1/3/2017 ValdiviaWikipedia

Coordinates:394850S731445W

Valdivia
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Valdivia(Spanishpronunciation:[baldija])isacityand
communeinsouthernChile,administeredbythe Valdivia
MunicipalityofValdivia.Thecityisnamedafteritsfounder CityandCommune
PedrodeValdiviaandislocatedattheconfluenceofthe
CalleCalle,Valdivia,andCauCauRivers,approximately
15km(9mi)eastofthecoastaltownsofCorralandNiebla.
SinceOctober2007,ValdiviahasbeenthecapitalofLos
RosRegionandisalsothecapitalofValdiviaProvince.The
nationalcensusof2002censusrecordedthecommuneof
Valdiviaashaving140,559inhabitants(Valdivianos),of
whom127,750werelivinginthecity.[4]Themaineconomic
activitiesofValdiviaincludetourism,woodpulp
manufacturing,forestry,metallurgy,andbeerproduction.
ThecityisalsothehomeoftheAustralUniversityofChile,
foundedin1954,andtheCentrodeEstudiosCientficos. ViewofValdiviafromPedrodeValdiviaBridge

ThecityofValdiviaandtheChiloArchipelagowereonce
thetwosouthernmostoutliersoftheSpanishEmpire.From
1645to1740thecitydependeddirectlyontheViceroyaltyof
Peru,whichfinancedthebuildingoftheValdivianfort Flag
systemthatturnedValdiviaintooneofthemostfortified
citiesoftheNewWorld.[5]Inthesecondhalfof19thcentury,
ValdiviawastheportofentryforGermanimmigrantswho
weregivenlandandsettledinthesurroundingareas.
Valdivia
In1960ValdiviawasseverelydamagedbytheGreatChilean Coatofarms
earthquake,themostpowerfulearthquakeeverrecordedat
magnitude9.5.[6]Debrisanddestroyedbuildingsfromthe
earthquakecanstillbefoundinthesuburbanareas.In
addition,landsubsidenceandsedimentshaveresultedin
complexnavigationchallengesonthelocalriversandin LocationinChile
LocationoftheValdivia
someareas,ruinsofbuildingsarevisiblefromthewater.
communeinLosRos
Region

Nickname(s):TheCityofRivers
Contents Motto:MuyNobleyMuyLeal
("Mostnobleandmostloyal")
1 History Coordinates:394850S731445W
1.1 PreHispanictimes(12,000BC1543)
1.2 Spanishcolony(15441810) Country Chile
1.3 Independenceandgrowth(18111959) Region LosRos
1.4 GreatChileanearthquakeandLosLagos Province Valdivia
Region(19602006) Foundedas SantaMaralaBlancade
2 Culture Valdivia
2.1 Spanishcolonialinfluences Founded 9February1552
2.2 Germaninfluences
3 Demography Government[1][2]
Type Municipality
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4 Geography Alcalde OmarSabatGuzmn(UDI)

4.1 Geology
5 Climate Area[3]
6 Governmentandpolitics Total 1,015.6km2(392.1sqmi)
6.1 Ecologicalaction Elevation 5m(16ft)
7 Economyandtourism
7.1 Tourism Population(2012Census)[3]
8 Education Total 154,432
8.1 Universitiesandcolleges Density 150/km2(390/sqmi)
8.2 Schools Urban 129,952
9 Sports Rural 10,607
10 Transport
10.1 Roadsandbridges Demonym(s) Valdivian
10.2 Waterways Sex[3]
10.3 Airports Men 68,510
11 TwintownsSistercities Women 72,049
12 Gallery
13 Seealso Timezone CLT(UTC04:00)
14 References Summer(DST) CLST(UTC03:00)
14.1 Notes Postalcode 5090000
15 Sources Areacode(s) country56+city63
16 Externallinks Climate Cfb
Website MunicipalityofValdivia(http://
www.munivaldivia.cl/)
History (Spanish)

PreHispanictimes
(12,000BC1543)
TheareaaroundValdiviamay
havebeenpopulatedsince
12,00011,800BC,according
toarchaeologicaldiscoveriesin
MonteVerde[7](lessthan
200kmsouthofValdivia),
whichwouldplaceitabouta
thousandyearsbeforethe
CloviscultureinNorth
America.Thischallengesthe
"ClovisFirst"modelof
migrationtotheNewWorld.
Researchersspeculatethatthe
firstinhabitantsofValdiviaand
ChiletravelledtoAmericaby
watercraftandnotacrossa
landbridgeintheBeringStrait.
HistoryofValdivia
viewdiscuss
LosRosRegioniscreated
2000
RoCrucesBridgeopens
BecomespartofLosLagosRegion
GreatChileanEarthquake
AustralUniversityofChileopens
1950
CalleCalleBridgeopens
RepublicofChile FirstValdivianWeek
Majorfire
1900
RailroadreachesValdivia

DuringatleasttheMiddle AwaterspouthitsValdivia

Archaic,southernChilewas
populatedbyindigenousgroups
whosharedacommonlithic
1850 FirstGermanimmigrantsarrive
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1850 FirstGermanimmigrantsarrive
culturecalledtheChanChan
Complex,namedforthe
archaeologicalsiteofChan

Chanlocatedsome35kmnorth
SpanishReconquest
ofValdiviaalongthecoast.[8] PatriaVieja

Bythetimeofthearrivalofthe 1800
Spanishconquistadores,
Valdiviawasinhabitedbythe
Huilliche(Mapudungunfor GeneralCaptaincyof
PeopleoftheSouth).The Chile
HuillicheandMapuchewere
bothreferredtobythe 1750
SpaniardsasAraucanos.Their
mainlanguagewasavariantof
Mapudungun,theMapuche

language.

AlargevillagecalledAinil
stoodwherepresentday 1700
downtownValdiviahasbeen ViceroyaltyofPeru
developed.TheHuillichecalled Cityrelocatedtoitscurrentlocation
theriver,Ainilebu(nowknown
astheValdiviaRiver).Ainil
seemedtohavebeenan
importanttradecentreitwasa
1650
portontheseaandhadaccess Dutchoccupation
totheinteriorviathenetwork
oftheCrucesandCalleCalle
rivers,bothtributariesofthe Cityabandoned
Valdivia.Ainilmaybe
describedas"akindoflittle
Venice,"asithadlargeareasof 1600 Cityabandoned Mapuchessackthecity
wetlandsandcanals.Sincethat
period,mostofthesewaterways
andwetlandshavebeendrained GeneralCaptaincyof Majorearthquake
orfilled.ThemarketinAinil Chile
receivedshellfishandfishfrom
thecoast,legumesfrom 1550 FoundingofValdivia
Punucapa,andotherfoodsfrom DiscoveryofCorralBay
SanJosdelaMariquina,an
agriculturalzonenortheastof
PreHispanicsettlement
Valdivia.[9]Aremnantofthis ofAinil
ancienttradeisthemodern
FeriaFluvial(English:
RiversideMarket)onthebanks 1500
ofValdiviaRiver.The
surroundingsofValdiviaweredescribedasextensiveplainshavingalargepopulationthatcultivatedpotatoes,
maize,quinoaandlegumes,amongothercrops.[10]Thepopulationhasbeenestimatedbysomehistoriansas30to
40thousandinhabitantsasof1548,[11]basedondescriptionsmadebytheconquistadors.PedroMariodeLobera,

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anearlyconquistadorandchronicler,wrotethattherewerehalfamillionIndianslivingwithintenleagues(one
leagueisroughly4.2km)fromthecity.[10]Otherhistoriansconsiderthesenumberstoohighandarguethatearly
Spaniardsusuallyexaggeratedintheirdescriptions.

LatertheBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwinobservedthat"thereisnotmuchclearedlandnearValdivia."[9]This
suggeststhatpreHispanicagricultureinValdiviawasfarmoreextensivethantheagriculturepracticedintheearly
19thcenturyatthetimeofhisvisit.

Spanishcolony(15441810)

ThefirstEuropeantovisitValdiviaRiver'sestuarywastheGenoesecaptainJuan
BautistaPastene,whotookpossessionofitin1544inthenameoftheSpanishking,
CharlesV.HenamedtheriveraftertheGovernorofChilePedrodeValdivia.[12]

PedrodeValdivialatertravelledbylandtotheriverdescribedbyPastene,and
foundedthecityofValdiviain1552asSantaMaralaBlancadeValdivia.[12]Itwas
thesouthernmostSpanishsettlementintheAmericasatthetimeofthefounding.
FollowingtheestablishmentofthechurchofSantaMaralaBlancainValdivia,more
buildingswereconstructed.MariodeLoberadescribeditas"thesecondcityinthe
KingdomofChile".[10]ManyofChile'smostinfluentialconquistadorsandfuture
governorsweregrantedlandinValdivia,suchasJernimodeAlderete,Rodrigode
Quiroga,FranciscoandPedrodeVillagra,apartfromtheproperPedrodeValdivia.
Idealizedillustrationof
JernimodeBibar,achroniclerwhowitnessedthefoundingwrote:[13] PastenefromAlonsode
Ovalle's"Histrica
relacindelReynode
"Havingthegovernorseensuchgoodcomarcaandsiteforpopulateacity Chile"
andriversideofsuchgoodriver,andhavingsuchgoodharbourhe
foundedacityandnameditciudaddeValdivia,andheassignedAlcaldes
andatowncouncil."

AfterPedrodeValdivia'sdeath,thewarwiththeMapuches,calledtheWarofArauco,continued.TheSpanish
mademanyattemptstodefeattheMapucheanddefendthecitiesandfortsbuiltontheirterritory.OnMarch17of
1575thecitywasdamagedbyamassiveearthquake.IthassincebeenlikenedtotheGreatChileanearthquakeof
1960intermsofdamage.[12]

Until1575theHuillicheofValdiviadidnotorganizeanynotableresistanceagainsttheSpanish.Theyhadfought
asIndiosamigoswiththeSpanishagainstthenorthernMapucuheintheAraucoWar.Butthatyear4,000Indians
whohadbeenfightinginMartnRuizdeGamboa'sarmyrebelledafterreturningtotheareaofValdivia.

Duringthe16thcentury,theeconomyofValdiviawassustainedbytradeinagriculturalproductsfromnearbyareas
andbythecoiningandexportofplacergoldfromVillarrica,MadredeDiosandOsorno.InLimaandtherestof
Chile,peoplereferredtoallthegoldfromthesesourcesas"goldfromValdivia."ManymerchantsofLimahad
envoysinValdivia,andthecitydevelopedalargeshipbuildingindustry.Itproducedthelargestshipsinthe
KingdomofChile.

AfterthedemoralisingBattleofCuralabain1598,inwhichtheMapuchekilledgovernorezdeLoyola,the
MapucheandHuillichemadeamassrebellion.TheIndiansdestroyedorforcedtheabandonmentofalltheSpanish
settlementsandfortsintheirlands,inwhatcametobeknownastheDestructionoftheSevenCities.Onthe
morningof24November1599,theHuillicheattackedthecityandmassacreditsinhabitants,somefewbeing
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rescuedbytheshipsintheharbour.TheborderoftheSpanishEmpireshiftednorthof
theBoBoRiver.ValdiviawasreestablishedbutitwasaSpanishenclave
surroundedbynativeHuillicheterritory.TogetherwithCastro,Chileontheislandof
Chilo,itwasoneofthesouthernmostcoloniesoftheEmpire.

ElevendaysafterthefirstdestructionofValdivia,agroupof270Spanishsoldiers
arrivedfromPer.[12]Thecommanderofthetroops,colonelFranciscodelCampowas
convincedthatthecityofValdivianeededtoberepopulated.AfterFranciscodel
Campo'sexpeditionleft,theDutchcorsairSebastiandeCordesoccupiedthesiteof
Valdiviaforsomemonths,givingtheDutchgovernmentinformationaboutthis
abandonedpartoftheSpanishEmpire.TheSpaniardsreturnedon13March1602,
PictureofPedrode whencaptainFranciscoHernndezOrtizestablishedafortontheruinsofthecity.On
Valdivia,conquistadorof September24nativesattackedthefortunsuccessfully,butlaidsiege.TheSpaniards
Chileandfounderof couldnotacquirefoodorsupplies,andon3February1604abandonedthefort,with
Valdivia thelaststarvingsurvivorsrescuedbyship.

TheDutchgovernoroftheEastIndiesHendrikBrouwer,learnedaboutthesituationin
Valdivia,anddecidedtoestablishabasethereforfurtherattacksagainsttheViceroyofPeru.Thisplanwaswell
acceptedastheNetherlandswasatwarwithSpain.TheDutchhadpreviouslytakentheNorthofBrazilfromthe
SpanishPortuguesecrown,andtheideaofcreatingaSouthAmericanempirewasattractive.Inspiteofhis
advancedage,HendrikBrouwerlefthispostasgovernorintheEastIndiestopersonallyleadtheexpedition.The
DutchfleetdestroyedtheFortofCarelmapuandthecityofCastrobeforearrivingatCorralBayatthemouthof
theValdiviaRiver.HendrikBrouwerdiedthe7thofAugustinPuertoInglswhilewaitingforbetterwindstosail
northtoValdivia.JohnMauriceofNassauwhileinchargeoftheDutchpartofBrazilhadequippedtheexpedition
andhadsecretlyappointedEliasHerckmanascommanderifBrouwerdied.Herckmanfinallyoccupiedtheruinsof
Valdiviain1643,renamingitBrouwershaven.TheDutchdidnotfindthegoldminestheyexpectedandthe
hostilityofthenativesforcedthemtoleaveon28October1643.[12]

PedrolvarezdeToledoyLeivaViceroyofPeru(16391648)knew
ofthestrategicimportanceofValdiviaanddecidedtorepopulateand
fortifyitonceforall.Hefinancedpartlytheexpeditiontorepopulate
Valdiviawithhisowncapital.[12]Thecontingentinchargeofthe
missionwasorganizedinPeruandconsistedofseventeenshipsfilled
withbuildingmaterialsandsuppliesthatastoundedcontemporariesby
itsmagnitude.[5]ThelocalgovernmentofChilecouldnotsecure
ValdiviaasitwasengagedincontinuouswarwiththeMapuchesand
wasdeeplydependentontheRealSituado,anannualpaymentof
silverfromPotostofinancethearmyofChile.TheValdiviaenclave
wasplaceddirectlyunderthecontroloftheViceroyaltyofPeruthat ImageofTorrenElCanelorestoredinthe
administeredValdiviafromitsrepopulationin1645until1740.[12] 1850s.ItisoneoftworemainingSpanish
Corral,locatedontheriverentrancetoValdivia,becameoneofthe towersinValdiviausedtodefendthecity
mostfortifiedbayatthetime,[5]with17forts.Duringthistimeitwas andoneofthefewremainingcolonial
severaltimesproposedtomovethecityofValdiviatoManceraIsland. structures
Valdivia'soriginalsite,downtownofmodernValdiviawasrepopulated
in1684.

Beginninginthemid18thcenturyValdivialeftbehinditspastasanenclaveandaperiodofagriculturalexpansion
begun.Theexpansion,thatmainlydirectedtothesouth,wasdonemostlybypacificmeans,buthostilitieswith
indigenousHuillichesdidoccur.AftertheValdiviancolonizationhadreachedBuenoRiverSpanishauthorities
pushedforconnectingthecityofValdiviawiththesettlementsatChacaoChannelbyaroad.[14]
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Independenceandgrowth(18111959)

SelfgoverningjuntasappearedinSpanishAmericaandSpainafter
NapoleonoccupiedSpainandheldtheSpanishkingFernandoVII
captive.Manyjuntas,aswasthecaseofChile,declaredplanstorule
theirterritoryintheabsenceofthelegitimateking.Atthetimeofthe
firstgoverningjuntaofChilein1810theValdiviangovernor,an
Irishman,AlbertAlexanderEagar,ledthecelebrationofwhatwas
seenasanaffirmationofthelegitimacyoftheSpanishking.However,
Valdivianindependentists,suchasCamiloHenrquez,sawan
opportunitytogainabsoluteindependencefromSpain,organizeda
coupon1November1811,andjoinedotherChileancitiesthatwere
alreadyrevoltingagainsttheoldorder.[12]Fourmonthsafterthecoup,
ApaintingoftheassaultonCorralfort
on16March1812acounterrevolutionarycouptookcontrolofthecity
andcreatedaWarCouncil.TheWarCouncilbroketraderelationswith
therestofChileandconfirmedValdivia'sloyaltytotheSpanishgovernment.[12]

EvenafterseveraldefeatsoftheSpanishtroopsduringtheChileanIndependenceWar,ValdiviaandChilo
remainedloyaltotheSpanishKing.By1820thenewlycreatedChileanNavy,commandedbyLordThomas
Cochrane,capturedValdivia,butfailedtoliberateChilo.Cochrane'slandbasedattacktooktheSpanishby
surprise,avoidingadirectconfrontationwiththehighlydefendedfortsattheentrancetotheValdiviaRiver.When
loyaltroopsinValdiviaheardthenewsaboutthefallofCorraltheysackedthecityandfledsouthtoreinforce
Chilo,passingbyOsorno.[12]

ChileanSupremeDirector,andLibertador,BernardoO'Higginsfoundedthe
cityofLaUninsouthofValdiviain1821,tosecurethewaytoOsorno,a
citythathadbeenrepopulatedin1796byhisfatherAmbrosioO'Higgins.
ValdiviahadbeenaprovinceoftheGeneralCaptaincyofChileandwasin
1826incorporatedasoneoftheeightprovincesofChile.[12]

OnFebruary20,1835,Valdiviawasaffectedbytheworstearthquakeinthe
areainseveraldecades,aneventwitnessedbyCharlesDarwin.[9]Healso
statedthat"thereisnotmuchclearedlandnearValdivia"[9]which
contrastedwiththedescriptionmadebyearlySpaniardsoflargefieldsand
extensivecroplands.

Theexpansionandeconomicdevelopmentofthecitywerelimitedinthe
early19thcentury.Tojumpstarteconomicdevelopment,theChilean FriarCamiloHenrquezbornin
governmentinitiatedahighlyfocussedimmigrationprogramunder Valdiviawasoneofthefounding
BernhardEunomPhilippiandlaterVicentePrezRosalesasgovernment fathersoftheRepublicofChile
agents.Throughthisprogram,thousandsofGermanssettledinthearea,
incorporatingthenmoderntechnologyandknowhowtodevelopagricultureandindustry.Whileimmigrantsthat
arrivedtotheLlanquihueareawereoftenpoorfarmers,Valdiviareceivedmoreeducatedimmigrants,including
politicalexilesandmerchants.SomeoftheimmigrantsthatarrivedinValdiviaestablishedworkshopsandbuilt
newindustries.OneofthemostfamousimmigrantswasCarlosAnwandter,anexilefromLuckenwaldewho
arrivedinValdiviain1850andin1858foundedChile'sfirstGermanschool.OtherGermansleftthecityand
becamesettlers,drawnbythepromiseoffreeland.Theywereoftengivenforestedland,whichtheyclearedtoturn
intofarms.[15]NativeMapucheandHuillicheeithersoldtheirlandorwerepushedintoreservations.TheOsorno
departmentofValdiviaProvincewasmovedtoLlanquihueProvince(createdin1853)asconsequenceofGerman
immigrationtotheLlaquihuearea.
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Valdiviaprosperedwithindustries,includingshipyards,theHoffmann
Weshallbehonestand

gristmill,theRudloffshoefactory,theAnwandterbeercompanyand
laboriousChileansasthe manymore.ThesteelmillsofCorralwerethelargestrecordedprivate
bestofthem,weshall investmentinChileatthetime,andwerethefirststeelmillsinSouth
defendouradopted
America.In1891Valdiviabecameacommuneaccordingtoalawthat
countryjoininginthe
createdsuchsubdivisions.AftertheMallecoViaductwasbuiltin1890
ranksofournew
therailroadsadvancedfurthersouth,reachingValdiviain1895.Thefirst
countrymen,againstany
foreignoppressionand passengertrainarrivedin1899.In1909afiredestroyed18cityblocksin
withthedecisionand downtownValdivia,[12]whichwererebuiltwithmodernconcrete
firmnessofthemanthat buildings.By1911lumberproduction,fromclearingofnativeforests,
defendshiscountry,his becamethemostimportantindustry.Cattleraisingwasagrowing
familyandhisinterests. industry,andwheatwasgrownontheclearedlands.Lumber,cattle,
Neverwillhavethe leather,flourandbeerwereexported.In1895thecity'spopulationwas
countrythatadoptsusas 8,062inhabitantsandwasestimatedat9,704in1902.
itschildren,reasonto

repentofsuch
illustrated,humanand
generousproceeding,...
CarlosAnwandter
Valdivia,situatedat
somedistancefromthe
coast,ontheCallecalle
river,isaGermantown. century.In1917thefirst
Everywhereyoumeet
Germanfaces,German
signboardsandplacards
alongsidetheSpanish.
ThereisalargeGerman
school,achurchand
Theeconomicprosperityof
Valdiviacontinuedthroughout
thefirsthalfofthe20th
"ValdivianWeek"(Spanish:
SemanaValdiviana)was
celebrated.Chile'soldest
beautycontent,"QueenofThe
Rivers"(Spanish:ReinadeLos
Ros)beganthesameyear.The

variousVereine,large cityevolvedasanearlytourist
shoefactories,and,of centerinChile,whilepopular
course,breweries... songsthatnamedValdiviaand
CarlSkottsberg theCalleCalleRivermadeit
betterknowninChilean
popularculture.ThePedrodeValdiviaBridgecrossingtheValdiviaRiverwasbuiltin1954.Valdiviacametobe
oneofthemostimportantindustrialcentresinChiletogetherwiththecapitalSantiagoandthemainportcity,
Valparaso.

ThecommercialandhumanfluxValdiviasufferedtwosetbacksintheearly20thcentury,firsttheconnectionof
OsornobyrailroadtocentralChilewhichmeantthatValdivialostthequalityofbeingtheportthatconnected
OsonotoCentralChile.[16]Lateron1911theopeningofthePanamaCanalmeantadecreaseinshiptrafficallover
ChilesinceshipstravellingfromthenorthAtlantictonorthPacificnolongerhadtopassthroughtheStraitsof
MagellanorvisitanyChileanport.

GreatChileanearthquakeandLosLagosRegion(19602006)

OnMay22,1960,Chilesufferedthemostpowerfulearthquakeeverrecorded,rating9.5[6]ontheMoment
magnitudescale,withValdiviabeingthemostaffectedcity.Theearthquakegenerateddevastatingtsunamisthat
affectedJapanandHawaii.SpanishcolonialfortsaroundValdiviawereseverelydamaged,whilesoilsubsidence
destroyedbuildings,deepenedlocalrivers,andcreatedwetlandsoftheRoCrucesyChorocomayoanewaquatic
parknorthofthecity.

Largesectionsofthecityfloodedaftertheearthquake,andalandslideneartheTralcnMountdammedthe
RiihueLake.WaterlevelsinLakeRiihuerosemorethan20metres(66feet),raisingthedangerofacatastrophic
breakandofdestroyingeverythingdownriver.Governmentauthoritiesdrewplansforevacuatingthecity,but
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manypeopleleftontheirown.Dangertothecitywasreducedaftera
largeteamofworkersopenedadrainagechannelinthelandslide
waterlevelsofthelakeslowlyreturnedtonormallevels.Thereis
evidencethatasimilarlandslideandearthquakehappenedin1575.[12]

AstreetinValdiviaaftertheearthquakeof
22May1960
stationand"guerrillaactivities".
The1973Chileancoupd'tatandthemilitary'sactionsthatfollowed
broughtdozensofdetaineestoValdiviaandsawtheimposingofa
nationwidecurfew.InOctoberagroupof12youngmen,amongthem
JosGregorioLiendo,werebroughtfromtheComplejoForestaly
MadereroPanguipulliintheAndestobeexecutedinValdiviabyfiring
squadduetoallegedparticipationintheassaultonNeltumepolice

AftertheGreatChileanearthquakeValdivia'seconomyandpoliticalstatusdeclined.Muchofthecitywas
destroyedandmanyinhabitantsleft.By1974,themilitaryjuntareorganizedthepoliticaldivisionsofChileand
declaredValdiviaaprovinceoftheLosLagosRegionwithPuertoMonttastheregionalcapital.ManyValdivians
resentedthedecision,andfelttheirsshouldhavebeenthelegitimateregionalcapitalwhileValdiviawasfounded
in1552,andhadresistedpirateattacks,hostilenativesandseveralearthquakes,PuertoMonttwasarelativelynew
cityfoundedonlyin1853(threehundredandoneyearslater).

SincetheliberalizationoftheeconomyinChileinthe1980stheforestrysectorinValdiviaboomed,firstby
exportingwoodchipstoJapanfromCorralandthenbyproducingwoodpulpinMariquina(50kmnortheastof
Valdivia).ThisledtodeforestationandsubstitutionofnativeValdiviantemperaterainforeststoplantpinesand
eucalyptus,butalsocreatednewjobsforpeoplewithlimitededucation.Valdiviaalsobenefittedfromthe
developmentofsalmonaquacultureinthe1990s,buttoamuchlesserextentthanplacessuchasPuertoMonttand
Chilo.

Culture
Valdiviaisoftenpromotedforitsuniquecharacteristics,thatmake
itdifferentfromothercitiesinChile:ValdiviahasanearlySpanish
colonialpast,plusalaterhistoryofGermancolonization.Botheras
leftvisiblelandmarkssuchasthefortsofCorralBayandthe
Germanstylewoodhouses.ThegovernmentsofSpainand
GermanycurrentlymaintainhonoraryconsulatesinValdivia.The
cityiscommonlyseenasatouristmagnetinChile,andsometimes
describedasLaPerladelSur(ThePearloftheSouth)andasLa
ciudadmaslindadeChile(Chile'smostbeautifulcity).Everyyear
duringthesummermonthsofJanuaryandFebruarythe
municipalityorganizesmanyfreeculturaleventsalongtheriver PictureofMichelleBachelet'svisittoValdivia
site,suchasconcerts,sportingevents,andotherentertainment.To in2007inwhichsheconfirmedthecreationof
markandcelebratetheendofthetouristicsummermonths,halfway LosRosRegion
throughFebruaryallentertainmentreachesitsclimaxwiththe
celebrationofnocheValdiviana(Valdiviannight).Duringthisnight
manylocalgroupsandcommunitiespresentthemselvesonboatsduringanightparadeovertheriver.Everyboat
hasitsownthemerelatedwithonethemeofthatyear.Attheendajurypicksthewinnersindifferentcategories.
Theparadeisbytraditionstartedbyaboatwhichpresentslareinadelosros.InrecentyearsValdivianshave
showedanincreasinginterestinnatureandecotourism.AnexampleofthiswastheformationofAccinporlos
Cisnesanecologistgroupformedtoprotectblackneckedswansandthenaturalenvironmentthatsurroundsthe
city,particularlywetlandscreatedorexpandedbytheGreatChileanearthquake.WiththefoundingofUniversidad
Australin1954andthearrivaloftheCECSresearchcenter,Valdiviaisnowconsideredamajorresearchcenterin
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Chile,particularlyinareasrelatedtonaturesuchaglaciologyandecology.TheGreatChileanearthquakeandthe
nationalgovernment'screationoftheLosLagosRegionweredifficultforValdiviansociety.Valdiviansresentedto
bepunishedfirstbyamajorearthquakeandthenbybeingplacedundertheadministrationofwhattheyperceived
tobealessdeservingcity,PuertoMontt.Therecentcreationofanew,smaller,butmoreindependentregion(Los
Ros),withValdiviaasitscapital,reducedthepreviousstigma.

Valdivia'svariedinfluencesarereflectedbyitsmulticulturaltoponimythatincludeplacenamesofMapuche,
Spanish,QuechuaandGermanorigin.[17]

Spanishcolonialinfluences

Duringmuchofthecolonialperiod,Valdiviawasessentiallyamilitarycamp,awalledcitysurroundedbyhostile
natives.Thecoastaldefensesandtheirgarrisonsmadeupalargepartofthepopulation.Afterseveralfiresand
earthquakes,nearlyallbuildingsfromthisperiodweredestroyed,withtheexceptionofthemilitarydefenses.
Valdivia'sbestknownhistoricallandmarksarenowthetwotowerswhichwerepartofaformercitywall,builtby
theSpaniardstodefendthecity,knownasLosTorreones

Germaninfluences

SincethefirstGermansmigratedtoValdiviainthemid1840s,Germanculturalinfluencehasbeenvisibleinthe
city.GermansinValdiviasettledmostlyintheIslaTejaandCollicosuburbanareas.UntilthebuildingofPedrode
ValdiviaBridge,inhabitantsofIslaTejalivedisolatedfromthecity,whereitwascommonthatchildrenfirst
learnedtospeakGermanbeforeSpanish.NowadaystheGermanlanguageispreservedbytheInstitutoAlemn
CarlosAnwandteroneofLatinAmerica'soldestGermanschools.GermandescendantsalsoformValdivia'soldest
firestationGermania,locatedinIslaTeja.

GermanimmigrantsandtheirdescendantsformedtheirsocialclubClubAlemn,whichafterWorldWarII
changednamestoClublaUnin.GermanworkersoncehadtheirownclubsimplycalledElAlemn(The
German).

ValdiviaalsohostsBierfestValdivia,acelebrationthatcouldbedescribedasasmall,regionalOktoberfest,despite
beingcelebratedinlateJanuaryorFebruaryofeveryyear(duringthelocalsummer,whenthereisthelargest
influxoftourists).ThemainsponsorandorganizerisKunstmann,alocalbeercompany,foundedbyGerman
nationals,butsinceboughtoutbythelargestbeerandbeveragescompanyinChile(CCU).

Demography
Accordingtothe2002censusoftheNationalStatisticsInstitute,thecommuneofValdiviaspansanareaof
1,015.6km2(392sqmi)andhas140,559inhabitants(68,510menand72,049women).Ofthese,129,952(92.5%)
livedinurbanareasand10,607(7.5%)inruralareas.Betweenthe1992and2002censuses,thepopulationgrewby
15.1%(18,391persons).[3]

ThecityofValdiviaspans42.39km2(16sqmi)hadapopulationof127,750and35,217homes,givingita
populationdensityof3,013.7/km2(7,805/sqmi).Thecommuneisdividedinto19censusdistrictswithone
recognizedtown,Niebla,withanareaof1.55squarekilometres(0.60sqmi),populationof2,202(in1,169homes)
andpopulationdensityof1,420.6/km2(3,679/sqmi).[3]

Geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivia 9/17
1/3/2017 ValdiviaWikipedia

ThegeographyoftheValdiviaareaconsistsofwetlandsandalluvial
terraces.Severalrivers,suchasCauCau,CalleCalleandCruces,join
nearthecityformingthelargerValdiviaRiver.ValdiviaRiverinturn
emptiestoCorralBayinthePacificOceanjustsome15kmwestof
Valdivia.ThisrivernetworkmadeValdiviaatradecenterevensince
PreHispanictimes.Thecityitselfwasbuiltonariverineterracebut
expandedlateroveradjacentwetlands.Nowadaysthecityisvirtually
surroundedbyhillsbyallsidesexceptnorthwhereValdivia'slowlands
connecttotheflatlandsofSanJosdelaMariquina.Somehillyareas
aroundValdiviaarecoveredwithexoticforestspeciessuchas
Douglasfir,PinusradiataandEucalyptusglobulus.Otherplacesare
usedforrecreationalpurposesorconservationofnativeecosystems. MapofValdiviaanditssurroundings
AdditionalNorthernHemisphereexotictreessuchasbirch,
horsechestnutandpoplararecommoninresidentialareas.Palmsareoccasional.

Geology

TheoldestrocksinValdiviaarenamedafterapelithicschists,micaceousslates,metagreywackesandoceanictype
maficmetavolcanics.Theschist,slatesandgreywackesoriginatedfromsedimentation,probablyabovetheoceanic
crustofapassivecontinentalmarginformorethan400mya.AspartofthesubductionzoneinwesternGondwana
andlaterSouthAmericathesedimentsbecomefoldedandfaultedinaforearcwedge.Whilebeingsubductedinan
ancientPeruChileTrenchtheyunderwentmediumgrademetamorphismafteracombinationoflowtemperature
andhighpressure.Alongwithsedimentaryrockspartsofthebasalticoceancrustwerealsodeformed.Theserocks
emergedtothewedgesurfacelaterbybuoyancyanderosionofoverlyingmaterial.TheyconstitutesnowtheBaha
MansaMetamorphicComplexwhichcollidedoraccrecentedtoSouthAmericainEarlyPaleozoic.

AftertheamalgamationofGondwanaandLaurentiaintoPangea,the
subductionatthewesternedgeofthecontinentceasedforabriefperiod.
WiththeopeningoftheSouthAtlanticOceanintheMesozoicas
background,theasubductionzoneappearedoncemoreatthewestern
margintogetherwithitsassociatedorogenyandvolcanicactivityforming
theAndes.

IntheTertiarytheIntermediateDepressionsunkasagrabenandremained
largeperiodsbelowsealeveltogetherwiththeValdivianCoastRange.The
coastrangeasweknowittodayhaveresultedfromtheupliftingabovesea
leveloftheBahaMansaMetamorphicComplex,aforearcwedge,afterit ViewofValdiviafromwest
hadbeenseparatedfromtheAndesbytheIntermediateDepression.

AtectonicallyandeustaticallystableperiodduringtheOligoceneandEarlyMioceneallowederosiontocreate
deepvalleysintheCoastRangeandpeatswampsatwhatisnowtheestuaryoftheValdiviabasin.About23.5
millionyearsagothisstableperiodwasinterruptedbyamajorvolcaniceruptionand23myaagoanincreasein
convergencerateatthePeruChileTrenchcausedanupliftofthelandscapeandrenewederosion.Howeverbasin
subsidenceandamarinetransgressionformeddeepembayments,tidalflats,bayheaddeltasandbeaches.

Climate
ValdiviahasatemperaterainyclimatewithMediterraneaninfluences.[18]InshortValdiviafeaturesanoceanic
climatewithadistinctdryingtrendduringthesummer.Asimilarclimateisfoundonthewindwardsideofthe
OlympicMountainsinthePacificNorthwestregionofNorthAmerica.ThenaturalvegetationistheValdivian
temperaterainforest.
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Duringthesummermonths(December,JanuaryandFebruary)theaveragetemperatureisabout17C(63F),
whileinwinterthetemperaturedescendsto8.5C(47.3F).TheannualaveragetemperatureforLosRosRegion
is11C(52F),whilethemeantemperatureamplitudeis8.8C(47.8F)andthedailyis11C(51.8F).[18]
Averageannualprecipitationis2,500millimetres(100in),distributedthroughtheyear,butprimarilybetween
MarchandOctober.Hailoccurswithsomefrequencyduringwinter,butsnowfallsrarely.Thelasttimesitsnowed
inValdiviawereinJuly2007andinAugust1995duringthesocalledTerremotoBlanco(SpanishforWhite
Earthquake).TheSevenLakesintheinteriorhelptokeepanaveragerelativehumidityof80%fortheregionas
wholeandtherearenomonthswithlessthan75%averagehumidity.[18]Theprecipitationisgeneratedbyfrontal
systemsthatcrossthezone,whichproducecloudinessandfewcleardays.[18]TheleewardeffectoftheValdivian
CoastRangeisminimalduetoitslowheight(715matCerroOncol)andthegapintherangeatValdiviaRiver's
outflowtothePacificOcean.

ClimatedataforValdivia,Chile(PichoyAirport)19702000,extremes1966present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Recordhigh 35.2 35.4 32.0 27.5 21.2 18.2 19.2 20.0 25.9 29.2 29.8 33.2 35.4
C(F) (95.4) (95.7) (89.6) (81.5) (70.2) (64.8) (66.6) (68) (78.6) (84.6) (85.6) (91.8) (95.7)
Averagehigh 22.7 22.9 20.5 16.8 13.4 10.7 10.5 12.0 14.3 16.5 18.6 21.0 16.6
C(F) (72.9) (73.2) (68.9) (62.2) (56.1) (51.3) (50.9) (53.6) (57.7) (61.7) (65.5) (69.8) (61.9)
Dailymean 18.2 17.8 15.7 12.7 10.5 8.1 7.8 8.8 10.7 12.8 14.8 17.1 12.9
C(F) (64.8) (64) (60.3) (54.9) (50.9) (46.6) (46) (47.8) (51.3) (55) (58.6) (62.8) (55.2)
Averagelow 10.5 9.6 8.3 6.9 6.9 5.1 4.6 4.5 5.2 6.8 8.6 10.4 7.3
C(F) (50.9) (49.3) (46.9) (44.4) (44.4) (41.2) (40.3) (40.1) (41.4) (44.2) (47.5) (50.7) (45.1)
Recordlow 0.1 0.2 1.2 3.8 6.0 6.8 7.2 5.2 5.0 2.6 1.4 0.0 7.2
C(F) (32.2) (32.4) (29.8) (25.2) (21.2) (19.8) (19) (22.6) (23) (27.3) (29.5) (32) (19)
Average
48.8 46.0 67.7 131.5 285.6 325.7 282.8 212.3 141.7 103.2 77.5 64.7 1,787.5
precipitation
(1.921) (1.811) (2.665) (5.177) (11.244) (12.823) (11.134) (8.358) (5.579) (4.063) (3.051) (2.547) (70.373)
mm(inches)
Average
precipitation 8 7 10 15 22 22 22 21 16 14 11 9 177
days
Average
relative
63 64 72 80 87 89 87 83 76 72 68 65 75.5
humidity
(%)
Mean
monthly
288.3 259.9 213.9 132.0 80.6 45.0 71.3 108.5 147.0 195.3 213.0 263.5 2,018.3
sunshine
hours
Meandaily
sunshine 9.3 9.2 6.9 4.4 2.6 1.5 2.3 3.5 4.9 6.3 7.1 8.5 5.54
hours
Source#1:DireccinMeteorolgicadeChile[19][20]
Source#2:UniversidaddeChile(sunshinehoursonly) [21]

Governmentandpolitics
ThecommuneofValdiviaisathirdleveladministrativedivisionofChilegovernedbyadirectlyelectedmayor
(alcalde)andamunicipalcouncil(consejales).Thecity'scurrentmayorisOmarSabatGuzmn,amemberof
IndependienteUDI,arightwingconservativeparty.
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WithintheelectoraldivisionsofChile,ValdiviaisrepresentedintheChamberofDeputiesbyAlfonsoDeUrresti
(PS)andRobertoDelmastro(RN)aspartofthe53rdelectoraldistrict,(togetherwithLanco,Mariquina,Mfiland
Corral).ThecommuneisrepresentedintheSenatebyAndrsAllamand(founderofNationalRenewalParty)and
formerpresidentEduardoFreiRuizTagle(PDC)aspartofthe16thsenatorialconstituency(LosRosRegion).
NeithersenatorisnativetoValidivia.

ThecreationofLosRosRegionandenvironmentalissueshavedominatedthepoliticsceneofValdiviainrecent
years.ThecommunistlawyerWladimirRiescoheadedthelegalactionsagainstpulpmillenterpriseCELCOafter
thedeathsofblackneckedswansinCarlosAnwandterNatureSanctuaryin2004.

Ecologicalaction

InresponsetotheallegedcontaminationofCrucesRiverbytheCelcocellulosepulpmill,agroupofcitizens
formedtheAccionporlosCisnes(ActionfortheSwans)ecologygroup.ActionfortheSwansattractedthe
attentionofthenationalnewspapersandsucceededintemporarilyclosingdownValdiviaPulpMillthroughacourt
order.[22]

Economyandtourism
ThecityandcommuneofValdiviarelyheavilyonsilviculture,thepulpandpaperindustryandotherforestry
relatedactivities(theharvestingandprocessingofwoodfromnearbyplantationsofeucalyptusandDouglasfirs).
LargebusinessessuchasCELCO,BomasilandLouisianaPacifichaveestablishedwoodprocessingfactoriesnear
Valdivia.Metallurgy,navalconstructionandrepairsarealsoimportantindustries,withthecompaniesofAsenav
andAlwoplast(http://www.alwoplast.com)basedinthearea.[23]Agroforestry/agriculture,livestock,aquaculture
andfoodprocessingarelesserbutalsoimportantindustriesthatcontributetotheregionseconomy.Thechocolate
company(Entrelagos)contributestotheimageoftheregion,asdoesthebrewingindustry,asymbolofthearea
andanotherimportantpartofthelocaleconomy,WithKunstmann)themostfamousbreweryinValdivia.Beer,
alongwithcoldcutmeatandsausages,ispartofthecity'sGermanheritageandispreservedaspartofthelocal
heritage.[24]Trade,restaurantsandhotelslinktothetourismindustrywhichrepresentanimportantpartin
Valdivia'sgrowingeconomy.[25]

Tourism

ValdiviaisahistorictouristdestinationinChile,valuedforthebeautyofthecityandsurroundingareas,thearea's
cultureanditshistory.Itisanallseasoncity,butduringthesummermonthsinparticular(December,January,
February)tourismisamajorsourceofincomeforValdivia'seconomy."ValdivianWeek"(Spanish:Semana
Valdiviana),asithasbeenknownsince1917,isalongheldtraditionthatdatesbacktothefoundationofthecity.
StartingFebruary9eachyear,[26]itcommemoratesthecity'sanniversaryandalsogivesValdiviathechanceto
promoteitselfasatourismcentre."SemanaValdiviana"featuresanallegoricalparadeofshipsatraditionthat
beganintheseventeenthcenturyasaprotestagainsttheSpaniardauthoritiesandalsoincludesabigartisan
market,fairgroundrides,andtheelectionofthe"queen"ofLosRios.Theweekendswithfireworksandtheatre
performancesontheclosingnight,knownas"NocheValdiviana"(ValdivianNight).Thecentreofthecityhasa
richarchitecturalheritage.Oneofitsmostvisitedbuildingsisthe"MercadoMunicipal"("municipalmarket"),[27]a
localproducemarketthatisalsonowagastronomicandculturalattraction.Alsopopulararethe"ConventoSan
Francisco"(SaintFrancisConvent)andtheEuropeanstylebuildingsdatingbacktothebeginningofthe20th
century,usedtodaybythecity'suniversities,culturalcentresandgovernment.

Education
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Universitiesandcolleges

Valdiviaishometoseveralpublicandprivateschoolsand
universities.ThelargestandoldestuniversityistheUniversidad
AustraldeChile(UACh)thatwasfoundedbydecreein1954as
oneofChile'ssevenoriginalChileanTraditionalUniversities.Its
maincampusislocatedinIslaTejabutithasotherminorcampus
andpropertiesspreadthroughthecityandsouthernChile.Sincethe
liberalizationofhighereducationinChileinthe1980sother
universitieshaveestablishedcampusesinValdivia,including
UniversidadArturoPrat,UniversidadSanSebastin,Universidad
SantoTomsandUniversidaddeLosLagos. PictureofNieblalighthousesituatedjust
abovetheNieblafort
Schools

LikeintherestofChile,mostofValdivia'sbestschoolsareprivate.InstitutoAlemnCarlosAnwandter(Deutsche
SchuleValdivia)foundedin1858isChile'ssecondoldestGermanschoolaftertheInstitutoAlemndeOsorno
(1854).OthernotableprivateschoolsareWindsorSchoolandColegioSanLuisdeAlba.Amongpublicschools
InstitutoSalesianodeValdivia,LiceoRectorArmandoRoblesRiveraandLiceoComercialhavereachedgood
results.

Sports
Facilitiesforplayingfootball,tennis,rowing,rugby,golf,indoorswimming,indoorandoutdoorbasketballand
someothersportsareavailablethroughoutthearea.RowingispracticedinValdiviainthreeclubs:ClubDeportivo
PhoenixValdivia,ClubCentenariodeRemerosandClubArturoPrat.ValdivianrowersCristianYantaniand
MiguelCerdawonthefirstplaceinMen'sLightweightCoxlessPairOaredShellsattheworldchampionshipin
Seville,2002.[28]

ClubDeportivoValdiviaisValdivia'smainbasketballteamandplaysinChilesfirstdivision,DIMAYORwhereit
wonthe2001season.In1977and2001ValdiviahostedSouthAmericasMen'sBasketballChampionship.[29]

ThefootballclubClubDeportivoDeportesValdivia,foundedin2003,playscurrentlyintheChileanthirddivision
andasof2013,willplayinthePrimeraB(orSecondDivision)

Transport
Roadsandbridges

MostofValdivialiesonthesouthernsideoftheValdiviaandCalleCalleRiversbutotherareasofthecity,suchas
IslaTejaandLasAnimas,areconnectedtoitbybridges.ThemainaccesspointstothecityareCalleCalleBridge
fromthenorthandasouthernroute.BothconnectthecitywiththePanAmericanHighwayandrunthrough
forestedareasandwetlands.

CalleCalleBridge,thefirstbridgebuiltinthecity,connectsValdiviawithLasAnimasandformsthenorthern
highwayaccesstothecity.PedrodeValdiviaBridgewasbuiltin1954andconnectsthecitywithIslaTeja,where
manyGermanimmigrantsoncelived.DuringtheGreat1960ValdiviaearthquakeonlytheminorCaucauBridge
(connectingLasAnimaswithIslaTeja)wasdestroyed,whileallotherbridgeswererepairedandarestillinuse.In
1987AugustoPinochetopenedRoCrucesBridge,makingthecoastaltownofNieblaaswellasTorobayoand
Punucapaaccessiblebyroad.CalleCalleBridge,themainaccesstothecity,wasenlargedinthe1990s.
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Waterways

Untilhighwaybridgeswerebuilt,Valdivia'seconomyandcitizens
dependedonboattrafficonthesurroundingrivers,butwithacontractionof
bridgesandhighways,theriverhaslostitsimportance.Today,therivers
areusedbythecommercialshipsbuiltorrepairedinAsenav,oneofChile's
mostimportantshipyardcompanies,andbytouristboats.Someofthe
locationsthatareregularlyreachedbytouristboatsincludeManceraIsland
andPunucapa.FishingboatsalsotravelinlandfromthecoasttotheRiver
Market.Today,justoneferryisstillinoperation,theNieblaCorralline,as PedrodeValdiviaBridgeandthe
itismuchquickertoreachCorralbyferrythanbyroad. city'ssealioncolony
AlthoughinrecentyearstherivershavenothadamajorroleinValdivias
publictransportation,anewprivateprojectisbeingdevelopedby"LosSolares",[30]anenvironmentallyfriendly
companythatoperatessolarpoweredrivertaxisonValdiviaRiver.TheprojectiscalledTransporteFluvial
Sustentable(TFS,or"SustainableWaterTransportation"inEnglish).Sofar,thecompanyhasafleetofwiththree
rivertaxis,[31]andasmall,sustainableandlocallydesignedfloatingvillagethatincludesapier,acafandthe
companysoffices.Thecommunityproducesitsownelectricity,watersupplyandprocessesitsownwastewater
withabacterialsolution.[32]

Airports

ThecityisservedmainlybyPichoyAirport,lying32kmnortheastofthecityviathenorthentranceroadthat
connectsthecitywiththePanAmericanHighway.ThesmallerbutmuchcloserLasMarasAirportisused
primarilybysmallaircraft,withnoairlinesoperatingthere.

TwintownsSistercities
Country City State/Region Since
Argentina Neuqun NeuqunProvince 2003

Romania ClujNapoca ClujCounty 2009

UnitedStates MountPleasant Michigan

UnitedStates Tacoma Washington

Gallery

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1/3/2017 ValdiviaWikipedia

HaverbeckCanal LibertadWalk& IslaTejaandTorobayo PedrodeValdivia

Valdiviacathedral connectedbytheRo Bridge
CrucesBridge

UAChBotanical PlazadelaRepblica Sealionsbythe Anobelisk

Garden riversidemarket

UniversidadAustralde AGermanstyled HaverbeckCanalof

Chilehousing houseonGeneral theValdiviaRiver
LagosStreet

Seealso
EcotourismintheValdivianTemperateRainforest
FlagofValdivia
Pilolcura
Punucapa
ValdivianCoastalReserve

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivia 15/17
1/3/2017 ValdiviaWikipedia

Thisarticleincorporatestextfromapublicationnowinthepublicdomain:Chisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911)."article
nameneeded".EncyclopdiaBritannica(11thed.).CambridgeUniversityPress.

1."AsociacinChilenadeMunicipalidades"(inSpanish).Retrieved23February2011.
2."MunicipalityofValdivia"(inSpanish).Retrieved23February2011.
3."NationalStatisticsInstitute"(inSpanish).Retrieved7February2010.
4."Censo2002..SntesisdeResultados,"InstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticas(http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf)
(Spanish)
5."TheDefensiveComplexofValdivia".EntryontheUNESCOTentativeList.Retrieved20070815.
6.U.S.GeologicalSurvey(March7,2006).HistoricEarthquakesChile1960May2219:11:14UTCMagnitude9.5:
TheLargestEarthquakeintheWorld.(http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/events/1960_05_22.php)Retrievedon
20070109
7.Dillehay,Tom,Monteverde:ALatePleistoceneSettlementinChile(SmithsonianInstitutionPress,Washington,1989)
8.Pino,MarioandNavarro,Rayen."GeoarqueologadelsitioarcaicoChanChan18"(http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=
S071602082005000100004&script=sci_arttext)(Spanish) .RevistaGeolgicadeChile,2005.
9. TheVoyageoftheBeaglebyCharlesDarwin'atProjectGutenberg
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1865.Availableinwww.memoriachilena.cl
11.Guarda,Gabriel.NuevahistoriadeValdivia(EditorialUniversidadCatlicadeChile,Santiago,2001)
12."BreveHistoriadeValdivia".EditorialFranciscodeAguirre.1971.
13.JernimodeVivarCrnicayrelacincopiosayverdaderadelosreynosdeChileEndedin1558.Transcriptionof
IrvingLeonardpublishedbyFondoHistricoyBibliogrficoJosToribioMedina,SantiagodeChile,1966
14.Couyoumdjian,JuanRicardo(2009)."Reseade"LafronteradearribaenChilecolonial.Interaccinhispanoindgenaen
elterritorioentreValdiviayChiloeimaginariodesusbordesgeogrficos,16001800"deMARAXIMENAURBINA
CARRASCO"(PDF).Historia.I(42):281283.Retrieved30January2016.
15.Otero,Luis,LaHuelladelFuego:HistoriadelosbosquesycambiosenelpaisajedelsurdeChile(Valdivia,Editorial
Pehuen)
16.InvestigacinaplicadasobreGeografaUrbana:UncasoprcticoenlaciudaddeValdivia(http://mingaonline.uach.cl/sciel
o.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S071864281998000200006&lng=es&nrm=iso)VctorFigueroa,JorgeGayoso,Edgardo
Oyarzun,LeniaPlanasGestionTuristica,UACh.
17.BernalesLillo,Mario(1984)."AspectosdiacrnicosenlatoponimiadeValdivia".AnalesdelaUniversidaddeChile(in
Spanish).5(5):7994.
18.DireccinMeteorolgicadeChile(http://www.meteochile.cl/climas/climas_decima_region.html)(Spanish)
19."EstadisticaClimatologicaTomoII"(PDF)(inSpanish).DireccinGeneraldeAeronuticaCivil.March2001.Retrieved
December25,2012.
20."TemperaturaMensualHistricadePichoy,Valdivia.(390006)".SistemadeAdministracindeDatosClimatolgicos(in
Spanish).DireccinMeteorolgicadeChile.RetrievedMay25,2016.
21."Tabla4.6:MediasmensualesdehorasdesoldiariasextradasdelWRDCruso(en(hrs./dia))".ElementosParaLa
CreacindeUnManualdeBuenasPrcticasParaInstalacionesSolaresTrmicasDomiciliarias(inSpanish).
UniversidaddeChile.September2007.p.81.Retrieved21January2015.
22.ForbesListofBillionaires2006
23.INSTITUTONACIONALDEESTADSTICASDIRECCINREGIONALDELOSROS(http://www.inelosrios.cl/arc
hivos/files/pdf/SistemaEstadisticoRegional/Los%20R%C3%ADos%20en%20Cifras_V4_Diciembre_2010(1).pdf)
(Spanish) INSTITUTONACIONALDEESTADSTICASDIRECCINREGIONALDELOSROS.October2010.
RetrievedFebruary22,2014.
24."GobiernodeChile".Gobiernodechile.cl.Retrieved20120522.
25.ElIndicadordeActividadEconmicaRegional(INACER)presentalzade3,4%respectoadocemeses(http://www.inel
osrios.cl/noticia.aspx?opc=ShowNew&id=294)(Spanish) .February18,2014.RetrievedFebruary22,2014.
26.CULTURAEIDENTIDADDEVALDIVIA(http://www.munivaldivia.cl/www/municipal_valdivia/index.php?option=co
m_content&view=article&id=1390&Itemid=803&lang=es)(Spanish) .munivaldivia.cl.RetrievedFebruary18,2014.
27.MercadoMunicipaldeValdivia(http://www.valdivia.cl/chile/valdivia_turismo/Mercado_de_Valdivia.shtml)
28.WorldRowingMedalists(http://www.hickoksports.com/history/worldrowing.shtml#mdsculls)
29.DIMAYOR(http://www.dimayor.cl/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=12735)(Spanish)
30.RutasdeLosSolaresTransportesTFS(http://www.solaresdevaldivia.cl/muellesyhorarios/)Solaresdevaldivia.cl
retrievedonFebruary17,2014

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivia 16/17
1/3/2017 ValdiviaWikipedia

31.BarrioFlotanteenValdiviayaestenmarcha(http://www.elnaveghable.cl/etiquetas/valdiviabarrioflotante)
elnaveghable.clJanuary27,2013
32.ValdiviasRiverneighbourhoodShortdocumentarywithEnglishsubtitles(http://www.livingatlaschile.com/?s=River+nei
ghbourhood)www.livingatlaschile.comreleasedonFebruary18,2014retrievedonFebruary23,2014

Notes

Sources
FranciscoSolanoAstaBuruagayCienfuegos,DiccionariogeogrficodelaRepblicadeChile(Geographic
dictionaryoftheRepublicofChile),SEGUNDAEDICINCORREGIDAYAUMENTADA,NUEVA
YORK,D.APPLETONYCOMPAA,1899.pg.859862ValdiviaCiudad(https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=CYYCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&q=Valdivia#PPA859,M1)
Brggen,Juan.FundamentosdelageologadeChile,InstitutoGeogrficoMilitar1950.

Externallinks
(Spanish)IlustreMunicipalidaddeValdivia(http://www.munivaldivi
a.cl) Wikivoyagehasatravel
guideforValdivia.
(Spanish)DiarioAustraldeValdivia(http://www.australvaldivia.cl),
Valdiviannewspaper
(Spanish)GeologyandgeomorphologyofValdiviaandLosRosRegion(http://geovaldivia.blogspot.com)
(Spanish)MuseodeArteContemporanea(MAC)(http://www.macvaldivia.uach.cl/),amodernartmuseum
(Spanish)MuseoFuerteNiebla(http://www.dibam.cl/sdm_msf_niebla/),Nieblafort'smuseum
(Spanish)MuseoPhilippi(http://www.fundacionraphilippi.cl/PROYECTOS.html),amuseumaboutthe
naturalistRodolfoArmandoPhilippi
(Spanish)LaLibreradeValdivia(http://www.lalibreriadevaldivia.cl),biggestbookstoreinsouthofChile
(Spanish)PanormicasdeValdiviaen360(http://www.vrpanoramas.cl/panoramicas/chile360/valdivia.php)
(Spanish)Valdivia(http://www.valdiviaonline.com)
(Spanish)AnimerelatedinternetforummadeinValdivia(http://wmforo.com)
Alwoplast(http://www.alwoplast.cl/),Valdiviandesigner/builderofcustomcatamarans
CervezaKunstmann(http://www.cervezakunstmann.cl/english.htm),localbeermaker

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