDOVWDWLVWLFV
7KH SUREDELOLW\ WKDW WKH HOGHUO\ SXUFKDVH DYDLODEOH IRRWZHDU RQ WKH 5RPDQLDQ PDUNHW )LJ LV PHGLXP
DULWKPHWLF PHDQ RI UHVSRQVH LQWHUYDO WR +RZHYHU WKH UHVSRQGHQWV YLHZV DUH YHU\ GLIIHUHQW KLJK
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIVKRZLQJWKDWWKHVDPSOHLVYHU\KHWHURJHQHRXVLQWKLVUHJDUG
)LJ3UREDELOLW\RIEX\LQJIRRWZHDUDYDLODEOHRQWKH5RPDQLDQPDUNHW
2QO\DWKLUGRIUHVSRQGHQWVGHFODUHGWKDWWKH\DUHYHU\OLNHO\WREX\IRRWZHDU0RVWUHVSRQGHQWVDUHXQGHFLGHG
EXWWKHUHLVDSHUFHQWDJHRIDOPRVWUHVSRQGHQWVGHFODULQJWKDWLWLVLPSRVVLEOHIRUWKHPWREX\PDVVSURGXFHGIRRWZHDU
2SLQLRQVRIHOGHUO\FRQVXPHUVUHJDUGLQJFRPIRUWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIIRRWZHDUDYDLODEOHRQWKH5RPDQLDQPDUNHW
0RVW RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH LQFOXGHG TXHVWLRQV DERXW YDULRXV DVSHFWV RI FRPIRUW WKH PDVVSURGXFHG IRRWZHDU RQ WKH
5RPDQLDQPDUNHWSURYLGHVWRWKHHOGHUO\FRQVXPHU7DEOH
7DEOH6WDWLVWLFDOLQGLFDWRUVIRUWKHFRPIRUWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIIRRWZHDU
7KHUPDOSURWHFWLRQ 3HUVSLUDWLRQ ,PSHUPHDELOLW\ $UFKVXSSRUW 6ROHKDUGQHVV :HLJKW )OH[LELOLW\ 'HJUHHRIVOLS
1 9DOLG
0LVVLQJ
$ULWKPHWLFPHDQ
0HGLDQ
0RGH
6WDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ
0LQLPXP
0D[LPXP
6RXUFH7DEOHJHQHUDWHGE\6366VRIWZDUH
$OO HLJKW LQYHVWLJDWHG DVSHFWV DUH VLWXDWHG DW PHGLXP WR KLJK OHYHOV DULWKPHWLF PHDQ DQG DOVR KDYH D KLJK
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQYDOXHLQGLFDWLQJDKLJKGHJUHHRIKHWHURJHQHLW\LQWKHVDPSOHZKLFKVKRZVWKDWUHVSRQGHQWVKDG
GLIIHUHQW RSLQLRQV DQG D XQLIRUP DQG JHQHUDOO\ YDOLG RSLQLRQ FRXOG QRW EH LGHQWLILHG 6RPH UHVSRQGHQWV GLG QRW
DQVZHU WR DOO TXHVWLRQV WKHUHIRUH WKHLU DQVZHUV ZHUH FDWHJRUL]HG E\ WKH VRIWZDUH SURJUDP DV PLVVLQJ YDOXHV DQG
ZHUHQRWLQFOXGHGLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQV7DEOH
:KHQ TXHVWLRQHG UHJDUGLQJ WKHUPDO SURWHFWLRQ WKDW IRRWZHDU SURYLGHV )LJ PRVW RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV
DUHVDWLVILHGZLWKWKHWKHUPDOSURWHFWLRQSURYLGHGE\WKHIRRWZHDUDYDLODEOHRQWKHPDUNHWDQGDOPRVWKDOI
RIUHVSRQGHQWVDUHUHODWLYHO\VDWLVILHGLQWKLVUHJDUG,WLVQRWHGWKDWWKLVFKDUDFWHULVWLFLVQRWVRFULWLFDOIRU
WKHHOGHUO\IRRWSUREOHPV
Dana Corina Deselnicu et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 1043 1050 1047
)LJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIIRRWZHDUWKHUPDOSURWHFWLRQDQGIRRWSHUVSLUDWLRQ
)LJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIIRRWZHDUZDWHULPSHUPHDELOLW\DQGIRRWDUFKVXSSRUW
,Q WHUPV RI IRRW DUFK VXSSRUW HQVXUHG E\ VKRHV DYDLODEOH RQ WKH PDUNHW )LJ WKH PDMRULW\ RI HOGHUO\
FRQVXPHUVZHUHVDWLVILHGZKLOHRQO\RIWKHPZHUHGLVVDWLVILHGZLWKWKLVDVSHFW
:KHQTXHVWLRQHGUHJDUGLQJVKRH VROH KDUGQHVV DQG LWV DELOLW\ WR DEVRUE VKRFNV PRVWUHVSRQGHQWV
EHOLHYHWKDWVKRHVROHKDUGQHVVLVRQO\VRPHWLPHVVXLWDEOHZKLOHDWKLUGRIUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHVDWLVILHGZLWKWKHVKRH
VROHKDUGQHVV)LJ
)LJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIIRRWZHDUVKRHVROHKDUGQHVVIRUVKRFNDEVRUSWLRQDQGGHJUHHRIVOLSRIWKHVKRHVROH
1048 Dana Corina Deselnicu et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 1043 1050
$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWIRUROGHUFRQVXPHUVLVWKHGHJUHHRIVOLSRIWKHVKRHVROHRQGLIIHUHQWVXUIDFHVLFH
ZHWIORRUWLOHVSDUTXHWHWF:KHQTXHVWLRQHGRQWKLVLVVXHPRVWUHVSRQGHQWVEHOLHYHWKDWVKRHVERXJKW
RIIWKHPDUNHWKDYHDQDYHUDJHGHJUHHRIVOLS)LJDQGRQHWKLUGRIWKHHOGHUO\EHOLHYHVWKDWWKHGHJUHH
RI VOLS RI WKH VROH LV KLJK 7KLV LV WKHUHIRUH DQRWKHU DVSHFW UHTXLULQJ JUHDWHU DWWHQWLRQ IRU FUHDWLQJ FXVWRPL]HG
IRRWZHDUIRUWKHHOGHUO\
,QWHUPVRIIRRWZHDUIOH[LELOLW\RQO\RIUHVSRQGHQWVIHOWWKDWIRRWZHDULVQRWIOH[LEOHHQRXJKZKLOHPRVWRI
WKHP ZHUH RI WKH RSLQLRQ WKDW WKH IRRWZHDU KDV WKH QHFHVVDU\ GHJUHH RI IOH[LELOLW\ DQG RI WKH
HOGHUO\VDLGWKHVKRHVWKH\EX\LVRQO\VRPHWLPHVIOH[LEOH)LJ
)LJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIIRRWZHDUIOH[LELOLW\DQGSUHIHUUHGVKRHFORVXUHV\VWHP
)LJ3UHIHUUHGFRPELQDWLRQRIPDWHULDOVIRUIRRWZHDU
$QDO\VLVRI&RUUHODWLRQVDPRQJ6WXGLHG9DULDEOHV
6RPHVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWFRUUHODWLRQVZHUHUHYHDOHGLQWKHVWXG\VHH7DEOH
7DEOH&RUUHODWLRQVPDWUL[IRUPDLQVWXGLHGYDULDEOHV
&RUUHODWLRQV
3XU )RRW )RRW
/RFD FKDVLQJ SHUVSL :DWHU DUFK 6ROH )OH[L 'HJUHH &ORVXUH
WLRQ $JH SUREDELOLW\ UDWLRQ SURRI VXSSRUW KDUGQHVV ELOLW\ RIVOLS V\VWHP 'HVLJQ
/RFDWLRQ 3HDUVRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
$JH 3HDUVRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
3XUFKDVLQJ 3HDUVRQ
SUREDELOLW\ &RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
)RRWSHUVSLUD 3HDUVRQ
WLRQ &RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
:DWHUSURRI 3HDUVRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
)RRWDUFKVXSSRUW 3HDUVRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
6ROHKDUGQHVV 3HDUVRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
)OH[LELOLW\ 3HDUVRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
'HJUHHRIVOLS 3HDUVRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
&ORVXUHV\VWHP 3HDUVRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
'HVLJQ 3HDUVRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ
6LJ
1
&RUUHODWLRQLVVLJQLILFDQWDWWKHOHYHOWDLOHG
&RUUHODWLRQLVVLJQLILFDQWDWWKHOHYHOWDLOHG
6RXUFH7DEOHJHQHUDWHGE\6366VRIWZDUH
7KHSUREDELOLW\RISXUFKDVHRIIRRWZHDUDYDLODEOHRQWKHPDUNHWE\HOGHUO\FRQVXPHUVLVSRVLWLYHO\FRUUHODWHG
ZLWK WKH UHVSRQGHQWV ORFDWLRQ 3HDUVRQ FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW U IRRW DUFK VXSSRUW SURYLGHG E\ IRRWZHDU
U IRRWZHDU IOH[LELOLW\ U DQG VKRH GHVLJQ U 3XUFKDVLQJ SUREDELOLW\ LV DOVR QHJDWLYHO\
FRUUHODWHG ZLWK WKH IRRWZHDUV GHJUHH RI VOLS U $OO WKH PHQWLRQHG FRUUHODWLRQV DUH YDOLG DW D
1050 Dana Corina Deselnicu et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 1043 1050
FRQILGHQFHOHYHODQGKDYHDORZWRPHGLXPLQWHQVLW\7KH\VKRZWKDWWKHHOGHUO\SHUVRQVIURP,DVLDUHPRUHOLNHO\
WREX\PDVVPDUNHWIRRWZHDUDYDLODEOHZKLOHWKHUHVSRQGHQWVIURP%XFKDUHVWDUHVHDUFKLQJIRURWKHURSWLRQVPRUH
VXLWDEOH IRU WKHLU VSHFLILF QHHGV $OVR IRRW DUFK VXSSRUW IOH[LELOLW\ DQG GHVLJQ RI IRRWZHDU DUH WKUHH LPSRUWDQW
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIIRRWZHDUDUWLFOHVWKDWDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHSXUFKDVLQJSUREDELOLW\7KHEHWWHUWKH\DUHSHUFHLYHG
E\ HOGHUO\ FXVWRPHUV IRU VSHFLILF IRRWZHDU DUWLFOHV WKH PRUH SUREDEOH LW LV WKDW WKHVH DUWLFOHV ZLOO EH ERXJKW 7KH
VDPHDSSOLHVDOVRIRUWKHIRRWZHDUVGHJUHHRIVOLSWKHPRVWLQWHQVHO\SXUFKDVHGIRRWZHDUDUWLFOHVSUREDEO\DUHWKH
RQHV WKDW GR QRW VOLS RQ GLIIHUHQW ZDONLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH SHUFHSWLRQ RI WKH HOGHUO\ UHVSRQGHQWV
WKHVHDUHLPSRUWDQWFRQVWUXFWLYHHOHPHQWVWREHDYRLGHGDQGRUVROYHGZKHQPDNLQJFXVWRPIRRWZHDU
&RQFOXVLRQ
7KHSUHVHQWVWXG\KDGDTXDOLWDWLYHDQGH[SORUDWRU\DSSURDFKWRGHWHUPLQHPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIIRRWZHDUZKLFK
DUHLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHHOGHUO\FXVWRPHUVVSHFLDOQHHGVLQRUGHUWRGHVLJQFXVWRPL]HGSURGXFWV
,Q WHUPV RI ILQGLQJ DQG SXUFKDVLQJ VXLWDEOH IRRWZHDU RQ WKH 5RPDQLDQ PDUNHW WKH VLWXDWLRQ LV VLPLODU WR WKDW
GHVFULEHGDERYHUHVSRQGHQWV
YLHZVDUHYHU\GLIIHUHQWEXWWKHSUREDELOLW\RIILQGLQJDQGEX\LQJUHTXLUHGVKRHVDUH
DWDQDYHUDJHOHYHO2QO\DWKLUGRIWKRVHVXUYH\HGVDLGWKH\DUHOLNHO\WREX\IRRWZHDURIIWKHPDUNHW7KHPDMRULW\
RIUHVSRQGHQWVDUHXQGHFLGHGEXWWKHUHLVDSHUFHQWDJHRIDOPRVWRIUHVSRQGHQWVVWDWLQJWKDWWKH\ILQG
LWLPSRVVLEOHWREX\PDVVSURGXFHGIRRWZHDU
&RQVLGHULQJWKHUHODWLYHO\OLPLWHGILQDQFLDOSRVVLELOLWLHVRI WKHHOGHUO\LQ5RPDQLDDQGWKDWWKH\EDVLFDOO\ KDYH
DFFHVVRQO\WRPDVVSURGXFHGVKRHVWDEOHDQGDUHQRWDZDUHRIWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRJHWFXVWRPL]HGVKRHVWKHHOGHUO\
DUHIRUFHGWRDFFHSWZKDWWKH\DUHRIIHUHGDOWKRXJKWKHRIIHUDYDLODEOHRQWKHPDUNHWPHHWVWKHLUVSHFLDOQHHGVRQO\
WR DQ DYHUDJH H[WHQW (OGHUO\ SHRSOH JHQHUDOO\ GR QRW KDYH DFFHVV RU WKH PHDQV WR FKRRVH D FXVWRP VKRH DQG
JHQHUDOO\ LQ 5RPDQLD XQOLNH LQ RWKHU FRXQWULHV WKHUH LV QR FXOWXUH LQ WKLV UHVSHFW WKH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI FRQVXPHUV
FKRRVLQJ PDVVSURGXFHG IRRWZHDU %HFDXVH RI IRRW GHIRUPLWLHV WKH PDVVSURGXFHG IRRWZHDU WKH\ KDYH DFFHVV WR
QRWVXLWDEOHWRWKHLUVSHFLDOQHHGVFDXVHVVNLQOHVLRQVDQGRWKHUVLPLODUSUREOHPV,WFDQWKXVEHVDLGWKDWWKHUHLVD
FOHDUQHFHVVLW\IRUFXVWRPL]HGRIIHUVIRUSHRSOHLQWKLVDJHJURXS
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
7KLV ZRUN ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ 8(),6&', %XFKDUHVW XQGHU WKH 3DUWQHUVKLS 3URJUDPPH SURMHFW 3UHYHQWLQJ JDLW
GHILFLHQFLHV DQG LPSURYLQJ ELRPHFKDQLFDO SDUDPHWHUV IRU WKH HOGHUO\ SRSXODWLRQ E\ GHVLJQLQJ DQG GHYHORSLQJ
FXVWRPL]HGIRRWZHDUDFURQ\P02%,/,7<FRGH31,,373&&$&RQWUDFWQR
5HIHUHQFHV
>@ (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ $FWLYH $JLQJ ,QGH[ >,QWHUQHW@ >FLWHG WK -XQH @ $YDLODEOH IURP
KWWSHFHXURSDHXVRFLDOPDLQMVS"ODQJ,G QHZV,G IXUWKHU1HZV \HV
>@ 5RPDQLDQ 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 6WDWLVWLFV ,166( 6WDWLVWLFDO '% 7HPSR 5RPDQLD >,QWHUQHW@ >FLWHG WK -XQH @ $YDLODEOH IURP
KWWSVVWDWLVWLFLLQVVHURVKRSLQGH[MVS"SDJH WHPSR ODQJ HQ FRQWH[W
>@ (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ $FWLYH $JLQJ 5HSRUW >,QWHUQHW@ >FLWHG WK -XQH @ $YDLODEOH IURP
KWWSHFHXURSDHXSXEOLFBRSLQLRQDUFKLYHVHEVHEVBBHQSGI
>@ *DODVVR9*DWWL53URIHWD3/HVVRQVRIDQDJLQJVRFLHW\7KH3ROLWLFDO6XVWDLQDELOLW\RI6RFLDO6HFXULW\(FRQ3ROLF\
>@ 9DVLOHVFX $0 3HWUHVFX & 0RYLOD & 'HVLJQLQJ DQG FUHDWLQJ D VXSSRUW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH IRU TXLFN DQG VHPLFXVWRPL]HG IRRWZHDU
PDQXIDFWXULQJ5HYLVWDGH3LHODULH,QFDOWDPLQWH
>@ 'HVHOQLFX '& ,RDQQLGLV , (PHUJLQJ PDUNHW IRU )2&OHDWKHU DUWLFOHV $ UHDO QHHG RU MXVW PDUNHWLQJ HGJH 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHG0DWHULDOVDQG6\VWHPV,&$06
>@ +HQU\*73UDFWLFDOVDPSOLQJ7KRXVDQG2DNV6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV