Anatomy and Physiology of The Eye

College of Health of Portugal
Anatomy and physiology of the eye

Francelino Torres Marily Nelson Abreu Esteves Pedro Santos Tânia Correia
Braganza, January 12, 2004
Eye Anatomy - Eyeball
The eyeball is about 25mm, and was maintained within the orbit due to the eye mu
scles; The eye is also surrounded by three layers or tunics;
Outer layer or corneal scleral
The structure of the sclera is very fibrous and tough, white and opaque;
Surrounds and protects almost the entire eye before joining the cornea;
Intermediate layer or choroidal
It is highly vascularized It consists of the iris, ciliary body and choroid, has
many cells that have melanin, which gives them a dark color;
The Choroid:
It lies between the sclera and retina; Due to the vasculature that has, enables
the delivery of nutrients to the retina and receptor cell
The Ciliary Body:
It lies between the iris and choroid; Has the extent of the neuroepithelium of t
he retina that produces and secretes aqueous humor contains the ciliary muscle,
responsible for the adaptation of the surface of the lens to the light rays on t
he retina
Iris:
It is a thin membrane, unnerved by sensory fibers that lies in front of the lens
; behaves like a diaphragm, regulating the intensity of light that enters the ey
e;
The Stroma:
It is responsible for eye color, since in large quantities is the predominant bl
ue or gray. In their absence, the predominant red color;
Layer or Inner Retina
It is a very thin, transparent membrane that lies from the optic nerve to the ci
liary body, has nerve cells that receive the images by sending them to the optic
nerve and consequent to the occipital lobe brain;
The retina consists of:
Pigment epithelium (outer); rods and cones (photoreceptor cells), sensory neuron
s; optical Fund (posterior), optical disc or blind spot;
It has no receptor cells
Insensitivity to light
Crystalline
Shaped structure transparent and biconvex lens, located behind the iris, is a st
ructure that loses its elasticity as aging;
Optic Nerve
Comes from the optical disc; crosses the orbit and optic canal reaching the base
of the skull, optic chiasm Optic Nerve
Right
Left
Responsible for the transmission of nerve stimuli (visual, painful, tactile and
thermal) to the brain;
Accessory structures
Eyebrows, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, conjunctiva; Muscles, Protection, and lub
ricating moving visual
Eyebrows give: Eye Protection Along with eyelashes Eyelids
Sweat from reaching the eyes
Light Assault
Protection of foreign objects
Lacrimal apparatus
Lacrimal gland
Corner internal duct nasolacri evil and inferior orbital
The upper outer orbital
Conjunctive: Mucosa very thin; Colorless; Involves and protects;
Inner surface of the eyelid anterior surface of the eye conjunctival sac
Oculomotor muscles and eye movement
6 striated muscles in each eye (extrinsic)
4 s horizontal motion
2 s oblique motion
Extrinsic muscles: Process muscle antagonistic; work in pairs, forms part of the
sclera; bound to 3rd, 4th and 6th cranial nerves (oculomotor, trochlear and abd
ucens); smooth muscles intrinsic are responsible for the shape of the lens and i
ncreasing or decreasing the pupil;
Ocular compartments
Larger compartment posterior to the lens Surrounded almost entirely by the retin
a Vitreous humor Maintenance of intraocular pressure Refraction of light and ade
quate fixation of the lens and retina
Ocular compartments
Lower compartment before the crystalline
Anterior chamber: between the cornea and iris
Posterior chamber: between iris and the lens
Aqueous humor - the maintenance of intraocular pressure, refraction of light and
nutrient supply to the anterior chamber
Blood supply
Arteries supplying the eye internal carotid artery ophthalmic
The orbit through the optic canal
Eyeball: retina and uveal tract
Physiology of the Eye
Iris Input light Cornea / lens / focus the light moods Retina Converted into act
ion potentials sent to the brain
The retina works like the lens of a camera, for its proper functioning is essent
ial that:. The cornea and the lens are transparent and
avascular;. The fluid of the eyeball is:
- Clear;
- Maintain adequate pressure
Physiology
The focus of the images:
Keep constant the shape of the lens and move it closer to or away from the subje
ct; Changing the shape of the lens and keep the distance;
When the eye is at a distance less than 6 meters of the object triggers:
Accommodation of the lens; Contrition pupil, convergence of the eyes;
Accommodation of the lens: It consists of ciliary muscle contraction due to para
sympathetic stimulation of the oculomotor nerve; Objective: To focus on an objec
t closer
What happens? The choroid is pulled in the direction of the lens Reduction suspe
nsory ligament strain of the crystal assumes the spherical shape
Physiology
Accommodation: lens more convex; Greater refraction of light;
The object closer to the retina Room harder Minor's ability to become convex len
s Unable to focus on the subject point near vision increases with age
Pupil constriction
Depth of field: maximum distance that the object can be moved and c remain focus
ed on the retina;
Related to pupil size If the pupil diameter is small depth of field is greater t
han if the pupil diameter is large;
Convergence:
Internal rotation of the eyes due to reflex stimulation of the internal rectus o
f each eye, is greater the closer the object meet the eye
In distant objects: • parallel light rays; • pupils catch us easily, in very clo
se objects: • ray of light slanting eyes • adapt to the object remains in sight
of the eye;
Perception system
The eye is composed of three pairs of elastic and tense muscles; Recto Recto hig
her than average Recto Recto side
Allow the eye to move up and down
Allow the eye moves to the side
Straight oblique muscles
Let rotate the eyeball
Together these muscles perform seven coordinated movements; However, the continu
ous muscle tension and antagonism will trigger: • Tremor: almost imperceptible s
hake of the image; • Change of direction: the image decentralized slowly; • Blin
king: in case of focus movement again the image;
Focusing on a moving object
Muscle movements are more pronounced and carried out discontinuously
Note: The eyes detect movement, color and dimensions.
The inner ear's vestibular system interacts with these muscles
Keeping the image focused as we move
Control of luminous intensity
Iris: diaphragm muscle that surrounds the pupil, it contracts and expands consta
ntly
Controls the light intensity
Note: this automatic reaction can also be triggered by strong emotions;
Physiology of the Eye - Retina
Sensory retina - More internal - Responds to light rays; Retinal pigment - Prote
cts the photoreceptor cells - Strengthens eyesight - Reduces light scattering;
Rods and Cones
- Photoreceptor cells stimulated by light falling on the retina, acting as the n
erve endings - They are located in the region adjacent to the pigmented layer. -
Synapses with ganglion cells and their axons cross the retina and exit the eye
through the optic nerve;
Rods: react with a single photon; only produce a gray image; structures very sen
sitive and contains rhodopsin; Responsible for: no color vision; vision in l
ow light situations;
Cones: tapered part sensitive to light, unable to detect the color; need bright
light; contains iodopsina; Responsible for: visual acuity, color vision ;
END

Anatomy and Physiology of The Eye

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Anatomy and Physiology of The Eye

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

College of Health of Portugal

Anatomy and physiology of the eye

Você também pode gostar