SECTION 1 : BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

J. AMPOLOQUIO
Electronic Transmission, reception, and processing of information between two
Communication or more locations using electronic circuits
Allocation Entry in the table of frequency allocations of a given frequency
band
Allotment Entry of designated frequency channel in the agreed plan for the
use of two or more nations
Assignment Authorization given by a nation for a radio station to use frequency
channel under specified conditions
Hans Christian Discovered relation between electricity and magnetism in 1820
Oersted
Andre Marie Ampere Observed the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction;
hypothesized the existence of magnetic field around a current
carrying conductor (1821)
Michael Faraday Discovered electromagnetic induction; reverse of Oersteds
discovery (1822)
Joseph Henry Demonstrated telecommand, wire telegraphy was born
Samuel Morse Exploited Henrys invention commercially
James Clerk Maxwell Hypothesized the existence of EM waves (1866)
Heinrich Hertz Radio waves (1886)
Guglielmo Marconi Developed the first wireless telegraph; used spark gap transmitter
(1896)
Major Edwin First successful FM radio system (1900)
Armstrong
Reginald Aubrey Invented AM (1936)
Fessenden
Wired Medium The signal is confined within the proximity of the channel; bounded
or guided
Wireless Medium Signal is not subjected to limits; unbounded or unguided
White Noise Noise that has equal amount of energy per octave
Brown Noise Similar to pink noise but with a power density decrease of 6dB per
octave
Blue Noise Doubles the amount of energy as you go up 1 octave
Purple Noise/ Violet Differentiated white noise; increases 6dB per octave
Noise
Orange Noise Quasi stationary noise with a finite power spectrum with a finite
number of small bands of zero energy dispersed throughout a
continuous spectrum
Black Noise Noise that has frequency spectrum of zero power level over all
frequencies except for a few narrowband or spikes
A3E Double sideband full carrier
H3E Single sideband full carrier
J3E Single sideband suppressed carrier
R3E Single sideband reduced carrier
C3F Vestigial sideband modulation
Amplitude Shift On off Keying
Keying
CP FSK Continuous Phase FSK
Standard Used to display the amplitude versus time representation of the
Oscilloscope input signal
Frequency Number of times a particular phenomenon occurs in a given period
of time
Wavelength Distance between two points of similar cycles of periodic wave
Period Time required for one cycle of a repetitive system
Spectrum Analyzer Used to display amplitude versus frequency representation of the
input signal
Doppler Effect A perceived change in the frequency of a wave as the distance
between source and observer changes
Absolute Bandwidth f2 f1, where the spectrum is zero outside the interval along positive
frequency axis
-3dB Bandwidth or f2 f1, where for frequency inside f1<f< f2, the magnitude spectra fall
Half Power Bandwidth no lower than 0.707 times the maximum value of magnitude
Null-to-Null f2 f1, where f2 is the first null in the envelope of the magnitude
Bandwidth spectrum above fo
Bounded Spectrum f2 f1, such that outside f1<fo< f2, power spectrum density must be at
Bandwidth least a certain amount below the maximum value of PSD
Power Bandwidth Defines as the frequency band in which 99% of the total power
resides
FCC Bandwidth Authorized bandwidth parameter assigned by FCC to specify
spectrum allowed
ITU Necessary Width of the frequency band that is just sufficient to ensure
Bandwidth transmission
Region 3 Includes Philippines
Class of Signal Given by 3 alphanumeric symbol
ITU Emission 1st Symbol : type of modulation
Designation 2nd Symbol : nature of signal
3rd Symbol : type of information
4th Symbol : detail of signal
5th Symbol : nature of multiplexing
FCC Emission 1st Symbol : type of modulation
Designation 2nd Symbol : type of transmission
3rd Symbol : supplementary character
Simplex Only in one direction
Half Duplex Both direction but not the same time
Full Duplex Two way simultaneous
Full/Full Duplex Transmit and receive simultaneously but not necessary between
same two locations
Two-wire Those that carry information signal in both directions over the same
path
4-wire Over separable paths
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing; unique band of frequency on each
channel on continuous time basis
TDM Time Division Multiplexing; each channel is allotted fixed time slot
occupying the entire wideband frequency
STDM Statistical TDM
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing; sending information signal that
occupy same frequency at the same time
Narrowband Single channel (64Kbps) or some of 64Kbps channels (N x 64Kbps)
but less than wideband
Wideband Multichannel capacity; 1.544 Mbps to 45 Mbps (US), 2.048 Mbps to
34 Mbps (European)
Broadband 45 Mbps (US), 34 Mbps (European)
Attenuation Due to resistance and length of transmission medium
Distortion Alteration of information which original proportion is changed
Noise Outside source which corrupts the signal
Distress Needs immediate assistance
Urgency Requires immediate attention
Safety Meteorological information
 SECTION 2 : NOISE ANALYSIS AND DB CALCULATIONS
AMPOLOQUIO
Noise Any undesirable energy that falls within the passband of unwanted
signal
Impulse Noise Sudden burst of irregularly shaped pulses
Burst Noise Popcorn Noise; 1/f2
Neper Transmission unit used in Northern European countries used to
express attenuation of current along transmission line using natural
logarithm;
1 Neper = 8.686 Db
RLP Relative level point
TLP Transmission level point; American term for RLP;
0 TLP = 0dBr
dBrn dB above reference noise
dBa dB adjusted
dBrnC dB above reference noise using C-message line weighting
dBrnC = dBa +5 (pure test tone)
dBrnC = dBa +6 (3KHz white noise)
dBmp dB psophometrically weighted
pWp Picowatts psophometrically weighted
Volume Unit Used to measure the power level of program channels and certain
types of speech or music
P (dBm) = VU -1.4

SECTION 3 : AMPLITUDE MODULATION

J. AMPOLOQUIO
Modulation The process of impressing or imparting a low-frequency source
information onto a high-frequency bandpass signal with a carrier
frequency by the introduction of amplitude, frequency or phase
perturbation
Demodulation The reverse process where the received signals are transformed
back to their original form
Amplitude An analog modulation scheme in which the amplitude of relatively
Modulation high-frequency carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of an information signal
AM modulated wave Vam(t) = (Vc + Vmsin mt) sin ct
Coefficient of Describes the amount of amplitude change present in an AM
Modulation waveform
Overmodulation Created side frequencies (harmonics) further from the carrier known
as splatter, buckshot, or spurious emissions; overmodulation is illegal
535KHz to 1605KHz Standard AM broadcast band; 107 carrier assignments