AW101 Course Occupational Safety and Health 1 PDF

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INTRODUCTION
What is occupational health and safety?
Occupational health and safety is a Discipline
with a broad scope involving many specialized
fields.
Should Aim at:
The promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations.
The Prevention among workers of adverse effects on
health caused by their working conditions.
The protection of workers Page 2 from
in their employment
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risks resulting from factors adverse to health.

INTRODUCTION
The placing and maintenance of workers in an
occupational environment adapted to physical and
mental needs.
The adaptation of work to humans.
In other words, occupational health and safety
encompasses the social, mental and physical
well-being of workers

HISTORY
The role of occupational safety and health in
Malaysia has been in existence since 120 years ago
, in the end of the 19 century.
Starting with the safety of the boiler and then into for
machinery safety.
Followed by security industrial, industrial safety and
health, and finally covering safety and health
covering all sectors.
History, role and development department can
explained in five eras.
HISTORY..
1. Boiler Safety Era - before 1914

Occupational in Safety and Health duties are the first carried
out in Malaysia in the year 1878 , where Mr.. William Givan
was appointed as Machinery Inspector.
He was assigned to check the safety of the boiler When is
mainly used in tin mines.
At around the 1890s , the Perak state government has
implemented inspection system by individuals, which a person
qualifications in the field of steam boilers is licensed to be a
boilers surveyor .
In 1892 there were 83 steam boilers in Perak. The Boiler
Surveyor system was discontinued in 1900 as C. Finchman
appointed as Inspector of boiler.
The first Legal boiler enacment is Selangor Boiler Enactment
1892 . Meanwhile in Perak , Legislation was first enacted in
HISTORY.. http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
2. Machinery Safety Era - 1914 to 1952

At 1st. January 1914, enactments of the steam boiler in the
Malay States was repealed and replaced with Machinery
Enactment of 1913.
Enactment of 1913, inspectors were not only Inspection Of
Steam Boilers , but also on other machinery , including
internal combustion engines, water turbines and related
auxiliary equipment installation.
At the same time the position of Boiler Inspector also
abolished and replaced by The Inspectors of Machinery and
Assistant Inspector of Machinery.
In 1932, Machinery Enactment of 1913 was repealed and
replaced with Machinery Enactment of 1932.
Inspection and registration and inspection of the installation
were enforced. The inspectors of machinery is in under the
administration of the Mines Department (Machinery branch).
HISTORY.. http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
3. Industrial Safety Era - 1953 to 1967

Machinery Branch is under the Department of Mines until
1952. Branch Machinery (Machinery) has been
separated from the Department of Mines and assumed
the name of the Machinery Department.
Separation is necessary because most of the developed
examination outside of the mining industry.
In 1953, all machinery used in the enactment has been
repealed and replaced with Machinery Ordinace 1953.
With the enforcement of Ordinance 1953, the role of the
examiner is not more focused on the safety of boilers or
machinery, but also include the safety of workers in
factories where machinery was used.
Ordinance 1953 hashttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
a shortfall in the health aspects
Page 7 of 225
workers even though there are regulations on safety,

HISTORY
4. Industrial Safety and Health Era - 1970 to
1994
In 1967, the Factories and Machinery Act was approved
by Parliament.
In 1970, the Factories and Machinery Act and eight
regulations made under it were enforced.
Machinery Ordinance 1953 was repealed and the name
of the department was changed the Factories and
Machinery Department.
The inspectors who enforce the Act called Inspector of
Factories and Machinery.
This Act is designed to overcome lacking found in the
Machinery Ordinance 1953, in terms of scope of
coverage of workers, where workers in the workplace is
no machinery are also covered.
HISTORY..
5. Occupational Safety and Health Era -after
1994
The new legislation enacted Occupational Safety and
Health at 1994.
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) has
been approved by the Parliament in 1993 and was
gazetted on February 1994.
This legislation was made in view of the Factories and
Machinery 1967 only covers occupational safety and
health in the sector manufacturing, mining and quarrying
and construction, which safety and health of workers in
the other industries do not covered.
Workers engaged under the Factories and Machinery
Act 1967 only 24% of the total workforce, while the
Internal Security Act and Health Act 1994 cover 90% of
HISTORY..
5. Occupational Safety and Health Era -after
1994
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is aimed

to foster and promote safety awareness among
health workers and also create organization with
effective safety and health regulations.
This is done through self-regulation scheme that
relevant to the industry or related organizations

IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY IN
WORKPLACE
Works plays a central role in peoples lives. Most
workers spend at least 8 hours a day in workplace .
(Plantation, office, factory etc.) Therefore, work
Environments should be safe and healthy .
Every day Workers all over the world are Faced with
multitude of Health Hazards , such as:
i. Dust iv. Gases
ii. Noise v. Vibration
iii. Extreme temperatures.
Some employers assume little responsibility for the
protection of workers health and safety. As a Result of the
hazards and a lack of attention given to health and Page
safety,
11 of 225
work-related accidents and diseases are common in all

MAJOR SAFETY TERMINOLOGIES
i. SAFETY
The condition of being safe from undergoing or
causing hurt, injury or loss.
ii. HAZARD
A hazard introduces the potential for an unsafe
condition, possibly leading to an accident.
iii. RISK
The probability or likelihood of a Hazard resulting in an
accident.
iv. INCIDENT
Undesired circumstance that produces the potential
for
Page 12 of 225
MAJOR SAFETY TERMINOLOGIES

v. ACCIDENT
An accident is an unplanned event, which could result
in injury to persons, or in damage to plant and
equipment or both.(James, D.W.B.,1983,5).
vi. ACCIDENT COST
Accident cost includes medical Payments,
Compensation, overtime for replacement workers,
production delays, product or material damage,
training of replacements, accident investigation cost,
building or complex damages, equipment damages
and business interruptions. (Boley, Jack W. 1977, 19).
TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
The most frequent accidents in the workplace:
Fall and crushing

- wet or contaminated conditions
- result in head injuries, broken bones and major fractures to limbs and
even death where the fall is from height.
Manual Handling
- activity that includes lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, carrying,
moving, holding or restraining an object, animal or person.
- musculoskeletal disorders to backs, strains to hands, arms, feet,
tendons and heart .
Workplace Traffic Accidents
- Warehouse depot with heavy goods vehicles and any place of work
where people can come and go in motorized vehicles.
- struck by a moving vehicle, falling from, or materials falling from, a
vehicle and the collapse or overturning of a vehicle.
TYPES OF ACCIDENTS..
Other Areas:
Struck by object in motion.

Drowned, buried, enveloped in gas or airborne
particles.
Fire
plant and heavy machinery
stabbed by sharp object.
suffer burns or breathing problems - working with
hazardous substances.
Most frequent modes of injury in
related fields, fatal and non-fatal

THE END.


TOPIC 2- Occupational Safety &

Health Legislation

Contents
OSHA 1994 philosophies & objectives
Employers responsibility (Part IV, Sec 15-19 )
Employees responsibility (Part IV, Sec 24-27 )
Factory and Machinery Act 1967
OSH organizations
- Department of Safety and Health ( DOSH )
- National Institute of Occupational Safety
and Health ( NIOSH )
- Social Security Organization ( SOCSO )
OSHA 1994 philosophies & http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
objectives
# Responsibility to ensure safety and health at the
workplace is on those who create the risk, and those
who work with the risk
Self regulation
Consultation
Cooperation and worker participation
Ensure the safety, health and welfare of the people at
work
Protect others from the safety and health risks arising
from the activities ofhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
people at work Page 21 of 225
Objectives OSHA 1994

To secure the safety, health and welfare of
persons at work against risks to safety or health
arising out of the activities of persons at work;
to protect persons at a place of work other than
persons at work against risks to safety or health
arising out of the activities of persons at work;

Objectives OSHA 1994

to promote an occupational environment for
persons at work which is adapted to their
physiological and psychological needs;
to provide the means whereby the associated
occupational safety and health legislations may
be progressively replaced by a system of
regulations and approved industry codes of
practice operating in combination with the
provisions of this Act designed to maintain or
improve the standards of safety and health.

REGULATION UNDER http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
OSHA 94
Classification, Packaging and Labeling of
Hazardous Chemical Regulations 1997
Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard
Regulations 1996 ( CIMAH )
Employers Safety And Health General Policy
Statement (Exception) Regulations 1995
Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence,
Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease
Regulations 2004 (NADOPOD)
Safety and Health Committee Regulations 1996
Safety and Health Officer Regulations 1997 Page 24 of 225
Use And Standards Of Exposure Of Chemical

Industrial Sectors That Are
Covered
MANUFACTURING
MINING AND QUARRYING
CONSTRUCTION
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES
UTILITIES
TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE AND
COMMUNICATIONS
COMMERCIAL - Wholesale and retail
HOTEL AND RESTAURANT
FINANCIAL, INSURANCE, PROPERTIES AND
Employers Responsibilityhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
Part IV
Section 15. General duties of employers and
self-employed persons to their employees.
Section 16. Duty to formulate safety and health
policy
Section 17. General duties of employers and
self-employed persons to persons other than
their
employees
Section 18. Duties of an occupier of a place of
work to persons other than his employeesPage 26 of 225
Section 15. General duties of employers
andself-employed persons to their

employees.
(1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every

self-employed person to ensure, so far as is
practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work
of all his employees.

Section 16. Duty to formulatesafety

and health policy
it shall be the duty of every employer and every

self-employed person to prepare and as often as
may be appropriate revise a written statement of
his general policy with respect to the safety and
health at work of his employees and the
Organization And Arrangements for the time being
in force for carrying out that policy, and to bring the
statement and any revision of it to the notice of all of
his employees.
Section 17. General duties of
employersand self-employed persons

to personsother than their employees
the duty of every employer and every self employed

person to conduct his undertaking in such a manner
as to ensure, so far as is practicable, that he and
other persons, Not being his employees Ensure
that so far as is practicable, a person other than his
employees Who might be affected is not exposed
to any health and safety risk. Provide informations
about work activities carried out
Section 18: Duties of an occupier of
aplace of work to persons other than

hisemployees
(1) An occupier of non-domestic premises which has

been made available to persons, not being his
employees, as a place of work, or as a place where
they may use a plant or substance provided for their
use there, shall take such measures as are
practicable to ensure that the premises, all means of
access thereto and egress there from available for
use by persons using the premises, and any plant or
substance in the premises or provided for usePagethere,
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is or are safe and without risks to health.

Section 19: Penalty for an offence

undersection 15, 16, 17 or 18
liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit

imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or
both.

Employees Responsibilities
Part IV
Section 24: General duties of employees at work
Section 25. Duty not to interfere with or misuse
things provided pursuant to certain provisions
Section 26. Duty not to charge employees for
things done or provided
Section 27. Discrimination against employee,
etc.

Section 24: General duties of

employees at work
(1) It shall be the duty of every employee while at

work
(a) To take reasonable care for the safety and
health of himself and of other persons who may be
affected by his acts or omissions at work;
(b) To co-operate with his employer or any other
person in the discharge of any duty or requirement
imposed on the employer or that other person by
this Act or any regulation made thereunder; Page 33 of 225
Section 24: General duties of

employees at work
(c) to wear or use at all times any Protective
equipment or clothing provided by the employer
for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and
health;
(d) to comply with any instruction or measure on
occupational safety and health instituted by his
employer or any other person by or under this Act or
any regulation made thereunder
(2) A person who contravenes the provisions of this
section shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on
conviction, be liable to a Fine not exceeding Page
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thousand ringgit or to Imprisonment For a term

Section 25. Duty not to interfere with
ormisuse things provided pursuant

tocertain provisions
A person who intentionally, recklessly or negligently

interferes with or misuses anything provided or done
in the interests of safety, health and welfare in
pursuance of this Act shall be guilty of an offence
and shall, on conviction, be liable to a Fine not
exceeding twenty thousand ringgit or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding two
years or to both.
Section 26. Duty not tohttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
chargeemployees for things done or

provided
No employer shall levy or permit to be levied on any
employee of his any charge in respect of anything
done or provided in pursuance of this Act or any
regulation made thereunder.The employer must not
charge his employees for providing personal
protective equipments or other requirements of the
law. For example the employee cannot be required
to pay for personal protective equipments (e.g.
safety boots, goggles, face mask, gloves or safety
helmet) and employees welfare facilities (e.g. first
Section 27. Discriminationagainst

employee, etc.
(1) No employer shall dismiss an employee, injure
him in his employment, or alter his position to his
detriment by reason only that the employee
(2) No trade union shall take any action on any of its
members who, being an employee at a place of
work
(3) An employer who, or a trade union which,
contravenes the provisions of this section shall be
guilty of an offencehttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
and shall, on conviction, be liable
Page 37 of 225
to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or to a

Factory and Machinery Act

1967
Applicable to manufacturing, mining, Quarry &

construction
To limited in scope, to dependent on
government
Only concerns with inspection by authorities
No provision for protection
OSH organizations
- Department of Safety and Health ( DOSH )
- National Institute of Occupational Safety
and Health ( NIOSH )
- Social Security Organization ( SOCSO )

Department of Safety and Health ( DOSH
Under Ministry of Human Resource

Responsible for ensuring the safety, health and
welfare of people at work as well as protecting other
people from the safety and health hazards arising
from the activities
Function to study and review the policies and
legislations of OSH. To enforce the following
legislations:
i) OSHA 1994 http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/ Page 40 of 225
National Institute of Occupational

Safety and Health ( NIOSH )
Vision to be leading centre of excellence in

occupational safety and health
Mission to be the preferred partner in enhancing
occupational safety & health

Social Security Organization ( SOCSO )
Mission SOCSO is committed to ensure socio-

economic security of all working malaysian citizens
including their dependants through Schemes Of
Social Security and enhance occupational safety
and health awareness for employees well-being
Vision ideal and excellent social security leader

SOCSO Protection Scheme
Employment Injury Insurance Scheme

provides protection to employees who are involved in
accidents arising out and in the course of his employment
occupational disease and also commuting accident.
Invalidity Pension Scheme
Provides twenty four (24) hours coverage for workers from
invalidity or dies irrespective of the cause of death. The
other objective is to ensure payments are made to workers
and dependants when an unexpected incident occurs


3.1 UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS OF

SAFETY & HEALTH MANAGEMENT
3.2 UNDERSTAND THE ESTABLISHMENT

OF SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE
3.3 UNDERSTAND THE ROLES OF THE

MANAGEMENT
3.4 UNDERSTAND THE SAFETY

TRAINING

A Safety and Health Management System

can be defined as the means by which an
organisation controls risk through the
management process.
The BSI define a OH&S management system as part

of the overall management system that facilities the
management of the OH&S risks associated with the
business of the organisation. This includes the
organisational structure, planning activities,
responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and
resources for developing and achieving, reviewing
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/ Page 47 and
of 225
maintaining the organisations OH&S policy.

Health and safety objectives are a

major part of a management system
and are defined as the goals in
terms of H&S performance that an
organisation sets itself to achieve
and should be quantified wherever
practicable.
OH&S Objectives should be set

Examples of types of an OH&S objective include:
The introduction of additional features into the

OH&S management system (e.g. permit to work
systems for specific tasks, strategic OH&S
safety training for supervisors etc.)
The improvement of existing features, or the

constancy of their application across the
organisation (e.g. accident reporting,
communication of standard procedures etc.).
The elimination or the reduction in frequency of

particular undesired incidents (e.g. reduce
accidents by 20%, remove all hazardous



YES !
SAFETY & HEALTH
o A great concern to company
o A greater concern to the employees
SO .Employees should share in the work of
ACCIDENT PREVENTION.

WHY SAFETY & HEALTH
COMMITTEE ESSENTIAL ?
Management give their best effort to

correct unsafe condition/practices but
employees in a good position to observe
the HAZARDS
An important source of help would be
overlooked if employee Safety &
Health committee were not included
in the organisation
Objectives of OSHA
1994
to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons
at work against risks out of the activities at work;
to protect person at a place of work other than

persons at work against risks out of the activities at
work;
to promote an occupational environment for

persons at work which is adapted to their
physiological and psychological needs
to provide the means to be progressively replaced

by a system of regulations and approved industry
improve the standards of
codes.. to maintain orhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/ Page 54 of 225
OSHA 1994
Spirit of OSHA 1994
o Self Regulation
o Workers Cooperation & Consultation
o All economic activities except shipping and
armed forces
Guiding principles
o Responsibilities for OSH lies with those WHO
CREATE THE RISK and those WHO WORK
WITH THE RISK
o Concept of so far as is REASONABLE/
PRACTICABLE
Every employer shall establish a Safety &

Health Committee (SHC) at the place of
work in accordance with this section if :-
o40 or more persons employed at the
place of work or
oThe Director General directs the
establishment of such a committee at
the place of work http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/ Page 56 of 225
OBJECTIVES OF SHC
To fulfil the requirement of OSHA
1994
To promote consultation and
cooperation between management
and workers in upgrading safety &
health at work
To provide a two-way communication
channel or dissemination of information
on safety & health issues
To enhance interest and motivation
CHAIRMAN
SECRETARY
MANAGEMENT WORKERS
REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENTATIVES
MANAGEMENT WORKERS
REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENTATIVES
(cont)
Chairman : Employer or his
authorised manager
Secretary : Safety & Health Officer
Management
Representatives:
Manager/Director/Supervisors
Workers Representatives:
From section or process
Appointment
Chairman
o Employer or Authorised Manager shall be
chairman.
Secretary
o Person employed as Safety & Health
Officer
o If no SHO, chairman may appoint another
person
o or SHC may appoint by ballots ( sulit )
from members.
Appointment
Management Representatives :
o Appointed by Employer
o Min 2 persons ( < 100 employees )
o Min 4 persons ( > 100 employees )
Workers Representatives :
o Selected by workers
o Appointed by employer
o Min 2 persons ( < 100 employees )
o Min 4 persons ( > 100 employees )
Appointment
Employees Representatives
o Nominated from employees
o If number exceeded the vacancies. ballot
o If no representatives, employer shall appoint
o Shall represent various section of work place
o Any vacancy shall be replaced in the same
manner as the previous member.
o Do not penalise workers who absent due to
their duties as SHC members

Removal of Committee member
Fail to attend 3 consecutive meetings
Unsound mind
Bankrupt
No longer employed (employee rep)
Convicted on a charge of:
Fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude
offence under law relating to OSH
Other criminal offence
Incapable to carry duty as member
Part III ( OSHA 1994 )
Assist in development of Safety & Health rules

and safe system of work
Review the effectiveness of Safety & Health
Programmes
To investigate any safety & health matter
brought to attention of employer.
Review Safety & Health policies and
recommend to employer for revision of such
policies.

Assist in development of rules and

systems
Assist in development and review of

safety & health programmes
Perform analysis of incident trends and

statistics
Review and recommend amendments to

Perform inspections at work place and

recommend preventive and corrective
measures
Perform immediate investigation of
accidents, near-miss accident, dangerous
occurrence, occupational poisoning or
occupational diseases occurred at
workplace.
Investigates complaints of unsafe or

unhealthy practices and report to
employer with recommendations for
corrective actions.
Assists in the development of
promotional and education
programmes
Discusses reports and matters from
the safety officer, enforcement officer,
etc
INSPECTION OF WORKPLACE
Inspect at least once in every three
months
Discuss the observation of the members

during inspection
Record the details of such circumstances

in a report kept for such purpose
Make recommendations to the employer

on the remedial measures to be taken on
any matter. http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/ Page 68 of 225
accident(According to SHC
Regulation)
To inspect the place of work as soon as it is
safe to do so.
SHO shall furnish the chairman of

committee with a report of his findings.
Chairman shall as soon as practicable (ASAP)

convene a meeting of the committee to
discuss the report.
If no SHO, employer or authorised manager

Investigating an accident
Chairman/secretary shall ASAP after the
committee has inspected the place of work
convene a meeting to investigate into such
incident.
In the meeting, the committee shall discuss
the cause of accident. And make
recommendations to the employer to prevent
the reoccurrence of such incident

SHO or Chairman ( if no SHO ) shall furnish

the employer or his authorised manager on
the recommendations.
Employer or authorised manager shall ASAP
discuss the report or recommendations
with SHO or Chairman.
SHO or Chairman shall record the decision
of the employer or his authorised manager

Employer or authorised manager shall direct
any person employed to take such
action..
Employer shall keep a copy of the report for a
minimum period of SEVEN years.

Formulate own meeting procedures and terms

of references
Frequency of meetings:
o Depends on nature of risk at workplace
o At least once a month for high risk workplace
o Once in three month for other workplaces
o More frequent meetings during initial period of
formation.
In the event of an accident or any other

situations which calls for immediate attentions,
meeting should be held immediately.
Agenda and minutes :

o Early notice in writing and circulation of
agenda attached.
o Only matters pertaining to Safety & Health to

be discussed.
o Minutes circulated soon, not later than two

weeks after meeting

Meeting Facilities :
EMPLOYER SHOULD :
o Provide suitable meeting room at the place of
work.
o Permit member to attend meeting during

working hours.

Quorum
o Half of total number of members
Non member may attend
o May invite any person to discuss pertaining to
OSH matters or related to any accident
occurred in the plant.

Safety and Health matters only

o Strictly for Safety & Health matters in workplace
.
Minutes
o Copy of every meeting shall be furnished to
every member and the employer within TWO
WEEKS after the meeting.

Minutes
Shall be kept at place of work for minimum
period of SEVEN years.
The employer should furnished the DOSH with a

copy of minutes if required.

TRAINING & INFORMATION

Employer to ensure
Committee members have basic understanding
and knowledge on the function of the committee.
Provide training to the committee member.

Availability of an adequate document &
information for SHC
o Act & Legislation
o Code of Practices
o Technical Informations
o Operational Information etc
EMPLOYER SHOULD NOT :
Disclose any information which would be

prejudicial to national security.
Disclosure of information which contravene

with any law
Disclose individual matters unless consented to

its disclosure
Provide any information other than for Safety &

Health or welfare at work.
PENALTY
Any person who contravene any of the
provision of these regulation shall be guilty of
an offence and shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding FIVE THOUSAND RINGGIT or
imprisonment for a term not exceeding SIX
MONTHS or to BOTH

STRUCTURE OF COMMITEE
Joint management-worker committee at
workplace
Company may form other committee to

supplement work of joint committee such
as :
o Management committee to oversee work of
joint committee or subcommittee (permanent
or ad-hoc)
o Must have clear communication channel
between joint committee and other committee.

IN SUMMARYENSURING EFFECTIVE
COMMITEE
Basic knowledge and interest of members

On going training and education of members
Availability of relevant information to members
Regularity and frequency of meetings
Fast decision making and follow-up action
Wide publicity of committee activities
Recognition of members
Leadership of chairmanhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/ Page 83 of 225
Stick to safety and health only


There are a number of strategies that can be used by organizations to

ensure a healthy and safe workplace and ensure compliance with legal
requirements.
For Example :
Design Safe and healthy systems of work
Exhibit Strong management commitment
Inspect Workplace for health and safety problems
Establish Procedures and controls for dealing with health and
safety issues
Develop Training programs
Set up Health and safety committees
Monitor Safety policies
Draw up Action planhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
and checklist Page 85 of 225
Policy This is a statement of the principles governing

decision-making. They can only be changed by
the Management and are mandatory.
Procedur Describes the functional steps used to implement
e policies. Examples are those used by Safety &
Health to promote adherence to management
policy and are mandatory.
Guideline Describe specific aspects of working to the
s requirements of procedures where extended
explanation is required and provided by Safety
and Health. They contain recommended methods
and statements with the objective of achieving
Safety These documents can provide both procedural

Handboo instructions and guidance on a specific subject.
ks and They are intended to describe a generic approach
Manuals (e.g. Contractor Safety Handbook) and may
describe activities which are routinely carried out
as part of the normal functioning of the area (e.g.
Safety Laboratory
This or Workshop
is a summary of the manuals).
appropriate Safety and
Managem Health policies, procedures and guidelines which
ent govern all aspects of task planning. It provides a
framework within which tasks or activities can
Job The area supervisor ensures that all task planning
occur.
Safety accords with a Safety Management Plan detailing
applicable Safety and Health Policies, Procedures
and Guidelines (including Handbooks and
Enforcement the safety procedure

The action plan must be implemented in
a way that is compatible with professional
rules and practices as well as with
existing procedures.
Follow-up the safety management

system
The effectiveness of the system
implemented must be checked and
follow-up, and if a new risk or hazard
factor is identified there must be a
response. Audits must be

YES! OF COURSE..
**Companies are legally responsible for providing the

safety training mandatedhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
for their industry by OSHA. Page 90 of 225
**
WHY SAFETY TRAINING http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
IMPORTANT ?
Safety training is the key element in the
prevention of work-related injuries, illnesses
and death.
When properly trained on safety
procedures, employees will
o understand the importance of workplace safety,
o know how prevent an incident in the workplace
by following workplace safety procedures,
o learn how to respondhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
quickly if presented with a Page 91 of 225
dangerous situation.
Different work environments require

different types and levels of safety
training.
For example :
o eye safety and heat stress training is pertinent to
construction and other outdoor workers,
o first aid training is important for all work
environments.
o Other types of safetyhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
training courses include Page 92 of 225
Back Safety HAZWOPER Safety Awareness

Bloodborne Healthcare Safety Orientation
Pathogens Hearing Protection Scaffolding Safety
Construction Safety Heat Stress School & School
Crane Safety Hotels / Hospitality Bus Safety
DOT & Trucking Housekeeping
Driving Safety Industrial Safety Shop Safety
Electrical Safety Kitchen Safety Solid Waste
Emergency Planning Laboratory Safety Specific Chemicals
EPA Ladder Safety & Gases
Ergonomics Lead Safety Supervisor Safety
Eye Safety Lockout / Tagout Trenching &
Fall Protection Machine Guarding Shoring
Fire Extinguisher Maintenance Safety Utilities & Public
Use MSDS
Fire Prevention Office Safety Works
First Aid Off The Job Safety Warehouse Safety
Food Service Safety Welding Safety
PPE http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
Forklift Safety Recordkeeping Workplace Violence
Page 93 of 225
Hand & Finger Respiratory Safety

Any question..????

CHAPTER 4

ERGONOMICS-What is it?
Derived from two Greek words:

Nomoi meaning natural laws
Ergon meaning work
Hence, ergonomists study human
capabilities in relationship to work
demands

History
As early as 18th century doctors noted that workers
who required to maintain body positions for long
periods of time developed musculoskeletal
problems.
Within last 20 years research has clearly established
connections between certain job tasks and RSI or
MSD.

Focus and Objectives of

Ergonomics cont
The focus is that people (their abilities and

limitations) and their requirements are considered
when:
1.Objects, systems which people use and operate within are
being designed and developed;
2.Procedures to carry out work are being developed;
3.Facilities which involve and affect people are being
evaluated.

Focus and Objectives of

Ergonomics
The objectives of Ergonomics are:
1.Enhance and optimize the effectiveness with which work
and other human activities are carried out;
2.Also to maintain certain desirable human values in the
process, e.g. health, safety;
3.Stimulate work interest and satisfaction.

Effects of poor Ergonomics

Discomfort
Accidents and injuries
Fatigue
Errors
Illness
Annoyance
Productivity down
What two elements
are at work?
1.Static work: musculoskeletal effort required to hold a
certain position, even a comfortable one.
Example: sit & work at computers; keeping head and
torso upright requires small or great amounts of static
work depending on the efficiency of the body positions
we chose.

Elements at work (cont)

Force: amount of tension our muscles generate
Example: tilting your head forward or backward
from a neutral, vertical position quadruples the
amount of force acting on your lower neck
vertebrae
Increased force is due to increase in muscular

tension needed to support head in a tilted
position
3 Main Ergonomic Principles:

1.Work activities should permit worker to adopt
several different healthy and safe postures.
2.Muscle forces should be done by the largest
appropriate muscle groups available
3.Work activities should be performed with joints
at about mid-point of their ROM (esp.
head,trunk,UE)

FACTS
The average person working at a keyboard
can perform 50,000 to 200,000 keystrokes a
day
Overexertion, falls & RMI are the most
common cause of workplace injury
An average of 125,000 back injuries due to
improper lifting each year.
Muscles overuse results in tiny tears in the
muscles and scarring; these contribute to
inflammation and muscle stiffness
A Bit of Anatomy !!
Overuse and small repetitive movements ie:
cumulative trauma disorder (CTD), repetitive stress
injury (RSI), musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) disturb
balance of muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves

What causes Nerve
Compression or Entrapment?
1.Repeated motions
2.Tight muscles
3.Inflammation of surrounding tissues
4.Misalignment of the nerve

What are 4 Common Nerve
injuries?
1.Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: brachial plexus
compression due to muscle tightness side of neck
from poor head position or slumped posture.
signs and symptoms (S/Sx): numbness/tingling in
hand, made worse w/overhead activities or cradling
phone between ear and shoulder

Nerve injuries (cont)

1.Radial tunnel syndrome: compressed radial nerve
@ outside of elbow d/t repetitive wrist & finger
extension or turning of forearm
S/Sx: Sensations from elbow to base of thumb w/ wrist
weakness a common sx


1.Cubital tunnel syndrome: ulnar nerve compression
inside of the elbow d/t repetitive bending of elbow or
resting your elbow on a hard surface
S/Sx: numbness or tingling and inside of arm w/
tingling to ring & little fingers


1.Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of
median nerve at level of carpal tunnel
Where is carpal tunnel? Formed @ wrist by
ligament over the carpal bones in hand
S/Sx: numbness or tingling in thumb, index, or
middle finger & of ring finger; often awakened @
night by hand falling asleep
Sx increased by driving or attempting to hold
objects; dropping objects is a common complaint
Tendons and Tendonitis

Tendons are connective tissue that attach
muscle to bone; have little stretch or rebound
Tendon overuse, static or prolonged
position=inflammation or tendonitis
Tendons of wrist & hand very small; @ high risk
for injury w/ overuse
Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis affects
finger extensor tendons outside of elbow
Golfers elbow or medical epicondylitis affects
finger flexor tendons inside of elbow

What to do ??
PREVENT, PREVENT, PREVENT !!!
1.
1.Warm up & stretch before activities that are
repetitive, static or prolonged
2.Take frequent breaks from ANY sustained posture
every 20-30 minutes
3.Respect pain- positions or stop painful activity
4.Recognize early signs of inflammatory process, & tx
early
Maintain
Neutral
Posture
1.Maintain erect position of back
& neck w/ shoulders relaxed
2.Position equipment & work directly in front of and close
to your major tasks
3.Keep upper arms close to the body, elbows 90-100
degrees
4.Keep feet flat on floor, upper body weight resting on sits
bones
5.Wrists as neutral as possible; safe zone for wrist
movement is 15 degrees in all directions
You
talking to
me?
1.Avoid bending neck forward for prolonged periods of

time (*remember quadruple the force); use a copy
holder
2.Avoid static positions for prolonged time; muscles
fatigue---MOVE to circulation!

Modify Tasks:
1.Alternate activities frequently; rotate heavy &/or
repetitive tasks w/ lighter less repetitive ones.
2.If sx become worse REASSESS task setup &
look for alternative methods
3.Avoid repetitive or prolonged grip activities
4.Avoid pinching w/ wrist in flexion or wrist
deviation (bending to side)
5.Take frequent breaks to stretch & rest hands
Body
Mechanics
Use the largest joints & muscles to do the job
Use 2 hands to lift rather than one, even with
light objects and tasks.
Avoid lifting w/ the forearm in full pronation (palm
down) or supination (palm up)
Slide or push & pull objects instead of lifting
Keep reaching to a minimum
Carry objects close to body at waist level
Correct & Incorrect Techniques

Good and Bad of TILT

Recommended Position FOR Computer user

ERGO REMINDERS from

Stretchbreak.com

Practice Wellness at Work and Home !
Exercise Relaxation
Nutrition
Spirit
Mind
Body

MOVE
STRETCH

An ounce of Prevention is worth a
pound of cure !

Ergonomics in occupational health and safety

1. User

2. Machine http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

3. Workplace

3. Environment

4. Special questions

Indoor Air Quality

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term referring to
the air quality within and around buildings and
structures, especially as it relates to the health
and comfort of building occupants

Indoor Air Pollution

The National Health and Medical Research Council
(NHMRC- Australia) defines indoor air as air within a
building occupied for at least one hour by people of
varying states of health. This can include the office,
classroom, transport facility, shopping centre,
hospital and home.
Indoor air quality can be defined as the totality of

attributes of indoor air that affect a person's health
and well being.
Sick building syndrome
Condition associated with complaints

of discomfort including headache;
nausea; dizziness; dermatitis; eye,
nose, throat, and respiratory
irritation; coughing; difficulty
concentrating; sensitivity to odors;
muscle pain; and fatigue.

Sick building syndrome

The specific causes of the symptoms are often not
known but sometimes are attributed to the effects of
a combination of substances or individual
susceptibility to low concentrations of contaminants.
The symptoms are associated with periods of

occupancy and often disappear after the worker
leaves the worksite.
Cause of SBS
Inadequate ventilation 52%

Contamination from inside building 16%
Contamination from outside building 10%
Microbial contamination 5%
Contamination from building fabric 4%
Unknown sources 13%

Thermal Comfort
Personal factors (health, psychology, sociology &

situational factors)
Air temperature
Mean radiant temperature
Air movement / velocity (see wind chill factor)
Relative humidity (see also perspiration)
Insulative clothing
Activity levels.


Sources of Indoor Pollutants

Base on Specific Building
Combustion activity
Furniture
Chemical
Building materials
Food
Water
Smoking activity
Outdoor air pollution

Walkaround Inspection
Potential Problem Areas
Sample Collection


Contaminant Range Screening Method Validation Method

Bioaerosols 0-1,000 cfu/m3 Viable biological sampler
Carbon dioxide 0-2,000 ppm DT, IR Sampling bag, GC/TCD OSHA ID172
Carbon monoxide 2-50 ppm DT, meter Sampling bag, meter
Formaldehyde 0.04-1 ppm DT Coated XAD-2, GC/NPD OSHA-52
Nitric oxide 0-25 ppm DT TEA tube with oxidizer, DPP OSHA
ID190
Nitrogen dioxide 0-5 ppm DT TEA-Molecular Sieve Tube, IC OSHA
ID 182
Particulates 0-40,000 Light scattering meter
particles/cc
Pesticides (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual)
Ozone 0-0.1 ppm DT, Chemiluminescent
meter
Radon 4-200 pCi/L Radon Cartridge, Electrect
VOC's (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual)

5.0 : INCIDENTS PREVENTION

Incident ?
An abnormal event, not wanted, that result from

an abrupt, unexpected and accidental form that
interrupts the normal continuity of the work
(Baselga 1984).
Standard UNE 81900 explains an incident as
undesired or unwanted that given rise to losses
in the health of injuries of the worker.
An incident could have resulted in a serious
accident or injury (Senecal & Burke).
An incident could result in damage to property or
equipment and it could result in an employee
INCIDENTS
ACCIDENT
S

Krause & Hidley (1992) found that the difference
between inccident and accident:

1. needing only first aid verses a major medical
intervention.
2. owed in a certain way, to the factor of luck near
miss.
Conclusion : Incident is a fact or event not planned
nor wanted that will occasionally result in an
unintentional injury or health related problems, will
occasionally result in damages to property, products
or to the enviroment, loss of production and/or an
increase in legal responsibilities.

Types Of Incident http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
Type 5
The incident can be handled with one or two
single resources with up to six personnel.
Command and General Staff positions (other
than the Incident Commander) are not activated.
No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required.
The incident is contained within the first
operational period and often within an hour to a
few hours after resources arrive on scene.
Examples include a vehicle fire, an injured
person, or a police traffic stop.

Type 4
Command staff and general staff functions are
activated only if needed.
Several resources are required to mitigate the
incident.
The incident is usually limited to one operational
period in the control phase.
The agency administrator may have briefings, and
ensure the complexity analysis and delegation of
authority are updated.
No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required but
a documented operational
briefing will be completed for all incoming resources.

The role of the agency administrator includes

Type 3
When capabilities exceed initial attack, the appropriate
ICS positions should be added to match the complexity
of the incident.
Some or all of the Command and General Staff positions
may be activated, as well as Division/Group Supervisor
and/or Unit Leader level positions.
A Type 3 Incident Management Team (IMT) or incident
command organization manages initial action incidents
with a significant number of resources, an extended
attack incident until containment/control is achieved, or
an expanding incident until transition to a Type 1 or 2
team.
The incident may extend into multiple operational
periods. http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/ Page 146 of 225
Type 2
This type of incident extends beyond the capabilities for
local control and is expected to go into multiple
operational periods. A Type 2 incident may require the
response of resources out of area, including regional
and/or national resources, to effectively manage the
operations, command, and general staffing.
Most or all of the Command and General Staff positions
are filled.
A written IAP is required for each operational period.
Many of the functional units are needed and staffed.
Operations personnel normally do not exceed 200 per
operational period and total
incident personnel do not exceed 500 (guidelines only).

The agency administrator is responsible for the incident

Type 1
This type of incident is the most complex, requiring
national resources to safely and effectively manage and
operate.
All Command and General Staff positions are activated.
Operations personnel often exceed 500 per operational
period and total personnel will usually exceed 1,000.
Branches need to be established.
The agency administrator will have briefings, and ensure
that the complexity analysis and delegation of authority
are updated.
Use of resource advisors at the incident base is
recommended.
There is a high impact on the local jurisdiction, requiring
additional staff for office administrative and support

Unsafe Act http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
Performance of a task or other activity that is

conducted in a manner that may threaten the health
and/or safety of workers. Examples are :
Operating without qualification or authorization.
Operating equipment at unsafe .
Failure to warn.
Using defective equipment
Working in hazardous locations without adequate
protection or warning.
Wearing unsafe clothing.
Unsafe Conditions http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
A condition in the work place that is likely to cause

property damage or injury. Examples are :
Defective tools, equipment, or supplies.
Fire and explosion hazards.
Inadequate supports or guards.
Poor housekeeping.
Hazardous atmospheric condition.
Excessive noise.
Poor ventilation.

Hazard ? http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
Hazard
A source or a situation with a potential for harm to
humans, property and damage of environment or a
combination of these.
Danger
Relative exposure to hazard.
Risk
A combination of likelihood of occurrence and severity
of injury or damage.

Classification & Potential Sources
of Hazards
Classification Example of Hazards

Mechanical - Sharp points & edges, overload.
Electrical - Insulation damaged or cover broken
Biological - Exposed, airborne/blood borne
microorganism.
Chemical - Expose to carcinogens chemical
Ergonomics - Expose to unnatural postures
Psychological- Stress or violent at workplace.
Hazard Identification
To keep workplace safe and healthy.

-employers should make sure there are no hazards to
which employees could be exposed.
Employers should look for hazards in advance
as part of their risk management plan to prevent
potential hazards.

The Process of Risk
Management
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services)
Identify Hazard
Assess The Risk
Risk Control
Review Risk Control

Identify Hazards http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.Walk around your workplace and look at what could

reasonably be expected to cause harm.
2.Ask your employees or their representatives what they
think. They may have noticed things that are not
immediately obvious to you.
3.Check manufacturers instructions or data sheets for
chemicals and equipment as they can be very helpful in
spelling out the hazards and putting them in their true
perspective.
4.Have a look back at your accident and ill-health
records these often help to identify the less obvious
hazards.
5.Remember to thinkhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
about long-term hazardsPage to155 of 225
Risk Assessment
Is the process of evaluating the risk to safety &
health from hazards at work
Types
Qualitative
Semi-quantitative
Quantitative

How To Assess Risk

1) Look for the Hazards
2) Decide who might be harmed & how
3) Evaluate the risk and check what is
done to prevent it from happening
4) Record finding
5) Review assessment and revise it if necessary

Types of Risk Assessment

Qualitative - (Use Risk Matrix)
-table scales for likelihood and severity
Fatality
Major injuries
Minor injuries
First aid or near misses

Based on statistic
Likelihood
Very likely
Likely
Unlikely
Highly Unlikely

Qualitative Risk Table

Likelihood
Severity
V/Likely Likely Unlikely H/Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium

Major High High Medium Medium
Injuries
Minor High Medium Medium Low
Injuries
First Aid/ Medium Medium Low Low
N/misses
Semi-Quantitative Risk
Assessment
Severity Categories
1. First Aid
2. Less than 4 days M/C
3. More than 4 days M/C
4. Fatality & Permanent Disability

Semi-Quantitative Risk
Assessment
Likelihood Occurrence
1. Yearly
2. Monthly
3. Weekly
4. Daily

Semi-Quantitative Risk Table

LIKELIHOOD
S Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
1 2 3 4
E
First Aid 1 1 2 3 4
V
< 4 Days MC 2 2 4 6 8
E
R > 4 Days MC 3 3 6 9 12
I Fatality & 4 4 8 12 16
Permanent
T Disability
y
Quantitative Risk http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
Assessment
In cases where hazards are numerous and
complex
eg; Chemical process plant
Should have Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
describe job in less than 10 steps
List things that can go wrong
o eg; Changing a Car Wheel

Actions & Recommendations

EL- Eliminate
SL- Substitute
IS- Isolation
EC- Engineering Control
AC - Administration Control
PPE- Personal Protection Equipment

Actions
Eg;
& Recommendations
EL - stop work, cover hazard
SL - use other route, other material..
IS - put up temporary barrier,
EC - construct permanent wall,..
AC - put up notice, job rotation,
PPE - gloves, respirator,


OBJECTIVE
To identify types of Hazard in work area
To make Risk Assessments
To suggest Risk Controls to Organization
To implementing Risk Controls
To review Risk Controls

HIRARC -Planning & Implementation
ACCIDENT & FEEDBACK
& INSPECTION
LEGAL NEAR
COMPLAIN & AUDIT
MISSES
HIRARC
SO ER
P INTERNAL TRANING P
AUDIT POLIC SAFETY
Y COMMITTEE
MANAGEMENT
Why Carry Out Risk
Assessment
Gives organizations a more effective way of
managing hazards
Requirement of the law e.g;
- OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 &
USECHH Regulation 2000
Requirement of OSH management system
standards
- MS 1722:2003
- OHSAS 18001
- ISO 14001
Why We Need OSH

management system standard
Our Organization to be No. 1
Increase Return of Investment
- employees, money , time..
Safe work place

How To Start
Organization should have vision
Commitment from management
- right people
- resource
- time

How To Start
Should have internal audit

Management committee to review reports
External audit
Specific organization policy- hazard specific
Employees participation - meeting, training
Safety as basic training
Why conduct a risk http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
assessment
Human factorssave life, stop workplace injures,
illnesses and increase staff morale.
Legal factorsmeet legislative requirements, OHS&W

and WorkCover.
Financial factorsdecrease the risk of prosecution and

fines incurred, lower WorkCoverlevies, reduce
absenteeism, increase potential for gaining shareholders
and increase productivity.
Hazard Management http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
Process

Identify the hazards
Assess the risks
Evaluate risks
Control the risks
Monitor and review
Introduction to HIRARC
Principles used in workplace to manage safety

and health.
Section 15 (2)(a) of OSHA 1994:
which reads the provision and maintenance of
plants and systems of work that are,so far as is
practicable, safe and without risks to health

Definition
Hazard
A source or a situation with a potential for harm to
humans, property and damage of environment or a
combination of these.
Danger
Relative exposure to hazard.
Risk
A combination of likelihood of occurrence and severity
of injury or damage.
Overview Of HIRARC
Definition of Hazards
Classification of Hazards
Potential sources of Hazards
Basic components of Risk Management

The Process of Risk Management

Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services)
Identify Hazard
Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood
Decide if Risk is Tolerable
Risk Control Action Plan
Review Risk Control

Source of Hazards (5M)
Man Unsafe act

Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Material Substance such as chemicals and gases
use in the workplace
Method The way people carry out their work
Media Workplace condition i.e; air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc.
Classification & Potential Sources of
Hazards
Classification Example of Hazards

Physical - Noise, temperature to cool/hot,
overload.
Biological - Exposed, airborne/blood borne
microorganism, virus.
Chemical - Expose to carcinogens chemical
Ergonomics - Expose to unnatural postures
Psychological- Stress or violent at workplace.
KERJA DAN http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
PERSEKITARAN
PENYAKIT
MENJADI LEBIH TERUK

WORK ENVIRONMENT
Adequate Access
Refers to adequate access to, from and within the workplace
Air Conditioning
Refers to uncontaminated air in the work space
Confined Spaces
Means enclosed work space where people do not normally
work (defined in standards)
Temperature Extremes:
a) Heat This includes contact with hot objects, hyperthermia, fire (Not explosions)
b) Cold This includes contact with cold objects and hypothermia
Lighting
Refers to adequate illumination for the particular work being done
Mental Stress
Includes bullying, workplace violence, shift work, excessive work loads
Dehydration
Adequate water supply for the individuals while working
ENERGY
Electrical
Includes contact with exposed wires and contact with high voltage
Gravity
Includes falls, trips and slips of persons as well as objects falling, working at heights
Kinetic Energy:
a) The body hitting objects Hitting objects with part of the body
b) Hit by moving objects Being hit by moving objects but excluding falling objects
c) Explosion An explosion may also include heat as a hazard
d) Penetrating objects This includes all objects that can penetrate including needles
Vibration
Includes vibration to parts or to the whole body
Acoustic/Noise
Includes exposure to single, sudden sound or long term exposure
Pressure
Pressure in hydraulic and pneumatic systems
HAZARD PHYSICAL
NOISE
TEMPERATURE
COOL/HOT
VIBRATION
RADIATION
EFFECT FROM
ENVIRONMENT

HAZARD CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
HAZARDOUS
TO HEALTH

HAZARD BIOLOGICAL
BACTERIA
VIRUS
FUNGUS
ETC;

HAZARD ERGONOMIK
Repeated exposure to unnatural
posture
Wrong design workstation ,
tools and task

HAZARD http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
PSYCHOSOCIAL
STRESS
SHIFT WORK
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
VIOLENT AT WORK
ANAK BUAH TAK DENGAR KATA

Hazard Identification
To keep workplace safe and healthy.

-employers should make sure there are no hazards to
which employees could be exposed.
Employers should look for hazards in advance
as part of their risk management plan to prevent
potential hazards.

Methods of Identifying
Hazards
Review of documents and publications
Inspection and observation at the workplace
Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring the
environment or medical surveillance of workers
Hazard Analysis job safety analysis (JSA)

All related statements should be made

With no cost restrains
Should be reviewed every 4 months
Need management support

Risk Assessment
Is the process of evaluating the risk to safety &

health from hazards at work
Types
Qualitative
Semi-quantitative
Quantitative

How To Assess Risk
1) Look for the Hazards

2) Decide who might be harmed & how
3) Evaluate the risk and check what is
done to prevent it from happening
4) Record finding
5) Review assessment and revise it if
necessary

Qualitative - (Use Risk Matrix)

-table scales for likelihood and severity
Fatality
Major injuries
Minor injuries
First aid or near misses

Based on statistic
Likelihood
Very likely
Likely
Unlikely
Highly Unlikely

Qualitative Risk Table
Likelihood
Severity
V/Likely Likely Unlikely H/Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium

Major High High Medium Medium
Injuries
Minor High Medium Medium Low
Injuries
First Aid/ Medium Medium Low Low
N/misses
Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
Severity Categories
1. First Aid
2. Less than 4 days M/C
3. More than 4 days M/C
4. Fatality & Permanent Disability

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
Likelihood Occurrence
1. Yearly
2. Monthly
3. Weekly
4. Daily

Semi-Quantitative Risk Table
LIKELIHOOD
S Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
1 2 3 4
E
First Aid 1 1 2 3 4
V
< 4 Days MC 2 2 4 6 8
E
R > 4 Days MC 3 3 6 9 12
I Fatality & 4 4 8 12 16
Permanent
T Disability
y
Quantitative Risk Assessment
In cases where hazards are numerous and

complex
eg; Chemical process plant
Should have Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
describe job in less than 10 steps
List things that can go wrong
o eg; Changing a Car Wheel

EL- Eliminate
SL- Substitute
IS- Isolation
EC- Engineering Control
AC - Administration Control
PPE- Personal Protection Equipment

Actions
Eg;
& Recommendations
EL - stop work, cover hazard
SL - use other route, other material..
IS - put up temporary barrier,
EC - construct permanent wall,..
AC - put up notice, job rotation,
PPE - gloves, respirator,


AW101 (TOPIC 7)
OCCUPATIONAL FIRST AID
CONTENT :
7.1 Defihe First Aid
7.2 First Aid Equipment
7.3 Basic Rules Of First Aid
7.4 First Aid & Treatment
7.5 Practice of First Aid Equipment
7.6 Practice of Conducting CPR

7.1 FIRST AID
It is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a

non-expert person to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can
be accessed.
In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
requires all job sites and workplaces to make available first aid equipment for use
by injured employees
different jobs have different types of injuries and different first-aid requirements.

The Aims of first aid can be summarized in three key

points:
1.
1.Preserve life - the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save
lives
1.Prevent further harm - also sometimes called prevent the condition from
worsening,or danger of further injury, this covers both external factors, such as
moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques
to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed
becoming dangerous.
1.Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process
from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a
treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound

7.2 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT @ KITS
first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment

may be made up of different contents depending on
who has assembled the kit and for what purpose.
It may also vary by region due to varying advice or

legislation between governments or
organisations
Standard kits often come in durable plastic boxes,
fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets

7.2.2 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT
Tweezer
s
Glove
Scissor
s
Roller Thermometer
Bandage
Anticeptic
wipes
@ gauze

Alcohol
Antibiotic Ointment packets (approx. 1g)
Cont.7.2.2 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT
Triangular Adhesive Aspiri

Bandage Tape Jodin
n
e
Adhesive tape Adhesive Aspirin(chewable)

(cloth) 1 http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
Bandage Page 210 of 225
81mg
7.2.3 APPLICATION OF FIRST AID EQUIPMENT
Glove
Application Triangular Bandage
~ wear it during Application ~ to hold
works with body Broken arm bone
liquid or any
chemicals
First aid equipments
as earlier action to ~ to avoid
safe the life broken
@ injured
movement
Bandage Anticeptic wipes

application ~ @ gauze
to stop ~ to clean up
bleeding
injured area
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7.3 BASIC RULES OF FIRST AID
It is recommended that all kits are in a;

i. clean
ii. waterproof container to keep the contents
iii. safe and aseptic
Kits should also be checked regularly and restocked if any items are damaged or expired out
of date.
In general, the type of first aid facilities required in a workplace are determined by many
factors, such as:
the type of industry concerned; for example, industries such as mining may have specific
industry regulations detailing specialised instructions
the laws and regulation of the state or territory in which it is located
the type of hazards present in the workplace
the number of employees in the workplace
the proximity to local services (doctors, hospital,ambulance).
the number of different locations that the workplace is spread over
7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT
Particularly the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention,
must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway,
Breathing, and Circulation.
Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation,
while others consider this as part of the Circulation step.
Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3Bs": Breathing,
Bleeding, and Bones (or "4Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, Brain, and Bones).
Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the life depend on the skill level
of the first aider. Once the techniques are secured, first aiders can begin
additional treatments, as required.
There are a symbol of ; ISO STAR OF
RED LIFE
FIRST AID
CROSS
SYMBOL
SYMBOL
7.4.1 Burns and Scadals
Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the
burn site.
FIRST DEGREE: Flush with cool running water, Apply moist dressings and
bandage loosely.
SECOND DEGREE: Apply dry dressings and bandage loosely Do not use water
as it may increase risk of shock.
THIRD DEGREE: Same treatment as second degree.

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7.4.1 Burns and Scadals
Bagaimana Api bermula

Bahanapi adalah semua bahan boleh terbakar samada pepejal, cecair atau gas.
Udara untuk bernafas adalah 21% oksigen. Api hanya perlu 16% oksigen untuk
membakar.
Haba adalah tenaga yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan suhu bahanapi ketahap
pengewapan bagi membolehkan penyalaan.
APA YANG PERLU DIBUAT SEKIRANYA SESEORANG DISAMBAR API

Sekiranya rakan sekerja/orang lain disambar api, padamkan api dengan
menyelimuti mangsa dengan blanket/guni.
Ini mungkin dapat menyelamatkan mereka dari melecur atau maut
Jika anda disambar api: BERHENTI - Ditempat anda disambar api , REBAH - Ke
lantai & BERGULING - Sekitar lantai
Meniarap dan merangkak untuk mengelakkan asap dan gas toksik
Tutup mulut dan hidung anda dengan kain lembap
Gunakan laluan kecemasan untuk bangunan bertingkat dan turun ke
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bawah
7.4 BASIC FIRST AID ANDhttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
TREATMENT
7.4.2 Bleedings
Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a

pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.
Apply DIRECT PRESSURE on the wound. use a dressing, if available. if a

dressing is not available, use a rag, towel, piece of clothing or your hand
alone.
IMPORTANT:
ONCE PRESSURE IS APPLIED, KEEP IT IN PLACE. IF DRESSINGS
BECOME SOAKED WITH BLOOD, APPLY NEW DRESSINGS OVER THE
OLD DRESSINGS. THE LESS A BLEEDING WOUND IS DISTURBED,
THE EASIER IT WILL BE TO STOP THE BLEEDING!
If bleeding continues, and you do not suspect a fracture, ELEVATE the wound
above the level of the heart and continue to apply direct pressure.
If the bleeding still cannot be controlled, the next step is to apply PRESSURE
AT A PRESSURE POINT.
7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT ; 7.4.2 bleedings
Pressure should be used in applying the bandage. After the bandage is in place, it is
important to check the pulse to make sure circulation is not interrupted.
For wounds of the arms or hands, pressure points are located on the inside of the
wrist ( radial artery-where a pulse is checked) or on the inside of the upper arm
(brachial artery).
For wounds of the legs, the pressure point is at the crease in the groin (femoral
artery).
The final step to control bleeding is to apply a PRESSURE BANDAGE over the
wound. Note the distinction between a dressing and a bandage. A dressing may be
a gauze square applied directly to a wound, while a bandage, such as roll gauze, is
used to hold a dressing in place.

7.4.3 Shock
electrical shock
The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity, and it is
important that you first separate him from the electrical source.
Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug. It's best to
simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse. Often, simply
turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity.
In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away
from the electrical source.
Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands, or the electric current will
pass through you as well.

3 keadaan yang perlu dipertimbangkan: 1. Laluan masuk ke badan dan
keluar
2. Jangkamasa sentuhan - Tahap kecederaanbergantung pada masa dan frekuensi
arus.Kecederaan renjatan adalah dalaman, kesan luka yang boleh dilihat adalah
pada bahagian masuk dan keluar arus.
3. Nilai arus atau tenaga mengalir ke badan iaitu:

Lebih dari 1.5 A Kebakaran tisu dan organ dalaman
200 500 mA Penyepitan Jantung
100 200 mA Pengepaman jantung terhenti
30 75 mA Penyerabutan sistem respitori
10 40 mA Paralisis sistem saraf.
3 10 mA mengalami kesakitan, pengecutan otot
0.5 3 mA Terasa menggelenyar

7.4.4 Bone Fractures
Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by

stabilizing the fracture with a splint.
Your first step in identifying a broken bone would be

to check for deformity by comparing the injured
counterpart on the opposite side of the victim's body.
Second, look for an open wound, which may indicate

an underlying fracture.
Third, check for pain, which usually accompanies a

fracture. The injured person will most likely be able to
point to the area of pain. To assist in diagnosing a
broken bone, gently feel along the bone. The victim
will most certainly complain of tenderness or pain at
the exact point of the fracture.
Fourth, notice if the injured area is swollen. Swelling
7.4.5 Poisoning
Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.

Try and identify the poison if possible
Check for signs like burns around mouth, breathing difficulty or vomiting
Induce vomiting if poison swallowed
In case of convulsions, protect the person from self injury
If the vomit falls on the skin, wash it thoroughly
Position the victim on the left till medical help arrives

7.4.6 Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
The steps of Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)
Investigate incidents, introduce yourself, check the level of awareness, move the
body, seek assistance
lay the victim and do the ABC audit and check the whole body
If not breathing, give two breath support
Check the carotid artery, if there is a pulse continue CPR at a rate of 12 breath
per minute. If no pulse immediately start pressure, the pressure of 15 times, do
the following;
1) put your hand on the victims bodies
2) gave 15 times the pressure depth of 1.5 to 2 inches for adults
3) after given the pressure to give 15, the second blast (1 lap)
4) gave 15 times more pressure and then the second blast (2 rounds)
5) after four rounds check the carotid pulse
6) continue with CPR (15 2 blast pressure) if no pulse

7.4.6 Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
should have no heart beat (pulse), continue with CPR, check pulse 10 times after
the blast, ready to perform chest compressions if no pulse
If the victim starts to breathe without help, put him in the recovery position
Check the breathing and pulse every 3 minutes

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID
AND TREATMENT
7.4.6 Cardio
Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)
How to practice
proper safe and
methods in
conducting CPR


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risks resulting from factors adverse to health.

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1. Boiler Safety Era - before 1914

2. Machinery Safety Era - 1914 to 1952

3. Industrial Safety Era - 1953 to 1967

workers even though there are regulations on safety,

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is aimed

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work-related accidents and diseases are common in all

MAJOR SAFETY TERMINOLOGIES

Fall and crushing

Struck by object in motion.

related fields, fatal and non-fatal

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TOPIC 2- Occupational Safety &

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Objectives OSHA 1994

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Objectives OSHA 1994

improve the standards of safety and health.

Use And Standards Of Exposure Of Chemical

andself-employed persons to their

(1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every

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Section 16. Duty to formulatesafety

it shall be the duty of every employer and every

employersand self-employed persons

the duty of every employer and every self employed

aplace of work to persons other than

(1) An occupier of non-domestic premises which has

is or are safe and without risks to health.

Section 19: Penalty for an offence

liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit

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Section 24: General duties of

(1) It shall be the duty of every employee while at

Section 24: General duties of

thousand ringgit or to Imprisonment For a term

ormisuse things provided pursuant

A person who intentionally, recklessly or negligently

chargeemployees for things done or

Section 27. Discriminationagainst

to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or to a

Factory and Machinery Act

Applicable to manufacturing, mining, Quarry &

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Under Ministry of Human Resource

National Institute of Occupational

Vision to be leading centre of excellence in

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Social Security Organization ( SOCSO )

Mission SOCSO is committed to ensure socio-

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SOCSO Protection Scheme

Employment Injury Insurance Scheme

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3.1 UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS OF