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This report was written by the authors and coordinated by Prabin Man Singh and Dipesh
Chapagain. The report was a collaborative effort, involving Oxfam staff and partner organization.
It includes the findings of the research study managed by Prabin Man Singh, Dipesh Chapagain,
Prajwal Baral, Raju Pandit Chhettri, Sunil Acharya and Pallab Regmi. Anthony Scott Faiia and
Binay Dhital provided guidance and support throughout the process.
Many individuals and institutions contributed to this report by providing valuable information
for the research and with comments and inputs on the report. Annaka Peterson Carvalho, Pieter
Terpstra, Emily Wilkinson and Alice Caravani provided special contributions in conducting the
research and finalizing this report. Clean Energy Nepal (CEN) and International Institute of
Independent Research Pvt. Ltd (3IR) are involved in the study.
Disclaimer
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holder, and a fee may be payable.
This is an Oxfam report. The affiliates who have contributed to it are Oxfam GB and Oxfam
America.
Oxfam 2014
This research work is part of a multi-country initiative called, the Adaptation Finance
Accountability Initiative (AFAI) carried out by Oxfam in collaboration with the Overseas
Development Institute (ODI), World Resources Institute (WRI) and Clean Energy Nepal (CEN).
Financial support for this work has been provided by the Rockefeller Foundation.
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Table of Content
List of Abbreviations..........................................................................................................................................................................1
Executive Summary...........................................................................................................................................................................2
1. Background of the Study.......................................................................................................................................................4
1.1. Climate Finance.............................................................................................................................................................4
1.2. Climate Finance Mechanisms and Sources.......................................................................................................5
1.3. Objectives of the Study..............................................................................................................................................7
1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study.....................................................................................................................7
1.4.1. Scope of the Study............................................................................................................................................7
1.4.2. Limitations of the Study.................................................................................................................................7
1.5. Research Methodology..............................................................................................................................................8
1.5.1. Data Collection...................................................................................................................................................8
1.5.2. Fund Flow Study through Key Informant Interviews.......................................................................9
1.5.3. Data Analysis and Presentation..................................................................................................................9
2. Climate Change Adaptation Funding in Nepal.........................................................................................................10
2.1. Total Climate Change Adaptation Funding....................................................................................................10
2.2. Types of Projects..........................................................................................................................................................11
2.3. Types of Funds..............................................................................................................................................................12
2.4. Financial Instruments................................................................................................................................................14
2.5. Recipient and Recipient Types..............................................................................................................................15
2.6. Sectorwise Distribution...........................................................................................................................................16
3. Policy, Institutions, Governance and Fund Flow Mechanisms...........................................................................17
3.1. National Climate Change Policy and Programmes.....................................................................................17
3.2. Major Stakeholders, Institutions and Coordination Mechanisms........................................................18
3.3. Governance and Implementation......................................................................................................................19
3.4. Capacity Building Component.............................................................................................................................20
3.5. Fund Flow Channels and Procedures................................................................................................................21
4. Climate Fund Flow in Nepal...............................................................................................................................................23
4.1. Adaptation Projects in Nepal.................................................................................................................................23
4.2. Case Study of Three Adaptation Projects in Nepal......................................................................................24
4.2.1. Case I - Least Developed Countries Fund for NAPA Projects.......................................................24
4.2.2. Case II Nepal Climate Change Support Programme (NCCSP).................................................27
4.2.3. Case III Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR).............................................................28
5. Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................................................................31
List of Annex
Annex I: List of projects covered in this study.....................................................................................................................32
Annex II: Criteria used for further analyzing adaptation relevance of the project that was Rio Marked..42
Annex III: Year wise commitment and disbursement of adaptation fund from 2009 to 2012........................44
Annex IV: List of Interviewees........................................................................................................................................................44
Annex V: Questionnaire...................................................................................................................................................................45
Annex VI: Examples of climate adaptation recipient types in Nepal...........................................................................46
Bibliography..............................................................................................................................................................................................47
List of Figures
Figure 1: Financial mechanisms to address climate change adaptation in developing countries................ 6
Figure 2: Donors commitment and disbursement of adaptation funding in Nepal for 2009-12
as per the Rio marker...................................................................................................................................................10
Figure 3: Adaptation funding commitment in Nepal based on AFAI study criteria ..........................................11
Figure 4: Adaptation funding commitment in Nepal based on funding source.................................................12
Figure 5: Commitment by bilateral donors for adaptation funding in Nepal........................................................13
Figure 6: Adaptation Funding through mechanisms inside and within UNFCCC in Nepal............................14
Figure 7: Loan-Grant distribution of adaptation funding in Nepal.............................................................................14
Figure 8: Major recipients of adaptation funding in Nepal............................................................................................15
Figure 9: Sectorwise distribution of adaptation funding in Nepal.............................................................................16
Figure 10: Governance structure and fund flow mechanism for CFGORRP.............................................................26
Figure 11: Governance structure and fund flow mechanism for the NCCSP...........................................................28
Figure 12: Governance structure and fund flow mechanism component 2 of PPCR...........................................29
List of Tables
Table 1: Different funding mechanisms and governance structure of various funds in Nepal ..................21
Table 2: Summary of three major adaptation projects (NAPA projects, NCCSP and PPCR) in Nepal........... 23
Finding the Money 1
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
List of Abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank
AF Adaptation Fund
AFAI Adaptation Finance Accountability Initiative
CBO Community Based Organization
CCMD Climate Change Management Division
CCPCC Climate Change Programme Coordination Committee
CEN Clean Energy Nepal
CFGORRP Community Based Flood and Glacial Lake Outburst Risk Reduction in Nepal
CIF Climate Investment Funds
CRS Creditor Reporting System
DAC Development Assistance Committee
DDC District Development Committee
DfID Department for International Development
DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
DoA Department of Agriculture
DoF Department of Forest
DoLS Department of Livestock
DSCWM Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management
EBA Ecosystem Based Adaptation
EC European Commission
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency
GCCA Global Climate Change Alliance
GCF Green Climate Fund
GEF Global Environment Facility
GLOF Glacier Lake Outburst Flood
ICI International Climate Initiative
IFC International Finance Corporation
LAPA Local Adaptation Plan for Action
LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund
MCCICC Multi-Stakeholder Climate Change Initiative Coordination Committee
MDB Multilateral Development Bank
MoAD Ministry of Agriculture Development
MoF Ministry of Finance
MoFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
MoFSC Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation
MoSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
MSFP Multi Stakeholder Forestry Programme
NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action
NARC Nepal Agricultural Research Council
NCCSP Nepal Climate Change Support Programme
NGO Non Governmental Organisation
NPC National Planning Commission
NRB Nepal Rastra Bank
ODA Official Development Assistance
ODI Overseas Development Institute
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
PMU Project Management Unit
PPCR Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience
PSC Project Steering Committee
SCCF Special Climate Change Fund
SCF Strategic Climate Fund
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
USAID United States Agency for International Development
US FSF United States Fast Start Finance
VDC Village Development Committee
WB World Bank
2 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Executive Summary
This report takes stock of climate change From 2009 to 2012, Nepal received a total
adaptation finance committed to Nepal funding commitment of USD 538.24 million
from public sources of international finance (around 53.82 billion NPR) for climate
during the period 2009 to 2012. The change adaptation according to donor
Organization for Economic Co-operation reports. However, the projects and programs
and Development (OECD) Development examined based on the projects criteria
Assistance Committee Creditor Reporting showed that only USD 246.44 million (around
System (DAC CRS) database was used as the 24.64 billion NPR) or 45.78 per cent of the total
primary information source. Semi structured committed amount is fully or partially relevant
interviews with key officials in bilateral to climate change adaptation. Throughout
and multilateral funding agencies and the report, this amount has been taken as
government ministries were also conducted. the total adaptation finance commitment to
The project developed criteria satisfying Nepal during the period of 2009 to 2012. A
international and national contexts to substantial share (44.39 per cent) of funding
examine the Rio marking done by the donor initially marked as adaptation relevant by
agencies. Based on these criteria, projects donors was found to be not relevant to
and programmes are categorized in six types climate change. Most of them were regular
pure adaptation projects (A), mitigation development projects in education and
projects (M), projects contributing to both health sectors, earthquake preparedness,
adaptation and mitigation (B), development and infrastructure such as road and bridge
assistance projects with some activities construction projects with no evidence to
contributing to climate change adaptation suggest that climate change considerations
(DA-A), projects not relevant to climate had been integrated into their design and
change (NR) and projects with no detailed implementation. Similarly, 8.85 per cent of
information available (DNA). Total adaptation funding was for regular development support
funding is further analyzed with respect to in livelihoods, sanitation, disaster response
sources of funding, recipient types and sector and similar sectors, where only a few activities
wise allocation. The study has also looked directly or indirectly support climate change
at the fund flow mechanisms of three major adaptation. If these two project categories
climate adaptation projects in Nepal viz. Pilot are summed up, 53.24 per cent of funding
Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR), initially marked as adaptation relevant appear
Nepal Climate Change Support Programme to be financing regular development projects
(NCCSP) and National Adaptation Programme that are usually funded through Official
of Action (NAPA) projects. Development Assistance (ODA).
Finding the Money 3
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Nepals adaptation finance has been cent of adaptation funding is in the forest
obtained primarily from bilateral sources, and biodiversity sector, followed by 26.94
which account for USD133.73 million (54.26 per cent in multi-sector projects, 16.41 per
per cent) of adaptation funding. Dedicated cent in climate-induced disasters, 9.14 per
climate funds such as the Climate Investment cent in agriculture and food security sector,
Funds (CIF) and Least Developed Countries 3.15 per cent for capacity building, and
Fund/Global Environment Facility (LDCF/ 0.01 per cent in the urban settlement and
GEF) constitute USD 90.55 million (36.74 infrastructure sector. Two sectors prioritized
per cent) of adaptation funding. Only 8.99 in Nepals NAPA - public health and water
per cent of Nepals adaptation funding resources and energy have received no
comes from multilateral sources. However, dedicated adaptation funding. Similarly,
some dedicated climate funds are managed sectors such as agriculture and food security
by multilateral institutions, so this figure and urban settlement and infrastructure
may underestimate multilateral support. appear to be under resourced.
Among bilateral donors funding adaptation
projects in Nepal, the United Kingdom is the Mapping of governance and fund flow
top bilateral donor followed by the United mechanisms of major climate change
States of America, Switzerland, Finland and adaptation projects indicated that donors
the European Union respectively. and development partners have followed
conventional development assistance
The total adaptation funding from outside models in use for many years. There
UNFCCC financial mechanisms is USD 239.88 appears to be limited innovation and
million (97.4 per cent) while the amount pioneering of new ideas for financing and
from within UNFCCC financial mechanisms effective implementation of climate change
is only USD 6.56 million (2.6 per cent). projects. It would be beneficial to explore
Two additional projects approved by the development of new and innovative
GEF in 2013, would increase funding from models for climate funding such as the
UNFCCC mechanisms to USD 15.63 million. idea of a Climate Change Fund as stated in
The Nepal government is the leading Nepals Climate Change Policy.
first order recipient of climate adaptation
funding, receiving USD 170.41 million Additional research to analyse the
(69.15 per cent) followed by international effectiveness of climate finance and its
nongovernmental organizations - 12.45 per accessible, transparent and accountable
cent, national private institutions - 8.73 per utilisation is currently underway. This
cent, multilateral agencies- 7.74 per cent, stocktaking study has identified several areas
national NGOs- 0.91 per cent and others - for further study and analysis which have been
1.01 per cent. included in the ongoing research activities.
A report presenting the conclusions and
Sector wise distribution of adaptation recommendations of the ongoing research
funding is highly unbalanced. 44.36 per will be published by the end of 2014.
1
4 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Background of the
Study
Global Climate
Green Climate Adaptation MDBs and UN RED
Environment Investment Funds
Fund (GCF) Fund (AF) Government Programme
Facility (GEF) (CIF)
This study has analyzed climate change This stock taking study has the following
adaptation/resilience projects only and limitations.
thus, projects related to climate change
mitigation, technology transfer and general i Projects and programmes not included in
development projects are beyond the the OECD DAC database have not utilized
scope of this study. In doing so, the study the Rio marker to indicate adaptation
has covered projects from 2009 to 2012 that relevance. The adaptation relevance of
were in the implementation phase as well these projects were examined based on
as those approved for funding during that the criteria developed by the study.
period. The study tracked public funding ii. Some of the multi-country projects
only, and private sources of funding do not state the commitment amount
(except from private foundations) was not specifically for Nepal. Such projects are,
included. This study has primarily focused thus, not considered for the detailed
on three large projects namely, PPCR, study.
LDCF and NCCSP/LAPA for the study of the
governance and financial flow mechanisms
at the national level.
8 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
and feedback from the reviewers and that, it also served the purpose to validate
consultative workshop are incorporated in the database that had been prepared as the
this final report. first step. The final database used for the
further analysis is presented as Annex I of
1.5.2 Fund Flow Study through this report.
Key Informant Interviews
1.5.3 Data Analysis and
After the finalization of initial database, Presentation
a list of stakeholders to be consulted for
key informant interviews was completed Followed by validation of the initial database
(see Annex IV for stakeholders consulted through key informant interviews, standard
and Annex V for the questionnaire used). data visualization techniques such as bar
This process was mainly used to study the charts, pie charts, tables, etc. were chosen to
governance and financial flows of three best present the existing data. Both Microsoft
major climate adaptation projects in Nepal Excel and STATA were used as the statistical
- PPCR, LDCF and NCCSP/LAPA. Further to software to analyse and present the data.
2
10 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Climate Change
Adaptation Funding
in Nepal
From 2009 to 2012, Nepal has received a total funding commitment of USD 538.24 million (around
53.82 billion NPR)1 for climate change adaptation according to donor reports (refer to Section 1.5.1
for Rio marker). The figure 2 shows that the adaptation commitment was highest in 2011.
375.78
350
Adaptation finance (million USD)
300
250
200
150
100 80.40
47.88 46.06 44.81
50 34.18
3.43
0
Commitment Disbursement Commitment Disbursement Commitment Disbursement Commitment Disbursement
1
USD 1 = NPR 100 has been used as the currency exchange rate throughout this study.
Finding the Money 11
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
The increased climate adaptation support In addition to the above amount, the multi-
from 2009 corresponds with 2009s country projects (where Nepal is one of
Copenhagen conference where developed the recipient countries) constitute a total
countries made a collective commitment commitment of USD 52 million over the
of USD 30 billion as new and additional same time period (refer to Annex I for the
climate finance for 2010-2012. list of national and multi- country projects).
Since it is not clear how much of that USD
The detailed annual segregation of 52 million has been committed exclusively
commitment and disbursement amounts is for Nepal, these projects are not included in
attached as Annex III. the further analysis.
8.85%
44.39% A USD 141.91
M USD 0.96
B USD 104.53
19.42% DA-A USD 47.65
NR USD 238.90
DNA USD 4.29
Figure 3: Adaptation funding commitment in Nepal based on AFAI study criteria (USD millions)
12 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
A substantial share (44.39 per cent) of funding be mitigation relevant instead, and focused
initially marked as adaptation relevant by on activities such as renewable energy and
donors was found to be not relevant to energy efficiency promotion projects.
climate change. Most of them were regular
development projects in education and Results in figure 3 shows that only 45.78
health sectors, earthquake preparedness, per cent of the committed amount is
and infrastructure such as road and bridge totally or partially relevant to climate
construction projects with no evidence to change adaptation according to the criteria
suggest that climate change considerations developed by this AFAI study. It comprised
had been integrated into their design and of pure adaptation (A) and both adaptation
implementation. Similarly, 8.85 per cent and mitigation (B) projects combined is
of funding was for regular development USD 246.44 million (24.64 billion NPR).
support in livelihoods, sanitation, disaster Throughout the report, this amount
response and similar sectors, and where only has been taken as the total adaptation
few activities directly or indirectly support finance commitment to Nepal during the
adaptation to climate change. If these two period of 2009 to 2012 unless otherwise
project categories are summed up, 53.24 mentioned specifically. It should, however,
per cent of funding initially marked as be noted that the relative balance between
adaptation relevant come out to be regular adaptation and mitigation activities for
development projects that are usually funded projects under the category B cannot be
through ODA. Similarly, the analysis shows determined in this report because detailed
that 0.18 per cent of funding initially marked financial breakdown of such projects is not
adaptation relevant by donors was found to publicly available.
from multilateral sources. However, some The figure 5 gives a breakdown of bilateral
dedicated climate funds are implemented funding by donor countries. As a standard
by multilateral institutions, so this figure practice, funding by European Union has
may underestimate the level of support been kept under bilateral funding.
from multilateral institutions.
Among bilateral donors funding
Overall, pure adaptation projects tend to adaptation projects in Nepal, the United
be supported by dedicated climate funds Kingdom has stood as the top bilateral
and multilateral agencies, while projects donor followed by the United State of
supported with bilateral funds tend to America, Switzerland, Finland and the
combine adaptation and mitigation activities. EU respectively. Taken separately, the UK
All the funding from multilateral sources and is the top bilateral donor in both project
96.25 per cent of the funding from Dedicated categories A and B. The figure clearly
Climate Funds are for pure adaptation projects illustrates that the European countries
whereas 75.62 per cent of the bilateral have played a major role in Nepals climate
support is funding project contributing both change adaptation efforts.
in adaptation and mitigation.
45 43.64
40
Adaptation Funding (million USD)
35
32.65
30
B
32.31
25
19.48
20
B
29.95 15.24
15
11.10 11.64
B
B
10 17.23 B
6.84
B 0.22
A 14.59
5 11.33
A A A
A A
2.25 0.65 4.80
2.70 10.88
0
UK USA Switzerland Finland EU Other
Figure 5: Commitments by bilateral donors for adaptation funding in Nepal.
14 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
In this particular stock taking study, project categories A and B. The first order
fourteen types of first order recipients2 recipients have respectively received the
have been identified. Some examples have following share of adaptation funding:
been presented in Annex VI. national government agencies (RGN)-69.15
per cent, International Nongovernmental
The figure 8 illustrates that the national Organizations (INGOs)-12.45 per cent,
government of Nepal is the leading National Private Institutions (RPRIV)-8.73
recipient of adaptation funding in Nepal, per cent, multilateral agencies (MULT)-
receiving USD 170.41 million in total. The 7.74 per cent, national NGOs (RNGOS)-
national government stands atop both 0.91 per cent and others 1.02 per cent.
120
96.92
100
Funding (million USD)
80 73.49
60 A
B
40
30.16
21.51 19.07
20
Organizations or institutions that are the first recipients of international public funds
2
16 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
For the purpose of this study, the following iii. Water Resource and Energy
six thematic sectors identified in Nepals iv. Climate Induced Disaster
National Adaptation Programme of Action v. Public Health
(NAPA) have been taken as the primary vi. Urban Infrastructure and Settlement
sectors to which adaptation funds may be In addition, the following cross-cutting
flowing. themes have been identified:
44.36%
16.41% 0.01%
The figure 9 shows that 44.36 per cent for capacity building, almost all projects
of adaptation funding in the forest and include capacity building component. It
biodiversity sector, followed by 26.94 per ranges from technical and institutional
cent in multi-sector projects, 16.41 per capacity to coordination and integration in
cent in climate-induced disasters, 9.14 per the development process.
cent in agriculture and food security sector,
3.15 per cent for capacity building, and Two sectors prioritized in Nepals NAPA
0.01 per cent for in urban settlement and - Public Health and Water Resources
infrastructure sector. and Energy have received no dedicated
adaptation funding. Similarly, sectors such
Although only 3.15 per cent of the total as Agriculture & Food Security and Urban
adaptation funding is allocated exclusively Settlement & Infrastructure appear to be
underresourced.
3
Finding the Money 17
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Policy, Institutions,
Governance and Fund
Flow Mechanisms
In 2012, the National Planning Commission are already in the implementation phase
(NPC) with support from UNDP piloted and through the Ministry of Federal Affairs and
introduced climate change budget code. Local Development (MoFALD). These first
The Ministry of Finance (MoF) introduced phase plans are under implementation in
this separate budget code in fiscal year 14 districts of Mid Western and Far Western
2013/14 national budget for the first time. Development Regions of Nepal. There are
other adaptation projects implemented
To further the implementation of the by different donors and government
NAPA and to realize climate action on the institutions such as PPCR, Ecosystem Based
ground, the MoSTE pioneered a concept Adaptation (EBA) in Mountain Ecosystem
of Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA) in Nepal and forest, biodiversity and
and developed the LAPA framework. With agriculture related projects to develop
support from the EU and DfID, 70 LAPAs were climate resilience capacity and integrate it
prepared in the first phase of the project and into sustainable development.
MoSTE is the UNFCCC focal point and A few other coordination mechanisms
climate change lead agency in the country. have been established at MoSTE. Some
A separate division called the Climate are project focused aimed at enhancing
Change Management Division (CCMD) communication and coordination while
headed by a joint-secretary has been others are focused on donor coordination.
established in MoSTE. Similarly, a high- A new coordination body called the
level Climate Change Council headed by Climate Change Programme Coordination
the Prime Minister was formed to provide Committee (CCPCC) has been set up under
political and strategic guidance on the issue the leadership of the joint-secretary at
of climate change. MoSTE. This body looks like a sub set of
MCCICC but has members only from the
A coordination mechanism called the Multi- government institutions and major donor
Stakeholder Climate Change Initiative agencies. Similarly, an inter-ministerial
Coordination Committee (MCCICC) chaired steering committee is also in place while
by the Secretary of MoSTE is in place to the major donor agencies have their own
maintain coordination among various compact.
initiatives and avoid duplication. It is a body
formed with representatives from relevant The National Planning Commission (NPC)
line ministries, donor agencies and civil is working to consolidate programmes
society organisations. and projects under its guidance. It has
also worked with the Ministry of Finance
to mainstream climate change into the
Finding the Money 19
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
When it comes to knowing the impacts of development process. On one hand, Nepal
climate change on different sectors, climate needs adequate technical and institutional
change is still an emerging issue because capacity building support while on the
the level of awareness among various other hand, some government institutions
stakeholders is still low. Integrating these feel that heavy prioritisation takes away the
issues in development planning hasnt much needed resources from addressing
advanced quickly. However, the NAPA adaptation on the ground. PPCRs component
preparation process helped raise greater 3 titled Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk
awareness and identify gaps in the country. Management in Development is entirely
Similarly, the Climate Change Policy also focused on strengthening MoSTE and
identified technical and institutional gaps climate integration into development. UN
and proposed actions to help overcome Agencies have prioritized capacity building
them. in a similar approach while designing NAPA
projects. NCCSP will use 20 per cent of the
Most of the donor agencies seem to agree budget on institutional capacity building
that the government institutions required and coordination at the central level. Such
institutional strengthening and capacity arrangements raise doubts about meeting
building support to effectively deliver the target of spending 80 per cent of the
service to address climate change impact funds at the local level as large amount is
in the country. For instance, in order to already put aside centrally for the capacity
implement NCCSP effectively, UNDP is building component alone.
providing technical back up to MoSTE
though the ministry is directly receiving There seems to be lot of duplication in
the funds from DfID and the EU. PPCR is capacity building activity at the project
also prioritizing the technical assistance level. Government officials are over
component heavily. stretched with the need to participate in
capacity enhancement activities under
Although the initial findings show that different projects. Some government
3.15 per cent of adaptation finance is officials lamented that they are invited to
dedicated exclusively to capacity building, similar trainings and capacity enhancement
many projects in Nepal include substantial programs under PPCR, NCCSP and various
capacity building component. It ranges other projects run by different government
from technical and institutional capacity institutions and NGOs.
to coordination and integration in the
Finding the Money 21
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
International funds are channeled into the agencies and the implementing government
country through various mechanisms agencies. Some of the pertinent cases
some go through the usual government of fund flow mechanisms on big climate
budget (Red Book), while others just inform change projects such as PPCR, NCCSP/LAPA
the government machinery. A significant and LDCF/NAPA projects are discussed in
amount of funding was also found to be Chapter 4 in further detail.
directly spent by NGOs, private sector and
other institutions. Interestingly, many funds In the past, the Government of Nepal had
that are channeled through the government created several funds and structures to
have to operate through a separate finance projects for specific purposes.
dedicated account although the funds are Lessons can be learnt from these funds for
reflected in the national budget. Most of climate financing too. Below is the table
these funds do not need cabinet approval for prepared by the Overseas Development
expenditure and are easily activated based Institute on various funds and governance
on the understanding between the donor structure in Nepal for further reference.
Table 1: Different funding mechanisms and governance structure of various funds in Nepal (Reproduced: Bird, 2011)
Initiative Implementation modality
Governance issues Financing issues
A model for long-termA National Advisory Employs current government
sustainability under strong
Committee oversees financial procedures.
national ownership. strategic implementation,
The Local Challenges in fiduciary
chaired by the Secretary
Governance Implementation undertaken management related to
MLD
and by the MLD using the national spread of
Community government systems. Joint DP meetings support the programme, as local
Development coordination among a broad institutional capacity is low.
Programme range of development
Success of the Joint Funding
(LGCDP) partners.
Arrangement (JFA), with donor
support well aligned and
harmonized.
A model for short-term Legal identity created Direct flow of funds to
impact, with strong results- by the 2006 PAF Act an communities, with central
based approach. autonomous Institutions budgetary support being
channeled directly to
Parallel initiative to LGCDP: PAF Board chaired by
Poverty community Groups
same goal, but with different the Prime Minister. PAF
Alleviation
players employing different Secretariat led by an
Fund (PAF)
methods. Executive Director
Service provision delivered Two supporting DPs: the
largely through the private World Bank and IFAD.
sector and NGOs.
22 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
A model for short- Both fund overseen by Funds for the national trust fund
term impact, with two a Board, Chaired by the are deposited in the Central
complementary trust funds. Minister of Peace and Treasury under the terms of the
Reconstruction. JFA. The Board is fully authorized
A national fund and the UN
to approve projects and may
The Nepal trust fund support different Donor Advisory Group
draw from an account in the
Peace Fund actors (state and non-state). provides advice to the
central bank.
Board.
The Multi-Donor Trust Fund
Good use of websites
office of the UNDP acts as the
promoting transparency.
administrative agent for the UN
trust fund
A model for long-term Joint Steering Committee Employs current government
sustainability under exists for Direct Funding & TA financial procedures.
strong national ownership only.
The School Challenges have arisen over
Implementation undertaken
Sector A Code of Conduct, the the quality of government
by the MoEd using
Reform JFA and the Governance financial reporting.
government systems. This
Program and Accountability Action
sector-wide approach has JFA in place with nine DPs.
(SSRP) Plan are key documents
developed over almost 20
that contribute to the
years.
governance framework for
the SSRP SWAp.
A Centre dependent on Legal identity created by Individual financed project
international funding for the 1956 Development support, some of which is over
over 80% of its funding, with Board Act - a semi- a decade old.
The a focus on service provision autonomous institution.
JFA for one project indicates
Alternative (not a regulatory body)
AEPC Board chaired by the the start of a move towards
Energy
Minister of Environment programmatic support.
Promotion
Centre (AEPC) The rural energy fund has been
constrained by the challenges
of limited capacity at the local
level.
A consortium approach with Steering Committee The funding of flagship
participating organizations established, chaired by the programmes is undertaken
remaining autonomous in Secretary, Ministry of Home largely through project
The Nepal implementing programme Affairs, with Secretariat financing.
Disaster Risk activities, but agree to established within the
Reduction contribute to a prioritized set of MoHA.
Consortium actions.
Good demonstration of
division of labour between
DPs.
4
Finding the Money 23
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Nepal has several adaptation projects that NCCSP/LAPA and PPCR as a model of
are under implementation in the country. UN Agency, bilateral and WB managed
These projects are at different stages projects respectively. Since, some of these
of execution. In this study, few major projects have several components, one
adaptation related funds are examined in component for each projects was chosen
detail to demonstrate the governance and to demonstrate the fund flow mechanism
fund flow mechanism in Nepal. It covers under each case.
three projects LDCF/NAPA Projects,
Table 2: Summary of three major adaptation projects (NAPA projects, NCCSP/LAPA and PPCR) in Nepal
S. Project
NAPA Projects NCCSP/LAPA PPCR
No. Elements
Component 1: Building climate
Project 1: Catalyzing ecosystem resilience of watersheds in Mountain
restoration for resilient natural capital Eco-Regions
and rural livelihoods in degraded forests
and rangelands of Nepal Nepal Climate Component 2: Building Resilience to
Change Climate-Related Hazards
Project 2: Reducing vulnerability and
increasing adaptive capacity to respond Support Component 3: Mainstreaming
Program: climate change risk management in
1 Project Name to impacts of climate change and
variability for sustainable livelihoods in Building development
agriculture sector in Nepal Climate Component 4: Building climate
Resilience in resilient communities through
(Note: funding for Project 1 & 2 are Nepal
approved in 2013 only) private sector participation
The Least Developed Countries Fund Out of USD 20 million currently available in
(LDCF) was established under the UNFCCC the LDCF for each least developed country,
to finance a work programme designed for the GEF council has approved three projects
LDCs. One of its major programme was the for Nepal to be implemented through
preparation and implementation of NAPA. UNDP, UNEP and FAO. The total funding for
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is the these three projects amounts to USD 15.63
operating entity of the LDCF. million. Nepals NAPA is comprised of nine
project profiles estimated to cost USD 350
million for its full implementation.
Finding the Money 25
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
As a focal institution, the Ministry of agencies to carry out the work. The
Science, Technology and Environment implementing partners through the service
(MoSTE) coordinates the LDCF projects in contractors, NGOs and CBOs, will help provide
the country. It is implementing a project services at the local level. UNDP follows the
Community Based Flood and Glacial National Implementation Modality (NIM)
Lake Outburst Risk Reduction in Nepal guidelines as agreed with the Government
(CFGORRP) in collaboration with UNDP of Nepal. This is the standard guideline that
through the Department of Hydrology UNDP follows to implement any development
and Meteorology (DHM). This project aims project through the government machinery.
to reduce the risk of Glacier Lake Outburst For CFGORRP, a PMU is setup at the DHM to
Flood (GLOF) in the high mountain carry out the work. No new funding structure
regions, particularly Imja Lake located in or set up is envisioned for climate related
the Solukhumbu district and its low lying projects. For the execution of the CFGORRP
areas in Mahottari district, Saptari district, project, there is a Project Steering Committee
Siraha district and Udayapur district. It (PSC) headed by the secretary of MoSTE for
also coordinates the other two projects providing policy and strategic advice and a
Catalyzing ecosystem restoration for Project Executive Board (PEB) chaired by the
resilient natural capital and rural livelihoods Director General/National Project Director,
in degraded forests and rangelands of DHM, with representation from DSCWM,
Nepal managed by UNEP and implemented DWIDP, DNPWC and UNDP is also fomed. This
by MoSTE, MoAD and MoFSC and Reducing project specific board, which meets quarterly,
vulnerability and increasing adaptive is responsible for making decisions as required
capacity to respond to impacts of climate in regards to the approval of major revisions
change and variability for sustainable in the project strategy and implementation
livelihoods in the agriculture sector in approaches. The steering committee plans to
Nepal managed by FAO and implemented meet at least once a year.
by MoAD, NARC and DHM. Government
agencies and other institutions are called In order to enhance coordination and avoid
implementing partners. duplication, GEF/LDCF implementing UN
Agencies and government institutions have
A special implementation arrangement also joined the Climate Change Programme
has been set up at the MoSTE. A Project Coordination Committee (CCPCC)
Management Units (PMU) will be set up at established at MoSTE.
the respective implementing government
26 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
LDCF. The budget for NAPA Department of Soil Conservation and Line of Management
Watershed Management (DSCWM) Fund flow
projects is not necessarily
reflected in the governments
Red Book. A separate Figure 10: Governance structure and fund flow mechanism of
CFGORRP
special account is created
for implementing agencies
at the Nepal Rastra Bank
(NRB)/ Central Bank of Nepal UN Agencies are using the same modality as that for other
in coordination with the development projects in executing the NAPA projects in
Ministry of Finance. It does Nepal. The flow chart in Figure 10 reflects the governance
not require cabinet approval structure and fund flow mechanism of one of the NAPA
for the fund to be used. project CFGORRP administered by UNDP.
Finding the Money 27
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
The Nepal Climate Change Support Development Regions of Nepal. In late 2013,
Programme (NCCSP) is aimed at supporting the project prepared 30 additional LAPAs.
the poor and marginalized people facing The NCCSP supports the implementation
the burden of climate change in the Far of adaptation options and build resilience
Western and Mid Western Development in vulnerable sectors identified in NAPA
regions of Nepal. The first phase of the project profile 1 that states Promote
program is designed and implemented Community-based Adaptation through
with the financial support from Department Integrated Management of Agriculture,
for International Development (DfID), Water, Forest and Biodiversity Sector.
European Union (EU) and the Cyprus However, its ultimate objective is to Enable
Government. United Nations Development the Government of Nepal to implement
Programme (UNDP) provides technical Climate Change Policy, 2011 and develop
support to MoSTE and MoFALD. and implement necessary strategies and
most urgent and immediate adaptation
The government prepared 70 Local actions that increase the benefits and
Adaptation Plans for Action (LAPA) in 14 sustainability of public as well as public-
districts of Mid-Western and Far-Western privatedevelopment efforts.
Ministry of Science, Technology and been formed that is chaired by the Secretary
Environment (MoSTE) is the lead of MoSTE. UNDP is providing technical back
implementing government agency stopping to MoSTE in project execution. It will
and will coordinate with the Ministry of includes technical, financial and procurement
Federal Affairs and Local Development support and capacity development training
(MoFALD) for implementation through to technical and management staff and
District Development Committees (DDC). support units. UNDP is managing 20 per cent
Implementation will be carried out with of the total budget. UNDP will support the
support from other institutions including set-up of a specialized project team that will
INGOs, NGOs, CBOs, local users committees implement and facilitate implementation at
and private sector actors that have both central and district levels. In the 14 project
comparative and competitive advantages implementing districts, pre-existing Energy
in terms of long-standing field level work and Environment Unit in the DDC has been
experience and co-financing abilities. modified to Energy, Environment and Climate
Change Unit.
A Project Management Unit (PMU) has been set
up at the MoSTE to take day-to-day decisions Donors and implementing agencies of
related to project management, finance and NCCSP are also the members of Climate
operation. For the effective execution of Change Programme Coordination
NCCSP, a Project Steering Committee (PSC) has Committee (CCPCC).
28 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (USD 50 million grant and USD 36 million
(PPCR) is one of the programmes under concessional loan). However, the total
the Strategic Climate Fund of the Climate budget of the project amounts only to USD
Investment Funds (CIF) established to 82.3 million.
Initiate and support broad-based strategies
to improve and integrate climate risk The Asian Development Bank (ADB), the
and resilience into national development International Finance Corporation (IFC)
planning. It comprised of five components and the World Bank administer PPCR in
and USD 86 million has been committed Nepal.
Finding the Money 29
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
MoSTE is the focal Ministry for the PPCR The donor and government agencies
in Nepal. MoSTE directly implements involved in implementation of PPCR are part
component 3 of the project while it of the CCPCC. The formation of this body is
only coordinates the other components the output of the work under component
implemented by others government 3 overseen by ADB. With support from
ministries and departments. The ADB the WB and ADB, government institutions
and WB will administer their respective involved in project implementation have
components through the government set up Project Management Units at their
implementing agencies while IFC will respective agencies to carry out the work.
engage with the private sector. IFC implements its work through private
sectors will only inform the relevant
government agencies for coordination.
lies with the development partners, such pioneering of new ideas for financing and
as MDBs and other donors, than with the effective implementation of climate change
government. projects. It would be beneficial to explore
development of new and innovative
The PPCR implementation model executed models for climate funding such as the
by these institutions is no different from that idea of a Climate Change Fund as stated
of their business as usual model. Figure 12 in Nepals Climate Change Policy. Such
reflects the governance structure and fund models must ensure accessible, transparent
flow mechanism for component 2 of the PPCR and accountable delivery of climate finance
project titled Building Resilience to Climate- from the central to sub-national levels in
Related Hazards managed by the World Bank. the spirit of National Climate Change policy
A similar model is utilized by ADB. which commits that at least 80 per cent of
the climate finance must be allocated for
Mapping of governance and fund flow grassroots level activities. Establishment of a
mechanisms of major climate change Climate Change Fund with a legal mandate,
adaptation projects indicated that donors governing structure and functions as
and development partners have followed envisioned by the National Climate Change
their conventional development assistance policy can be a positive step forward for
models in use for many years. There effective management of climate finance in
appears to be limited innovation and Nepal.
5
Finding the Money 31
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Conclusions
The following points summarize the key conclusions from this stock taking study.
Based on the objective criteria developed in this study only 45.79 per cent of total financial donor commitments
1
classified as adaptation relevant by the Rio Markings were found to be related to climate change adaptation in
part or in full. Over 50 per cent of the financial commitments were found to be unrelated to adaptation and in
some cases not even related to climate change. This calls into question the current application and utility of the
Rio markers. This requires further research.
2
Only 2.6 per cent of funding for adaptation projects in Nepal is from financial mechanisms within the UNFCCC
regime. This opens up questions for further research to understand why there appears to be a preference to
provide finance outside UNFCCC mechanisms.
The figures indicate that the first order recipient of adaptation funding in Nepal is national government
3
agencies with 69.15 per cent of total funding. Major projects examined in this study are led and implemented
by government institutions. However, the study interview revealed questions over government resources
management capacity and the extent of donor influence in these projects. These are areas that merit further
research to obtain a deeper understanding of these aspects of aid governance and their implications.
4
Sector wise distribution of funding is highly unbalanced as one sector has received 44.36 per cent of funding
and another only 0.01per cent. Both of these sectors are among the six priority sectors in the NAPA. Two priority
sectors in the NAPA have zero funding. It is important to further analyse why certain sectors are attracting more
funding and what an appropriate balance among sectors would be.
5
Mapping of governance and fund flow mechanisms of major climate change adaptation projects indicates that
donors and development partners have followed conventional development assistance models in use for many
years. It would be beneficial to explore development of new and innovative models for climate funding such as
the Climate Change Fund as outlined in Nepals Climate Change Policy.
6
Nepals climate change policy states that 80 per cent of the climate finance must be allocated for grassroots level
activities. The projects covered under this study were at their initial stage of implementation, which made it
difficult to fully assess this aspect. It is an area that requires further research and monitoring.
7
A Multi-stakeholder coordination mechanism called the MCCICC is established at MoSTE. In addition to this,
several other donor and programme/project level coordination committees exist. These multiple mechanisms
are creating confusion among line ministries and implementing agencies. It would be beneficial to examine the
potential benefits of more streamlined coordination mechanism for all stakeholders.
8 Tracking the effectiveness of climate finance in reaching local communities and fulfilling government policy is
beyond the scope of this study. However, it is important for future studies to examine this issue.
9
It was beyond the scope of this report to differentiate climate finance from ODA. However, there is a need of
internationally agreed criteria to define climate finance so that it can be accurately and transparently tracked.
This is also necessary for donors to comply with their commitments under current agreements, particularly that
climate finance is new and in addition to ODA.
Annex I: List of projects covered in this study
32
Revised
Adaptation Total Total
Criteria Commitment Disbursement Recipient
Donor name Donor type Project name Marked by Sector Commitment Disbursement Recipient
by AFAI year year type
donor (in USD) (in USD)
Study
National Projects
Finding the Money
Infrastructure
Australia Bilateral TEAR Australia ANCP Partnership 1 DA-A Multi-Sector 419920.553 2011 309533.636 2011 NGOs and civil society DNGO
Disaster
WFP Disaster Management Exercise Multilateral
Australia Bilateral 1 DA-A Prevention & 309533.636 2011 125139.0434 2011 MULT
Capability Organisations
Preparedness
NGO/EU co-finance: Disaster prevention
Climate Induced
Austria Bilateral programme in rural areas in Western 2 A *IM 2010 14344.37086 2010 CARE sterreich DNGO
Disaster
Nepal for marginalized groups
NGO/EU co-finance: SAMRAKSHAN -
Climate Induced
Austria Bilateral community based disaster prevention 2 A 73971.07898 2011 7855.951057 2011 CARE sterreich DNGO
Disaster
and preparedness, Western Nepal
NGO/EU co-finance: Disaster prevention
Climate Induced
Austria Bilateral programme in rural areas in Western 2 A *IM 2011 139914.9317 2011 CARE sterreich DNGO
Disaster
Nepal for marginalized groups
Appui logistique lenseignement et
Indirect Belgium
Belgium Bilateral lagriculture, renforcement de capacit 1 DA-A Agriculture *IM 2010 343009.2715 2010 DOTH
general/not specified
de la socit civile dans le Kalki districte
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015 /
Canada Bilateral 1 DA-A Industry 387944.0885 2010 46243.44787 2010 USC Canada DNGO
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015
General
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015 /
Canada Bilateral 1 DA-A Environment 484925.2572 2010 57804.30984 2010 USC Canada DNGO
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015
Protection
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015 /
Canada Bilateral 1 DA-A Agriculture 872869.3458 2010 104057.4646 2010 USC Canada DNGO
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015 /
Canada Bilateral 1 DA-A Multi-Sector 193972.0443 2010 23121.72394 2010 USC Canada DNGO
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015
Forest and Water Management for
Canada Bilateral Mitigating the effects of Climate Change 1 A Multi-Sector *IM 2011 6321 2011 ISET - Nepal RNGO
in the Middle Hills, Nepal
Disaster
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Prevention & 101190.3963 2010 101190.3963 2010 *IM RNGO
Preparedness
Disaster
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Prevention & 340414.193 2010 340414.193 2010 *IM RNGO
Preparedness
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Forestry 170395.7416 2010 170395.7416 2010 *IM RNGO
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Basic Health 741421.0538 2010 741421.0538 2010 *IM RNGO
Unallocated /
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA 233173.1189 2010 233173.1189 2010 *IM RNGO
Unspecified
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Agriculture 84084.11541 2010 84084.11541 2010 *IM DNGO
Unallocated /
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA 4442.580668 2010 4442.580668 2010 *IM DNGO
Unspecified
Trade Policies &
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA 63140.80899 2010 63140.80899 2010 *IM DNGO
Regulations
Government &
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Civil Society- 349759.6784 2010 349759.6784 2010 *IM RNGO
general
Unallocated /
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA 46362.64897 2010 46362.64897 2010 *IM DNGO
Unspecified
Unallocated /
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA 39220.84742 2010 39220.84742 2010 *IM RNGO
Unspecified
Government &
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Civil Society- 1595179.549 2010 1595179.549 2010 *IM DNGO
general
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Agriculture 174879.8392 2010 174879.8392 2010 *IM RNGO
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Multi-Sector 174879.8392 2010 174879.8392 2010 *IM RNGO
Denmark Bilateral *IM 1 DNA Multi-Sector 170395.7416 2010 170395.7416 2010 *IM RNGO
General
A Step Closer: Supporting development
Denmark Bilateral 1 NR Environment *IM 2011 837197.93 2011 Skovdyrkerforeningen DPRIV
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Finding the Money
EU Bilateral Renewable energy project 1 NR Energy *IM 2010 54429.13907 2010 *IM RGN
EU Bilateral *IM 1 NR Energy *IM 2010 51619.86755 2010 *IM *IM
Contribution to the Preparation of the
EU Bilateral 1 NR Agriculture *IM 2011 685792.9922 2011 Other *IM
Nepal Agricultural Development Strategy
Public sector (donor,
EU Bilateral Renewable energy project 1 NR Energy *IM 2011 38092.32481 2011 RGN
recipient, other)
Public sector(donor,
EU Bilateral Renewable energy project 1 NR Energy *IM 2011 33286.98554 2011 RGN
recipient, other)
EU Bilateral Renewable energy project 1 NR Energy *IM 2011 42533.37041 2011 OTHER *IM
EU Bilateral Renewable energy project 1 NR Energy *IM 2011 *IM 2011 OTHER *IM
General
VSBK Vertical Shaft Brick Kilns and other
EU Bilateral 2 M Environment *IM 2011 727364.1824 2011 International NGOs INGO
SCP Sustainable Construction Practices
Protection
Supply of Computer and Office
EU Bilateral 1 M Energy *IM 2011 61735.2614 2011 Other *IM
Equipment
Regional Solid Waste Management Water Supply &
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Italy Bilateral management in the Sagarmatha 2 DA-A Environment 199385.0667 2011 86536.05967 2011 Cesvi DNGO
National Park Protection
37
Forest and Ministry of Foreign
Japan Bilateral Forest Preservation Programme 2 B 6836780.97 2010 6836780.97 2010 RGN
Biodiversity Affairs
38
Climate Induced
Korea Bilateral Climate Change and Disaster Prevention 2 A 10852 2010 10852 2010 KOICA DGN
Disaster
Post-Secondary
Korea Bilateral Analysis of COMS Data 2 NR 13444 2010 13444 2010 KOICA DGN
Education
Korea Bilateral Eco-village Planning and Maintenance 1 NR Health, General 9100 2010 9100 2010 KOICA DGN
KDI School of
Masters Programmes for International Post-Secondary
Korea Bilateral 1 NR 6321 2011 419920.553 2011 Public Policy and DOTH
Finding the Money
Students Education
Management
Disaster
Norway Bilateral Disaster Risk Reduction Nepal 1 DA-A Prevention & 11580.77591 2010 11580.77591 2010 Redd Barna Norge DNGO
Preparedness
Disaster
Norway Bilateral Disaster Risk Reduction Nepal 1 DA-A Prevention & 86536.05967 2011 349644.0424 2011 Redd Barna Norge DNGO
Preparedness
General EMiS - Environmental
Norway Bilateral UF - Water management 1 NR Environment *IM 2010 93455.86897 2010 Movements in the INGO
Protection South
Framtiden i vre
Norway Bilateral Fredskorpset personnel exchange 1 NR Communications 56745.80197 2010 56745.80197 2010 DNGO
hender
FORUT -
Gender and Womens Rights -
Norway Bilateral 1 DA-A Agriculture 349644.0424 2011 -9642.43657 2011 Solidaritetsaksjon for DNGO
Empowerment and livelihood
utvikling
Peace Corps, FK Norway, personnel Framtiden i vre
Norway Bilateral 2 NR Communications *IM 2011 9713.449666 2011 DNGO
exchange hender
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
and Earthquake
Disaster Risk
Support to Build Earthquake Resilience Not
United Kingdom Bilateral 2 NR Management 56075.66528 2011 3850895.495 2011 Other.
39
-Programme Capital
Consultancies & Project Expenses Rural Transport &
United Kingdom Bilateral 1 NR *IM 2011 376362.6162 2011 Other. *IM
Access Programme Phase II Storage
Transport &
United Kingdom Bilateral Impact Evaluation and Research 1 NR 508185.2677 2011 8070575.665 2011 Other. *IM
Storage
United Kingdom Bilateral Rural Access Programme - Capital 1 NR Multi-Sector 12810530.91 2011 743344.0205 2011 IMC Worldwide Ltd IPRIV
Consultancies Rural Reconstruction
Transport &
United Kingdom Bilateral & Rehabilitation Sector Development 1 NR *IM 2011 672640.3655 2011 Other. *IM
Storage
Programme
Non Budget Support Rural
Transport &
United Kingdom Bilateral Reconstruction & Rehabilitation Sector 1 NR *IM 2011 843.9083039 2011 Other. *IM
Storage
Development Programme
Research into long term impacts of Not
United Kingdom Bilateral 1 DA-A Multi-Sector 419669.766 2011 104427.9416 2011 Other
development in the Koshi hills of Nepal Specified
United States Bilateral Initiative for Climate Change Adaptation Not marked A Multi-Sector 2000000 2012 750000 2012 MoSTE RGN
Multi Country Projects
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Climate Induced
US FSF Bilateral Environmental Security and Glacial Melt Not marked A 6000000 2011 *IM *IM University of Colorado DOTH
Disaster
Not
US FSF Bilateral Adaptation in Asia Not marked A Multi-Sector 1900000 2011 *IM *IM *IM
Specified
US FSF Bilateral Food assistance programmes Not marked NR Food security 12000000 2010 *IM *IM *IM *IM
South Asia Water Initiative - Climate
Australia Bilateral Not marked A Water Security 101276 2012 101276 2012 AusAid DGN
Change and Water
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015 /
Canada Bilateral 1 DA-A Agriculture *IM 2011 35870.99383 2011 USC Canada DNGO
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015 /
Canada Bilateral 1 DA-A Multi-Sector *IM 2011 89677.48458 2011 USC Canada DNGO
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015
General
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015 /
Canada Bilateral 1 DA-A Environment *IM 2011 71741.98767 2011 USC Canada DNGO
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015
Protection
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015 /
Canada Bilateral 1 DA-A Industry *IM 2011 1546.860783 2011 USC Canada DNGO
USC Canada - Programme 2010-2015
Publication and Dissemination Support
Research and
Canada Bilateral : Adaptation to Climate Change in South 1 A *IM 2011 424820.5439 2011 ISET-Nepal RNGO
Publication
Asia
2009-2010 Global Programme On Dev. Food Aid/
EU Bilateral Agricultural Research For Development 2 A Food Security 27880000 2011 691660.178 2011 International NGOs INGO
(ARD) Ass.
Sustainable & Efficient Industrial
EU Bilateral 1 M Industry *IM 2011 36126.25139 2011 International NGOs INGO
Development (SEID) Bhutan and Nepal
Capacity building of forest inventory
Finland Bilateral methods and techniques in Nepal and 1 B Forestry 294559.2325 2011 254118.7848 2011 Other, institutions IOTH
Vietnam
Capacity Building for sustainable urban
Germany Bilateral development in Asia - City Development 1 B Multi-Sector 5548.22 2011 4938.04 2011 GIZ DGN
Initiative for Asia (CDIA)
University, college
PRIO-BIPSS collaboration on Water Water Supply & or other teaching
Norway Bilateral 1 DA-A 988179.3366 2011 165439.6559 2011 INGO
scarcity in Bangladesh & South Asia Sanitation institution, research
institute or think-tank
General
Peace Corps, FK Norway, personnel Clean Air Initiative for
Norway Bilateral 2 M Environment 9713.449666 2011 19172.6439 2011 INGO
exchange Asian Cities
Protection
PRIO - International
PRIO-BIPSS collaboration on Water Water Supply &
Norway Bilateral 1 DA-A *IM 2011 267637.2979 2011 Peace Research DNGO
scarcity in Bangladesh & South Asia Sanitation
Institute, Oslo
Water Supply &
Norway Bilateral WB SAWI (South Asia Water Initiative) 1 DA-A 3013643 2011 1070549.192 2011 World Bank MULT
Sanitation
General
Sweden Bilateral Climate financing and aid effectiveness 2 A Environment 104134.8477 2011 104134.8477 2011 UNDP MULT
Protection
*IM=Information Missing
Sources of data: ADB, AMP-GoN, CFU, ICIMOD, CRS 2010, CRS 2011, DCR 2011/12, GCCA Website, IATI, ODI-WRI, Oxfam Nepal, UNDP Website, World Bank Website
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
41 Finding the Money
42 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Yes () Relevance/Marking
Part of the project documentation
Project Type Definition or No (corresponding to Rio
that validates the definition1
() Marking definition)
Title of the project clearly shows adaptation
2
relevance
Goals, objectives and outcome clearly show
Meets IPCC 2001 2
adaptation relevance
A (Pure adaptation) definition of
adaptation Description of the project clearly shows
2
adaptation relevance
The project clearly meets the NAPAs priority
2
adaptation goals (a national yardstick)
DA-AR (development
assistance projects Some activities The project is not explicitly climate change
with some activities meet IPCC 2001 relevant but has some activities in the project
1
contributing towards definition of documentation which meet the IPCC definition
climate change adaptation of adaptation
adaptation)
1 or 2 (the categorization of
Meets IPCC 2001
Title, goals, objectives, outcome or description mitigation projects into 1 or
M (Mitigation) definition of
of the project show mitigation relevance 2 is beyond the scope of this
mitigation
study)
Meets IPCC 2001 The project has only some components of
B (both adaptation definition of both adaptation and mitigation according to
1
and mitigation) both adaptation the definition, but not as the primary goal or
and mitigation objective of the project.
NR (climate change Meets IPCC 2001
The project has no single adaptation or
not relevant with definition of
mitigation activity that satisfies the IPCC 0
no adaptation and adaptation or
definition
mitigation activities) mitigation
Finding the Money 43
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
1
All projects were listed with the corresponding donor marking (0, 1 or 2).
2
If the title of the project clearly showed adaptation relevance,
it was directly marked 2.
If the title was not clear, but goals, objectives and outcome of the
If step 3 didnt give a clear idea about the project, the detailed project description
4 was looked at. If the project description showed clear adaptation relevance, it
was again marked 2.
*Steps 2, 3 and 4 were repeated for identifying and marking other categories of
projects (M, DA-AR, B and NR) in a similar way.
44 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Annex V: Questionnaire
A. Budget 6 The government policy says 80 per cent
of the funds should go to the local level.
1 What is the total budget of the project?
Is this possible in your project? If yes,
2 Verify the total pledge supported how and if not, why?
amount for adaptation work, if given.
7 Is the project in line with Nepal govern-
B. Financing related questions ments climate change policy? Or NAPA
priority themes?
1 What is the priority of the climate change
project? What are the areas covered? 8 What would be the ideal structural set-
up in implementing climate adaptation
2 What is the funding for climate change
projects?
adaptation or mitigation (or both)?
9 What are the main challenges of the cur-
3 Is the support loan or grant (or both)? If
rent structure for implementing adapta-
loan what is the interest rate?
tion projects?
4 Is the support additional to ODA?
10 Are there any other funding structures
C. Governance and Structure you see more appropriate e.g. Global
Fund in Nepal, Poverty Alleviation Fund
1 How is the money channeled into the
(PAF), etc.?
country? What are the institutions
through which the funding is flowing? 11 What is the monitoring mechanism in
Bilateral or multilateral, or both? the funded project?
2 Who are the implementing institutions 12 How do you ensure transparency and
government, private or NGOs? Are there accountability in the project?
coordination systems in place? If so, how 13 How is gender issue addressed in the
do they work? funded project?
3 How is the project linked to other adap-
D. Enhancing the capacity of the
tation projects?
government
4 Views on governance and structural set
up: how decentralized is it? 1 How is the project building the capacity
of the government local to national?
5 How is the funding channeled to the local
level, how do the communities benefit? 2 Is the project helping build new institu-
Do they participate in funding disburse- tions or structure in implementing adap-
ment decisions? tation actions?
46 Finding the Money
A Stock Taking of Climate Change Adaptation Finance and Governance in Nepal
Bibliography
OXFAM
COUNTRY OFFICE, NEPAL
Jawalakhel 20, Lalitpur
G.P.O. Box; 2500, Kathmandu, Nepal
TEL: +977-1-5530574, 5542881, 5544308
EMAIL: oxnepal@oxfam.org.uk
WEBSITE: www.oxfam.org.uk, www.oxfam.org