Prof. Org. Marco Aurelio Gondim www.mgondim.blogspot.

com
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SUMMARY AND ISSUES FOR COLLEGE an English industrial revol
ution. Introduction:. What was: The Industrial Revolution was the generalization
of the model factory in England which occurred in the period 1780 to 1840. This
model plant is characterized by the combination of work in human populations wi
th the use of machinery. Unlike manufacturing, where the tools belonged to the w
orkers in the factories belong to the industrial machinery employing manpower un
der-employed. More important than the technical advances of this revolution are
the social consequences it brought. . Consequences: The main consequence of the
Industrial Revolution is perhaps the emergence of the working class. This workin
g class is composed of former peasants expelled from the camp by the capitalizat
ion process of the English countryside and also exartesãos that can no longer c
ompete with the production of these new industries. These men will sell the only
good that remains, its work force being dependent on who owns the plant and mac
hinery, industrial. There is a portion of work that is not paid to the worker, i
s the added value. . Expansion of the Industrial Revolution: In different dimens
ions, technical and social revolution that begins in the English textile industr
y extend to all fields. First, other industries and businesses in the UK will ad
opt the model of the first and technology industries. Agriculture also will unde
rgo a modernization as a result of changes in factories. Still, industrializatio
n will not be restricted to England, it spreads to other countries in the ninete
enth century. 2. Why did the Industrial Revolution in England ran? . Transformat
ions in the field: changes in the English countryside occurred mainly from the s
ixteenth to eighteenth leading to concentration of farms into fewer hands and th
e consolidation of the figures of the farmer and the rural employee will be cruc
ial for the Industrial Revolution. On the one hand, it increases agricultural pr
oduction by allowing the population increase. Still, it will generate a class of
rural consumer goods produced in cities and released a manpower from the countr
yside to the cities in the English countryside. . Internal and external market:
Only if would create machines that do a lot more products than people in an arti
sanal mode of production can consume because there was a strong demand. Cotton f
abrics were in great demand both in English society throughout Europe and Americ
a. He rode into a powerful production of cotton in the southern United States wh
ich formed the basis for this industry. The industrially produced cotton goods w
ere cheap and can be consumed by any worker free. Both the internal and the exte
rnal market were important to create this huge demand. . Where: The industries d
o not emerge in the city of London, but in the English countryside, where there
are deposits of coal and iron and used in industries where there is a population
that leaves the field without a job. 1
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. Machinery: The machinery of the Industrial Revolution are very simple, using k
nowledge acquired in the seventeenth century. Only in mid-nineteenth century, sc
ientific production will be directed directly to the creation of technical and i
ndustrial technology. . Energy: Initially the factory will use energy from the c
ombustion of coal and hydropower, in fact, were not new. The coal and iron will
be explored as never before within the country. 3. The consequences of the Indus
trial Revolution:. Ideas: Due to a new industrial nation, will come the classica
l school of economics which advocates non-intervention in the economy and trade
liberalization through the low rates of customs. Are liberals like Smith, Malthu
s and Ricardo. However, at a time when England is the 'workshop of the world', i
s very favorable to this country a universal policy of nonintervention in the ec
onomy and low tariffs, which would open all markets for British industrial produ
cts. Thus, Britain would remain the only industrialized nation on the planet. In
fact, now takes the form 'International Division of Labour', where some countri
es are specialized in the production of industrial goods - currently only Englan
d - and others specialize in the production of primary goods. . The emergence of
industrial capital: With the consolidation of factories, to strengthen the indu
stry - also called industrial bourgeoisie - as soon surpassing in wealth and pow
er of the landowning classes and major dealers. They form the hegemonic class of
English society, and€soon, will dominate that country's politics. . Working co
nditions: Workers in the industries and mines lived in conditions of overexploit
ation. There was no regulation by government, which led to child labor, working
with highly dangerous, with no holidays, seven days a week for over ten hours da
ily, with paltry wages etc.. Some prisoners and 'vagabonds' - meaning, the unemp
loyed - were forced to work in factories. . The worker resistance, the Luddites
and Chartists: The workers rejected this quiet situation. Met and organized them
selves. First, put the blame on the machines, were the Luddites who smashed mach
ines and were harshly persecuted by the police. For these machines were to blame
for their bad situations. Then there was a change in strategy and decided by th
e work stoppage, strikes, with a 'letter' with labor conditions and policies, as
these classes had no political rights. Were the Chartists, who proved more succ
essful, despite successive employers and police repression. This gave rise to mo
dern trade unionism.
EXERCISES (UNEMAT / MT) Question 1: The Industrial Revolution occurred in Englan
d in the second half of the eighteenth century brought many changes, not only in
order to produce goods but also in labor relations. Thousands of workers were s
ubjected to 16 hours of work per day, low wages and lousy 2
Prof. Org. Marco Aurelio Gondim www.mgondim.blogspot.com
living conditions. To counter this situation, they resisted all forms and one of
these "movements" became known as "gameness." Tick the correct alternative, whi
ch defines this movement. A - It was a clandestine organization that aimed to ki
ll bosses and government officials. B - It was a union that was proposed as the
bourgeoisie and government awareness on the misery of the working class. C - It
was a group formed mostly by artisans who broke the machines because they believ
ed that they were replacing them. D - It was an association aimed at training an
d educating future workers, making them more competitive in the labor market. E
- It was a workers' party which advocated the abolition of capitalism, replacing
it with an egalitarian society. (FRB / BA) Question 2: The modern world, domina
ted by consumer society, has the industry's most important sectors of its econom
y: it causes the development of activities that are complementary, as suppliers
of raw materials and energy providing employment opportunities for manpower, for
cing her qualifications, produce capital and stimulate the development of trade,
transport and postal services. Andrade, Manuel Correia de. Economic geography.
12. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 1998. The industry is vital to put the country at the
forefront of the development process econômico.Sobre developments in the indus
try, it is correct to say: A - The craft that preceded the main feature was to m
anufacture a highly skilled worker. B - The invention of the steam engine is lin
ked to the first phase of the Industrial Revolution which had as its main energy
base oil. C - A liberal doctrine prevailed in the second phase of the Industria
l Revolution, having been established in England by its creator Henry Ford. D -
The Asian Tigers, late industrializing countries, have evolved from an aggressiv
e policy toward the domestic market. E - Reengineering and just in time are elem
ents of the third phase of the Industrial Revolution which had its model derived
the Toyota. (UESC / BA) Question 3: System crash someone disconfigure me / Wher
e my robot eyes? / I do not know, I did not realize / I always thought I was liv
ing / Screw and fluid in place of articulation / To think that here a heart beat
/ Nothing is organic is all planned / And I think I was free / But there they c
ome again, I know what they are doing: / Reinstall system / Think, speak, buy, d
rink / Read, vote, do not forget / Use, that is, listen, say / Please, more, spe
nd, live / [. ..] / No, sir, yes sir, no sir, yes sir / [...] / But here they co
me again, I know what they are doing: / Reinstall system. (PITTY, 2007). The ver
ses feature a state of A - standardization of consumption and behavior. B - loss
of ethnic identity and race. C - mechanization of production of organic materia
ls. D - vulnerability of the computer system. E - hierarchy of relations.
3
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(UESC / BA) Question 4: System crash someone disconfigure me / Where my robot ey
es? / I do not know, I did not realize / I always thought I was living / Screw a
nd fluid in place of articulation / To think that here a heart beat / Nothing is
organic is all planned / And I think I was free / But there they come again, I
know what they are doing: / Reinstall system / Think, speak, buy, drink / Read,
vote, do not forget / Use, that is, listen, say / Please, more, spend, live / [.
..] / No, sir, yes sir, no sir, yes sir / [...] / But here they come again, I k
now what they are doing: / Reinstall system. PITTY. Brave New Chip. Available at
: <http://vagalume.uol.com.br/pitty/admiravel-chip-novo.html>. Acesso em: 03 dez
. 2007. The verses of the song "Brave New Chip" can be properly related to indus
trialization during the - the First Industrial Revolution. B - The State of Welf
are. C - the Second Industrial Revolution. D - Third Industrial Revolution. E -
Monopolistic Capitalism and Financial. (UDESC) Issue 5: The questions below refe
r to the labor movements in the context of the Industrial Revolution of the nine
teenth century. I - Throughout the nineteenth century the consolidation of capit
alism would make the conditions of life and work of the nascent proletariat appa
lling. II - The playfulness translates the first signs of resistance emerging wo
rking class that occupied the last years of the eighteenth and early nineteenth
century. III - In the mid-nineteenth century the general strike of workers in Eu
rope, organized by the union that represented the workers, caused important chan
ges in labor legislation of the time. IV - The Chartist movement, the labor move
ment that emerged in the first half of the nineteenth century was not an isolate
d fact, it was preceded by strikes, riots, insurrections and other manifestation
s of the working class. V - The second half of the nineteenth century, and espec
ially with the formation of international associations of workers, it was percei
ved a close relationship between Marxism and European labor movement. Tick the c
orrect alternative. A - Only the statements I, II, III and IV are true. B - Only
the statements I, II, IV and V are true. C - Only the statements IV and V are t
rue. D - Only the statements II and III are true. E - all statements are true. (
UERGS) Question 6: The Industrial Revolution began in the second half of the eig
hteenth century in England, provoked a series of socioeconomic changes on the Eu
ropean continent, such as: A - retraction of the market - large scale production
. B - transfer of the economic hub of rural areas to urban centers - the consoli
dation of capitalism as the dominant system. C - increased state intervention in
economic activities - the affirmation of private ownership of means of producti
on. D - relations of production employed - strengthening of absolute monarchies.
E - standardization of production - release of quotas for manpower in urban are
as to rural ones. 4
Prof. Org. Marco Aurelio Gondim www.mgondim.blogspot.com
(UNIMONTES / MG) Question 7: After all, not all men have surrendered before the
irresistible forces of the new industrial world, and experience the motion of br
eakers machines demonstrates a clear ability of workers to trigger an open strug
gle against the factory system. (...) On the one hand, this resistance movement
was aimed against the new investing hierarchical and authoritarian relations int
roduced into the process of factory work, and to that extent the destruction of
the machines functioned as a mechanism of pressure against the new organizationa
l direction firms, on the other hand, numerous activities of destruction carried
implicitly a deep hostility toward the new machines and March against the organ
izer of production that the technology required. "(Decca, Edgar. The birth of th
e factories. 3.ed. São Paulo : Brasiliense, 1985, p. 30-31. Cited by FARIA, Ric
ardo de Moura. History. Belo Horizonte: Lê, 1993, vol. 3, p. 157) The text abov
e refers to / at (s) - movement known as Luddism, according to the author, was c
haracterized by the ingenuity of workers who saw in the new machines, the enemy
to be faced. B - Chartism and the Trade-Unions, which represent control strategi
es, as the author's interpretation, the current political movement to destroy th
e machines. C - beginnings of the organization and workers' resistance to the ne
w social order, marked by the use of machines in the routine of work, setting up
the so-called Industrial Revolution. D - anarchist influence among the factory
workers,€aspect evidenced in the refusal of congressional action and the option
for a direct fight against the machines and their owners. (UFF / RJ) Question 8
: For the technological knowledge have today's success was needed to occur, in t
ime, radical changes that paved the way for the introduction of new market relat
ions and new forms of transport. Tick the alternative that best identifies the i
nitial moment of the Industrial Revolution: A - the use of the steam engine whic
h enabled the development of railroads, integrating production areas to markets,
increasing consumption and generating profits, B - the political revolution of
1688, that ensured the victory of the interests of landowners in alliance with u
rban workers who controlled the manufacture; C - the enclosure which changed soc
ial relations in the field, generating new forms of organization of rural produc
tion and keeping the traditional bonds of servitude; D - the development of wind
energy, producing an industrial growth that has kept away from the ghost towns
of diseases caused by the use of coal; E - the steam engine which promised the d
evelopment of new organizational forms of agricultural production and led to the
growth of maritime transport Western Europe, through state investment. (UNEMAT
/ MT) Question 9: On the expansion of the Industrial Revolution throughout the w
orld, is correct to say that: - Germany was the cradle of industrialization. B -
the Industrial Revolution has no country, it occurs simultaneously in several E
uropean countries, therefore, speak of the pioneering spirit of England is just
a mistaken assumption. C - in England the revolution was a long process of gesta
tion. D - the Industrial Revolution occur first in mainland Europe and then reac
hed England.
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Prof. Org. Marco Aurelio Gondim www.mgondim.blogspot.com
E - the Industrial Revolution occurs in the same way in all countries, because i
t is a fast and violent. (UFPA) Question 10: Note the picture below.
The "playfulness," a social movement that occurred in England at the time of the
Industrial Revolution, can rightly be described as a manifestation of: A - Free
unemployed workers who wanted to break with the industry and return to the fiel
d, aiming to become small farmers. B - young artists and painters who, with the
invention of machinery for fabric painting, were dismissed weaving industries of
modern English. C - striking workers who were opposed to technological or indus
trial development, attacking the industry and making strikes for salary increase
. D - striking workers who were opposed to technological or industrial developme
nt, attacking the industry and making strikes for salary increase. E - owners of
small weavers who perceived, in large factories and in its modern machines, the
end of your small business, since the new technology to lower the production pr
ocess. (UPE) Question 11: The growth of industrial production favored the Europe
an bourgeoisie, while increasing the concentration of wealth and social injustic
es. There were many ideas against capitalism, among them those promoted by Karl
Marx, still present in policy discussions. Marxism:
6
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A - advocated the end of capitalism with the immediate establishment of a social
ist society without social classes. B - influenced very little movement against
social inequalities, especially in more industrialized countries of Europe. C -
fought against capitalism, but did not deny its historical importance to changin
g economic and social renewal. D - was an original conception of the world revol
utionary and historically displaced due to their utopian principles. E - remaine
d politically important only up to half of the twentieth century, being the base
of the movement in favor of the decolonization of Asia. (UEG) Question 12: In t
he nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution brought many changes, such as m
igration of peasants to the city and change the conditions of workers who were s
ubjected to the bourgeoisie, facing long hours of work. About this context, judg
e the validity of the propositions below. I. The Ludism expressed a form of work
ers' resistance to the authoritarianism of the boss and at the same time, charac
terized by demands for better wages and working conditions. II. The Chartist rep
resented the search for political participation of workers in a manner endorsed
by the points of the letters, among which stands out universal suffrage and the
right of workers to participate in Parliament. III. The Revolutions of 1848 cons
olidated the interests of the liberal bourgeoisie,€represented by the implement
ation of parliaments and constitutions and the political legitimacy of their nat
ion through nationalism and liberalism. Tick the correct alternative: A - Only t
he propositions I and II are true. B - Only II and III propositions are true. C
- Only the propositions I and III are true. D - All propositions are true. (UNAM
A / PA) Question 13: "The simple-minded workers reacted to the new system, destr
oying the machines thought to be responsible for the problems." HOBSBAWM, Eric.
The Age of Revolution. 6. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1977. p. 55. The prev
ious section identifies a form of reaction and struggle of the English workers d
uring the time of the Industrial Revolution. This form is characterized by (as):
A - playfulness, a move marked by the breakdown of machinery and by the general
strike of the productive activities in the industrial era of the eighteenth cen
tury, B - strike, marked by general strikes organized by workers who, in times o
f serious confrontation, they broke their machines and factories; C - playfulnes
s, which aimed to reach the bosses, destroying the technological innovations of
industries: the steam engine, which attributed the blame for the end of an era o
f craftsmanship, D - striking manifestations Luddites, who first broke the facto
ries and then to justify the days of paralysis of productive activities.
7
Prof. Org. Marco Aurelio Gondim www.mgondim.blogspot.com
(UFES) Question 14:
After energy history of humanity's own human strength, the primary source of ene
rgy that humans use was fire. The technique of using fire must have been invente
d around 500 000 BC with the use of stone and wood. Then, humans domesticated ce
rtain animals, which now serve as a source of energy. The use of wind power, mai
nly for navigation, must have begun around 2000 BC, and the harnessing of water
power for mills iniciouse move around the second century BC From the year 1000 A
D, was the more thorough exploitation of coal mineral, and, since 1700, importan
t innovations emerged, linked to the Industrial Revolution and the invention of
the steam engine. At the end of the nineteenth century saw the advent of electri
city and development of engines based on oil derivatives. Nuclear power came in
the first half of the twentieth century. Other sources of energy emerge in the e
arly twenty-first century. Can they play the role that oil played so far? The te
xt makes reference to two factors that underlie the Industrial Revolution occurr
ed in England: "energy" and "work". About the Industrial Revolution, it is corre
ct to say that: - The steam and coal were the sources of energy that drove the s
hift from manufacturing to "machinecrafting" ie, the Industrial Revolution of th
e seventeenth century. B - The social, political and economic such as the streng
thening of the bourgeoisie, the "enclosures" and the development of communicatio
ns, in addition to new machines driven by hydraulic power and wind power, consti
tuted the basic elements of the Industrial Revolution. C - Steam and petroleum w
ere the sources of energy that drove the shift from manufacturing to "machinecra
fting" ie, the Industrial Revolution occurred in eighteenth-century England. D -
 The Glorious Revolution of the seventeenth century, with its social, political
and economic, has established the preconditions for the Industrial Revolution th
at occurred in the eighteenth century. E - The Industrial Revolution and the Glo
rious Revolution phenomena are technological, social, political and economic pro
blems that occurred simultaneously in the eighteenth century, laying the foundat
ions of Western capitalism.
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Prof. Org. Marco Aurelio Gondim www.mgondim.blogspot.com
(PUC-RS) Question 15: In the beginning of the eighteenth century, Britain import
ed about 450 tons of cotton, in the early nineteenth century, that number reache
d more than 250,000 tonnes. Considering the context of economic transformation i
n England of the period, it is right to associate, to this increase in imports o
f cotton: A - rising wages and social rights of workers, B - the increase of int
ernal customs barriers, C - the limitations imposed by guilds; D - reduced the m
echanization of agricultural production; E - the shift from artisanal to industr
ial production. (UFRGS) Question 16: Read the text below, taken from a work writ
ten by the English humanist Thomas More. "Your sheep [...] usually so meek. So e
asy to feed with little, here they processed, they tell me, in so voracious and
ferocious animals who devour even the men, devastating and depopulating the fiel
ds, farms, villages. Indeed,€in all regions of the kingdom, where the wool is f
iner and therefore more expensive, the nobles and the rich - not to mention some
abbots, holy men, not content to live lazily on the broad and the annual rents
that assured the land their ancestors, without doing anything for the community
(damaging it, we should say) - do not leave no room to grow, end up with farms,
destroying villages [...]" Adapted from: Morus, Thomas. Utopia. Porto Alegre: L
& PM, 1997. p. 37. With this passage, the author wished to withdraw: A - the ris
ing of the Ciompi, B - the Jacqueries; C - communal revolutions; D - The Great F
ear, And - the enclosure. (UPE) Question 17: The industrial revolution was a gre
at economic triumph of the British bourgeoisie. She did not mean, however, a bet
ter life for all. Regarding the daily lives of British workers in the early Indu
strial Revolution, it can be stated that: - there was a planned growth of indust
rial cities, encouraging the improvement of living conditions, without changing
the exhaustive work days; B - some writers English denounced the poverty of most
of the population, criticizing the effects of the Revolution, C - no significan
t changes in technology, emphasizing only the increase in working hours; D - wor
king villages were built with good hygiene although the workers chose to live aw
ay from factories and cities; E - did an immediate expansion of industrializatio
n, favoring French and German populations with the arrival of new sources of pro
duction. (UFSJ / MG) Question 18: Regarding the Industrial Revolution and the bi
rth of industrial society, it is incorrect to state that: A - a key element that
explains the English pioneer in the Industrial Revolution is a revolutionary pr
ocess that one hundred years before, created a rule which served the interests o
f British mercantile bourgeoisie;
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Prof. Org. Marco Aurelio Gondim www.mgondim.blogspot.com
B - the main rival of England in the process of establishment of industrial soci
ety, it was Spain, which succeeded in the eighteenth century, developing a robus
t textile markets and compete with the English merchants; C - the cotton textile
industry was essential to the English industrial revolution, it did not require
major technological innovations and had a large consumer market for their produ
cts; D - in the intense competition that was established, he won that could prod
uce more in less time and resources, following the motto "time is money "; E - t
he manpower required for the establishment of industrial capitalism was achieved
largely thanks to the procedure for" enclosure ", which forced workers to aband
on their fields and seek the urban headwaters. (UNESP / SP) Question 19: The Int
ernational Exhibition of Electricity was opened to the public at the Palace of I
ndustry in Paris in August 1881 [...]. Most devices exhibited resulted from disc
overies-art [...]. The tram that transports visitors; electromagnetic machines a
nd electric dynamo in operation, the spotlights shining; phones that allow us to
hear distant representations of opera - this is all so new that not even his na
me was known five years ago. Nature Magazine, 1881. The innovations mentioned: A
- resulted from investments in technology and the creation of technical courses
at universities in Europe and North American B - were consequences of the Secon
d Industrial Revolution, which explored new energy sources and developed new pro
duction processes; C - were restricted the privileged strata of society, without
changing the routine of most inhabitants of Europe; D - allowed the self-suffic
iency of the advanced capitalist countries and brought difficulties for exporter
s of primary products; E - led to the expansion of democratic regimes and began
to spread scientific knowledge in different societies. (UNESP / SP) Question 20:
Among the forms of economic organization pre-manufacturing in Europe, are the s
mall scale enterprises, where A - a teacher working with apprentices and sold th
eir products to local buyers, B - the producer subjected to a trader who supplie
d him with raw material and purchased the finished product; C - a proprietary so
phisticated machines owned and operated a large number of workers; D - the teach
ers and employees shared the productive tasks and enjoyed equally the profits ob
tained; E - the production unit was meeting the needs of the family and not mark
eted surplus products.€FEEDBACK: Question 1: C - Question 2: E - Question 3: A
- Question 4: D - Question 5: B - Question 6: B - question 7: C - question 8: A
- Question 9: C - Question 10: C question 11: C - Question 12: D - Question 13:
C - question 14: D - Question 15: And question 16: E - question 17: B - question
18: B - Question 19: B - question 20:
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