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DICTIONARY OF ECOLOGY
A TION - The action is the effect exerted by the biotic community biotope. Uric
acid - Product eliminated by excretion of reptiles and birds. Acclimation Acclim
ation OR - Adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions different from th
e usual previous. ADAPTATION - Accommodation of an organism to adverse condition
s. Convergent adaptation - occurs among animals belonging to different groups li
ving in the same habitat. Eg frog (amphibian), alligator (reptile) and hippopota
mus (mammal), animals aquatic habitat, in which eyes and nostrils are always abo
ve the waterline. FERTILIZERS - substances key to the perfect plant development.
SOIL AERATION - A soil porosity regulates the movement of water, air and many a
nimals. A compact and less porous soil can prevent the vertical migration of ani
mals susceptible to temperature and moisture, preventing thus their existence. S
low waters - Standing water, or stagnant. Waters of lakes, ponds and reservoirs.
Lotic WATERS - Running water, ie rivers. Allopatric - Two species are allopatri
c neighbors when their distribution areas are distinct, their ecological niches
can be separated or they are partially superimposed. Amensalism - Value which co
nsists in inhibiting the growth of a species called amensalism by secretory prod
ucts of other species. AMMONIA (NH3) - very toxic substance excreted by finfish.
Anadromous - Migration of certain fish (salmon, for example) from the sea to th
e rivers. Anemochory - seed dispersal by wind action.
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ASSOCIATION - Associations are groups of species more localized and capable of b
eing precisely defined. Autotrophs - organisms that can synthesize organic subst
ance from inorganic substance.
Acter DENITRIFICANTES B - bacteria are found in soil and that from nitrate to pr
oduce nitrogen free back into the atmosphere. BACTÉRIORRIZA - Mutualism found am
ong bacteria of the genus Rhizobium and legume roots. Floe - Water in solid form
on the ocean waters. Bent - Includes bodies set at the bottom (benthos sessile)
and mobile organisms (benthos vagrants) who can only move in the immediate vici
nity. Biocoenosis - Collectivity of animals and plants within the same biotype,
whose members form, in mutual dependence, a dynamic biological balance. biocenot
ic - same as sinecologia. bioCÓRION - It is the unity of the biotype with horizo
ntal distribution, such as a tree trunk felled, a heap of stones, the corpse of
a mammal. BIOCICLO - Part of the biosphere with its own characteristics. Biocor
- Part of biociclo with specific characteristics. BIOGEOCENOSE - Alias of ecosys
tem. BIOGEOGRAFIA - science that studies the distribution of organisms in nature
. BIOME - Community biotic which is characterized by uniform physiognomy of flor
a and fauna that form and influence each other. Biota - Flora and fauna of a reg
ion
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BIOTOP - Limited space where lives a biotic community. BIOREDUTORES - View decom
posers. BIOSPHERE - terrestrial space environment on which life exists. BIOTOP -
Term designating organisms with identical genetic constitution.
C adeia FOOD - is a sequence of organisms, which eat the ones that precede them
in jail before being eaten by those who follow them. Deciduous - A plant that lo
ses its leaves in seasons unfavorable. Chamaephyte - Also called plant dwarfs, h
ave sues shoots above ground, however, less than 50 cm, allowing them to be prot
ected by the snow of winter. FIELD - Biome with wide geographic distribution: th
e center of North America, Central-Eastern Europe, parts of South America By day
, the temperature is high, but falls at night. Bright, windy and low humidity. C
oated single layer of vegetation, mainly grasses. The mass of vegetation per uni
t area is smaller by water problem by oligomineral and conditions in the camps b
ecause there are many primary consumers: insects, rodents, ungulates. Accompanyi
ng predators: snakes, birds of prey, carnivores. Distinguished in a clean field
(pampas, steppe), and a very even dry grassland (savannah, savanna), with trees
and shrubs and spacing of these groups. Catadromous - Migration of freshwater fi
sh of the sea (Example: eel). Cenobio - Cologne that originates from a single in
dividual. Biogeochemical Cycle - Carriage of matter in ecosystems,€in which the
various elements are constantly recycled. Climatogram - It's a classic way of re
presenting the climate of a region. Usually arises in the temperature and rainfa
ll ordered the abscissa.
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CLIMAX - In the call sequence, the end of the evolution of the series is represe
nted by a biotic community or stable community, in equilibrium with the environm
ent, called the climax. CLONE - Set of beings originated from the same individua
l. Coercion - is the influence that the body exert on each other. DINNER - Assoc
iation in which one species benefits, using leftover food from other species, is
not affected. Interspecific competition - Relationship between individuals of d
ifferent species, which compete for the same environmental factors. Intraspecifi
c competition - Relationship between individuals of the same species, which comp
ete for the same environmental factors. COMMUNITY - Same as biocenose. CONSUMERS
- Organisms that can not synthesize the organic substance from inorganic substa
nces. Are the responsibility of the producers, are heterotrophs. COOPERATION - O
ccurs when the two species form an association, but this is not essential, each
of which can live in isolation, but the association is advantageous to both. POP
ULATION GROWTH - The growth of a population is mainly due to two opposing phenom
ena, births and deaths, which can be added to emigration and immigration. Crypto
phyta - are the "hidden plant" which have no vestigial organs visible during the
bad season.
D ECOMPOSITOR - Special type of consumer. It feeds on decaying organic substance
s and is of great importance in the recycling of matter in nature. DENSITY OF PO
PULATION - The population density is the number of individuals per unit area or
volume.
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DESERT - biome found in Australia, Arabia, Atacama (Chile), Sahara (Africa). Mos
t of the land discovered; little vegetation, soil too dry. Little rain and very
irregular: strong, short duration, without infiltration. Days very hot and very
cold night. Little moisture. Winds. Fast-growing plants, roots long and horizont
al; storage capacity of water (cactus). In deserts in the United States, are sep
arated by bushes intervals: is self-regulation, which leaves eliminate hormones
that inhibit the development of the neighbors (amensalism). Rodents predominate:
they live in burrows by day and come out at night and draw water from the seeds
they eat or dew. Reptiles, birds and insects. Scorpions. Camel (adaptation to e
xcessive heat). The mammals of the desert have adaptations to survive the heat a
nd dryness: lack or reduced number of sweat glands, urine, feces concentrated an
d lack of support by the suspension of water metabolism. Scavenger - In a number
of cases, food chains start with the dead organic matter and the primary consum
ers are called scavengers. XY - Process in which the individual is passively tra
nsported to other areas. It occurs mostly with fruits and seeds.
And CESIS - is the ability to reproduce a pioneer species in a new area. ECOLOGY
- The study of relationships between living beings and the environment ECOSYSTE
M - The biotic community and its biotope are two inseparable elements that react
upon each other to produce a more or less stable than are named ecosystem. Ecot
one - is the transition region between two biocenoses. Edaphic - Relating or bel
onging to the ground. EMIGRATION - out of a population of individuals. ENDEMIA -
 An infectious disease that refers to a specific region. Epidemic - An infectiou
s disease that refers to a specific region.
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EPILÍMNIO - surface area of a lake, tossed by the wind, rich in dissolved oxygen
and phytoplankton, well lit, and in which the temperature slowly declines with
depth. EPINOCICLO - Same as biociclo land. Allopatric SPECIES - Species that hav
e distinct areas of distribution. ESQUIÁFILA - Plant shade, the same as umbriófi
la. ESTENOALINO - Body that can not handle large variations in salinity. ESTENOB
ÁRICO - Body does not support a large pressure variation. ESTENOÉCIA - is the on
ly species that can withstand a large pressure variation. ESTENOTERMO - Body doe
s not support a large temperature variation.€STRATIFICATION - Distribution of in
dividuals of a biotic community in the vertical plane. The unit with vertical di
stribution is the stratum. Ethology - the study of the behavior of living beings
. Euryhaline - organism that supports a wide range of salinity. EURIBÁRICO - org
anism that supports a wide range of pressure. EURIÉCIA - species able to withsta
nd wide variations in ecological factors and people very different ways. Euryter
mal - Body supports a wide temperature range.
F ANERÓFITO - Plant with shoots over 50 cm of soil. This is the case of trees. P
hytoplankton - microscopic floating plants.
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TEMPERATE FOREST - (= deciduous or deciduous). Occurs in the eastern United Stat
es, Western Europe, China, Manchuria, Japan and Korea. Receives more energy yet.
Precipitation still small (110 cm / year), but the whole year. Four well define
d seasons. Longer growing season. The leaves fall from trees and shrubs in the f
all (caducofólias dicot) and physiological defense against drought. Many animals
that migrate, adapt or hibernate in winter. RAINFOREST - (= rain or broadleaf).
It lies between the tropics. Amazon, East Indies, Congo. Great power supply, wi
th low pressure. Regular and abundant rainfall (330 cm / year). Lush forest and
rapid growth. Clear stratification in floors (microclimates), vertical: a) - Sup
erior (= top) - more than 40 feet tall. Receives a lot of energy during the day,
warm evening and loses heat by radiation, so that the humidity varies, but gene
rally is hot and dry. The tops are rounded, the leaves are wide and thin cuticle
, eliminating excess water. Relatively poor in fauna. b) - Medium - 5-25 feet ta
ll. As the light hardly penetrates through the top, this stratum (= this synusia
e) is dark, hot and humid. Very rich. The vines are favored and an intense epiph
ytes (mosses, lichens, samambais, orchids, bromeliads). Insects: Diptera, Coleop
tera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera. Birds: green-gray (homocronia). Mammals: platirr
inos, bats, rodents, porcupine, squirrel, xernartros - sloth and anteater (only
in South America), opossum, coati. Reptiles: snake, lizard. c) Bottom - dark, ho
t, humid; little undergrowth by the lack of light, retained the other floors, bu
t appears much mulch. FLOATING - Large variation suffering population. Fores - H
abit of an animal was being transported by another, with no parasitism.
G REGÁRIO - gregarious GELOS OCEANIA - Icebergs
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H ÁBITAT - Place where lives a kind. Halophyte - A plant that lives in salty soi
l. Heliofilus - Plant in sun. Heliothermic - Animal variegated that heats the su
n, taking positions that make them get the most sunlight Hemicryptophytes - plan
t with winter buds situated close to the ground and surrounded by a rosette of l
eaves often persistent or protective scales. Heterotrophic - Body unable to synt
hesize organic substances from your body of minerals and, therefore, has to abso
rb organic substances of the medium. Are heterotrophic animal and plant aclorofi
lados. Hydrochory - Dissemination of fruits and seeds through the water. HIBERNA
TION - Stop in development caused by low temperature. Swamp - Organisms that can
only live in very humid, often saturated or near saturation. HIPOLÍMIO - Zone o
f a deep lake, dimly lit or completely dark, low in phytoplankton and whose temp
erature varies little throughout the year. HOMEOSTASIS - Tendency of a ecosssist
ema stability, ie, an independence increasingly pronounced with respect to pertu
rbarções of external origin. Humus - Soil rich in decomposed bodies.
MIGRATION I - Entry of population. INDIVIDUAL - Each of the population. INFECTIO
N - Disease caused by a unicellular organism.
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Infestation - Disease caused by a multicellular organism. THERMAL REVERSAL - Sho
rtly before the by-the-sun, produces the phenomenon of thermal inversion, under
which the air becomes increasingly colder as we approached the ground. A good co
nductor of heat the soil warms up a lot during the day and cools too much during
the night.
L IXIVIAÇÃO - Dry soil by rain. Lichen - mutualistic association between algae a
nd fungus. LIMNOCICLO - The biociclo of freshwater. Groundwater - underground wa
ter table located on a layer of impermeable ground,€generally Clay. LAW OF MINIM
UM - It happened Liebig (1840) the statement of the "Law of the Minimum": the gr
owth of plants is limited by the element whose concentration is below the minimu
m value below which the synthesis can no longer do themselves. Oligotrophic lake
- are deep lakes, with a high hypolimnion. In his deep zone of low temperature,
the oxygen content is high, the production is weak, slow decomposition of dead
animals and plants. Eutrophic LAKE - lakes are shallow and its waters, near the
bottom, has higher temperature than in the case of oligotrophic lakes. Productiv
ity is important, the phenomena of bacterial decomposition are intense and the w
aters are green. LAKE DYSTROPHY - Lagos rich in humic acids that make the water
acidic and dark in color. The vegetation in them is rare.
M UTUALISMO Association necessary to the survival of two species that benefit ea
ch other. Each species can only survive, grow and reproduzirse in the presence o
f another. MORTALITY - Number of deaths occurring in a given time in a certain a
rea.
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Monophagous - species of parasite that exists only at the cost of a single host.
MIMET - external similarity in form or color, between one kind and another, or
between one species and the environment, such similarity mimetic protects agains
t predators. MIGRATION - Chain of individuals who cease to participate in a popu
lation and becomes the property of another population. Microclimate - Correspond
s to the climate scale and the level of the organism. Their study should highlig
ht the importance of the medium. MICORRIZAS - found type of mutualism between fu
ngi and plant roots. MESOIDISMO - Mimicry by simultaneous homochromus and homoty
pic. Mesophytic - Organizations that have moderate water requirements or atmosph
eric moisture and support the alternations of dry and wet seasons. MESOCLIMA - T
he macroclimate locally undergoes changes in several of its elements, which dete
rmines a mesoclima (local climate). The climate of a forest, a strand are mesocl
imas. Macroclimate - Also called unique climate is the result of the geographica
l situation and orographic.
N ATAL - Number of births occurring in a given time in a certain area. Necton -
is the set of species capable of living fully in water and move actively against
currents. Neutral - The two species are independent and have no influence on ea
ch other. Ecological niche - is the role the body plays in the ecosystem. Knowle
dge of ecological niche allows you to answer the following questions: how, where
and at whose expense the species feeds, is eaten by whom, how and where it rest
s and reproduces.
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Nitration - Formation of nitrate from nitrite. It is made by bacteria (Nitrobrac
ter). NITRIFICATION - Passage of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate. Reactions are c
arried out by bacteria. NitroBac - Bacteria important in the phenomenon of nitra
tion. NITROZAÇÃO - Formation of nitrite from ammonia. It is a transformation mad
e by bacteria (Nitrosomonas). Nitrosomonas - Bacteria important in the phenomeno
n of nitrozação. Trophic Level - It is said that the bodies belong to trophic le
vel when they are separated by the same number of steps. chlorophyllian vegetabl
es in the food chain by the same number of steps. chlorophyllian vegetables are
by definition the first trophic level.
The LÍFAGAS - species that live at the expense of some species often close to ea
ch other. SWING - Small change.
P Walk - infectious disease that affects 100% of the population. PARASITISM - As
sociation where one species (parasite) lives in or on another (host), taking adv
antage for you, and harming the host. PARASITISM FITOFÍTICO - one where a parasi
tic plant another vegetable PARASITE FLASHING - Parasite that only carries the a
ction to a certain stage of parasite development. PARASITISM Zoophytes - Parasit
ism in an animal a plant parasite. Pedology - The science that studies the soil.
Pelagia - Relative to the open sea.
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PIONEERS - are the first organisms to settle on a medium that is in the process
of ecological succession. PYRAMIDS OF BIOMASS - Representation of the chain wher
e each step indicates, for each trophic level, the amount of living matter prese
nt. PYRAMIDS OF ENERGY - Representation of the food chain where each trophic lev
el is represented by a triangle,€whose length is proportional to the number of i
ndividuals in each trophic level. PYRAMIDS OF NUMBERS - Graphical representation
of the food chain where each step is a rectangle where the length is proportion
al to the number of individuals in each trophic level. Plankton - Includes all p
olyphagous organisms - species that attack many species. POPULATION - A set of i
ndividuals of the same species living in a territory whose boundaries are usuall
y those of the biotic community from which this species belongs. Biotic potentia
l - the capacity is natural population growth. It predates - Predator is an orga
nization that seeks to live food, animal or plant. PRODUCER - They are the plant
s chlorophyllian, ie organisms capable of producing and accumulating potential e
nergy in the form of chemical energy present in organic material summarized. GRO
SS PRODUCTIVITY - The amount of living matter produced during the time unit for
a given trophic level or one of its constituents. Liquid products - is the gross
productivity less the amount of living matter degraded by respiratory phenomena
. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY - productivity is the beings autotrophs. PESTICIDES - Ref
ers to the name of all pesticides or pesticide chemicals designed to fight anima
ls and plants considered noxious.
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Q UIMIOSSÍNTESE - the process which consists in the synthesis of organic substan
ce with energy obtained through a chemical process. QUIMIOTÉRMICO - Animal varie
gated that can increase the temperature, thanks to intense muscular activity.
R ADIAÇÃO ADAPT - Due to the action of natural selection only remaining forms be
st adapted. to describe this phenomenon employs the term adaptive radiation. REA
CTION - designates by this name is the influence exerted by a biocenose on your
biotope. FOOD NETWORK - Since the same animal or a plant can serve as food for c
arnivores or herbivores varied, the different food chains often intertwine with
each other and thus form a food web.
APRÓFORO S - Same as decomposer. SYMBIOSIS - any kind of relationship between or
ganisms. Sympatry - Two are sympatric species coexist in an area where more or l
ess extensive, their ecological niches may overlap partially, then one can be fu
lly included in another. SINECOLOGIA - That part of ecology that examines the re
lationships between individuals belonging to different species of a group and it
s environment. Sinus - communities are very strict that it do not cease to be we
ll defined and delimited in space. Example: a dead tree trunk, a rotting corpse.
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION - A series of stages of developing a stable community.
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PRIMARY SUCCESSION - correspond to the installation of living beings in a way th
at had never been inhabited. SECONDARY SUCCESSION - Appear in a medium that has
been populated, but which were eliminated by the living climate changes, geologi
cal or human intervention.
T AIGA - is conifer forest, or boreal aciculifoliada. Lies between the Arctic Ci
rcle and 60 north latitude and it does not exist in the southern hemisphere comp
rising part of Siberia, northern, Europe and Canada. Little solar energy, althou
gh more than the Tundra. only two seasons, but summer is longer (three months).
Milder temperatures. Little rainfall (30 mm \ year). trees and coniferous forest
s (spruce, pine and cedar) that cover the ground, giving a result very little un
derbrush. Three months of growth. Physiological drought. Leaves small area, with
needle-shaped (forest aciculifoliada), xerophytic. Birds and mammals. partial h
ibernation (bear). Elk, wolf, mink, lynx, caribou and rodents that come down fro
m the Tundra. TALASSOCICLO - Biociclo Marine. FOOD WEB - intertwining of food ch
ains. Thermocline - The transition zone (middle of a lake, where the temperature
decreases rapidly at least one degree per meter. TUNDRA - is in northern circum
polar region, does not exist in the southern hemisphere. Few solar energy. High
pressure. Poor rainfall (10 cm / year). Only two seasons: cold and long winter a
nd short summer (two months). snow and frozen ground, the top layer of soil thaw
s in the summer, but the ground remains frozen. The organisms are adapted to a s
hort season of thaw and low humidity. A few species. Undergrowth. lichens and mo
sses, plants with short growing and flowering. In the summer: flies, mosquitoes,
sea birds,€rodents and their predators. In winter, rodents that can survive und
er the snow; hibernating squirrels, birds, caribou and reindeer (ungulates) migr
ants; wolves that retain activity; homochromus by whitening (foxes, hares, grous
e, etc.).. U MBRÓFILO - Plant that grows in the shade.
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X Erofili - species that live in dry media, where it is pronounced water deficit
, both in air and on the ground. Xerophyte - A plant that grows in arid region.
Xerophyte - Refers to characteristics displayed by xerophytic plants. Xerophyte
- Plant with morphological characters that show their adaptation to drought. XER
OSERE - Succession whose initial stage occurs in a dry place.
ONA Abyssal Z - It's the marine environment that extends from 2000 meters to gre
ater depths. Aphotic ZONE - An area of 400 meters below sea; has no light. Bathy
al ZONE - is the marine depths of 200 to 2000 meters. Has shortage of animals. Z
ONE DISFÓTICA - Marine Region with diffuse light, lies between 100 and 400 meter
s photic zone - has good penetration of light and goes up to 100 feet deep. Litt
oral zone - the area is affected by tides. Presents plenty of light, oxygen and
nourishment. Nerítica AREA - It is the marine environment below the level of the
tides, going up to 200 meters deep. Presents great economic importance for the
richness of plankton and Necton. Zoochory - Dissemination of fruits and seeds by
animals.