CONALEPMICH. CAMPUS: ZAMORA.

SUBJECT: MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS REPO

RT: power plants, types of turbines and transformers. ENGINEER: VALENTIN CERVANT
ES DOMINGUEZ STUDENT: FERNANDO RAMOS Albarran. CAREER: ELECTROMECHANICAL. GROUP:
3103.
LOCATION: Zamora, Michoacan.
Generating Plants
DATE: 05 / 09 / 06.
A power plant is a facility capable of converting mechanical energy produced by
other primary energy sources into electrical energy. We consider that the scheme
of a power plant is:
Electrical energy is produced in the apparatus called generators or alternators.
A generator consists in its simplest form: A coil that rotates driven by some
external means. A uniform magnetic field created by a magnet within the coil
which revolves above. To convert mechanical energy into electrical generators us
ed a more complex consisting of two basic parts: The stator: metal armor, which
remains at rest, covered inside by copper wires, which form different circuits.
Rotor: It is inside the stator and the turbine-driven tour. It is formed on the
inside by a shaft, and its outer part by some circuits, which become magnets whe
n they apply a small amount of current. When the rotor spins at high speed due t
o mechanical energy applied in the turbines, there are some currents in the copp
er wires inside the stator. These currents provide the so-called electromotive f
orce generator capable of producing electrical energy to any system connected to
it.
All power plants consist of a system of turbine-generator "whose basic function
is, in all, very similar, varying from one to another the way it operates the tu
rbine kinds of generating plants. 1.-Thermoelectric Classic: They are called cla
ssical or conventional power plants those plants that produce electricity from b
urning coal, fuel oil or gas in a boiler designed for that purpose. The title of
"classic" or "conventional" serves to differentiate them from other types of po
wer plants (nuclear and solar, for example), which generate electricity from a t
hermodynamic cycle, but using energy sources other than fossil fuels Central A T
hermoelectric is a facility where the mechanical energy needed to move the gener
ator rotor and, therefore, obtain electricity, is obtained from the vapor formed
by boiling water in a boiler. The steam generated is of great pressure and is p
assed onto the turbines in their expansion to be able to move the blades of the
same. A classic thermal power plant consists of a boiler and a turbine that driv
es the electric generator. The boiler is the key and it is produced by burning c
oal, fuel oil or gas.
1. Conveyor belt. 2. Hopper. 3. Molino. 4. Caldera. 5. Ashes. 6. Superheater. 7.
Superheater. 8. Saver. 9. Hot air. 10. Precipitator. 11. Fireplace. 12. High-pr
essure turbine. 13. Medium-pressure turbine. 14. Low pressure turbine. 15. Conde
nser. 16. Heaters. 17. Cooling tower. 18. Transformers. 19. Generator. 20. Trans
mission line power.
Whatever the fossil fuel used (fuel oil, coal or gas), the scheme of operation o
f all conventional power plants is about the same. The only differences consist
of different pre-treatment suffered by the fuel before being injected into the b
oiler and burner design of it, which vary depending on the type of fuel used. Cl
assic has a thermoelectric plant, inside the enclosure of the plant, fuel storag
e systems that uses (park of coal, fuel oil tanks) to ensure that permanently pr
ovides an adequate amount of it. If it is a coal thermal power plant (coal, anth
racite, lignite ,...) is previously ground in mills to be turned into sprays a v
ery fine powder to facilitate combustion. Mills is sent to the central boiler pr
eheated air jet. If a power plant fuel oil, it is preheated to fluidize, subsequ
ently being injected into burners suited to this type of fuel. If a power plant'
s gas burners are also specially designed to burn this fuel. There are classic t
hermal power plants which burn either design allows different fossil fuels (coal
or gas, coal or fuel oil, etc.)..€Are called mixed-fired power plants. Once in
the boiler, the burners causing the combustion of coal, fuel oil or gas, generat
ing heat energy. The boiler turns turn into steam at high temperature water flow
ing through an extensive network of thousands of tubes lining the boiler walls.
This high pressure steam enters the turbine of the plant, which consists of thre
e parts-high, medium and low pressure, respectively, united by the same route. O
n the first level (high pressure) there are hundreds of small vanes size. The bo
dy also has to medium pressure hundreds of blades but larger than the previous.
The low pressure, finally, is even larger blades than the preceding. The objecti
ve of this triple arrangement is to maximize the power of steam, as this will gr
adually losing pressure, so the turbine blades are larger when moving from one b
ody to another of the same., Hay Note, moreover, that the steam before entering
the turbine, must be carefully dehumidified. Otherwise, the tiny water droplets
suspended for transporting would be launched at high speed toward the blades, ac
ting as if they were wearing shells and pallets until they were useless.
The steam pressure spins the turbine blades generating mechanical energy. In tur
n, the axis that unites the three parts of the turbine (high, medium and low pre
ssure) at the same time turns a generator attached to it, thus producing electri
city. This is sent to the transmission grid at high voltage by the action of a t
ransformer. For its part, the steam (weakened and pressure) is sent to a condens
er. There is cooled and converted back into water. This is driven back to the tu
bes that line the walls of the boiler, thus the production cycle can begin again
. The circulating water system that cools the condenser can be operated in close
d circuit, transferring the heat from the condenser to the atmosphere through co
oling towers, or by downloading the heat directly into the sea or river. To mini
mize the effects of coal combustion on the environment, the plant has a tall chi
mney (there are over 300 meters), which disperses the pollutants in the upper la
yers of the atmosphere, and they retain much precipitators of them inside the pl
ant.
2 .- Hydraulic: The Role of a hydroelectric plant is to use the potential energy
of stored water and first convert into mechanical energy and then electricity.
A water collection system causes a gap which creates a certain potential energy
accumulated. The passage of water through the turbine develops in the same rotar
y motion that drives the generator and produces electricity.
1. Water impounded in February. Dam 3. Rejas filtering 4. Penstock 5. Joint turb
inaalternador groups 6. Turbine 7. Axis 8. Generator 9. Lines of electric power
transmission 10.Transformadores
Main components of a hydroelectric power station
1. Dam: The first element found in a central
is hydroelectric dam or weir, which is responsible for tackling the river and po
ols of water. With these constructions is achieved a certain level of water befo
re containment, and a different level thereafter. That gap is used to produce en
ergy. Dams can be classified by the material used in its construction - earth da
m - concrete dam concrete dams are the most used and can in turn be classified i
nto: In seriousness: have an appropriate weight to counteract the moment shift p
roduced by the water. Vault: Requires less concrete than those of gravity and ar
e often used in narrow gorges. In these the water-induced pressure is transmitte
d fully to the slopes for the effect of the arc. 2. The spillways: The spillways
are vital elements of the dam that have the mission of the water release detain
ed without this passing through the engine room. They are in the main wall of th
e dam and can be bottom or surface. The mission of the spillway is to free, if n
ecessary, large quantities of water or meet irrigation needs. To prevent water d
amage can occur when falling from great heights, the spillways are designed so t
hat most of the liquid is lost in a basin that is located at the foot of the dam
, called the buffer. To get the water out by the spillway gates are large, steel
that can be opened or closed at will, on demand of the situation. 3.€Hydrants:
are buildings are suitable to collect the liquid and carry it to the machines by
means of channels or pipes. Water intakes of the various channels that start at
the pipes, are in
the anterior wall of the dam comes into contact with the reservoir water. You al
so take a few gates to control the amount of water reaching the turbines, have m
etal grilles which prevent foreign objects such as logs, branches, etc. can reac
h the blades and cause damage.
4. The diversion canal:
is used to drive water from the dam to the turbines of the plant. It is usually
necessary to make the entrance to the penstock turbines must be why there is a p
ressure chamber where the channel ends and starts the turbine. It is quite norma
l to avoid the channel and penstocks directly apply to the taking of water from
dams.
5. Equilibrium Fireplaces: Due to
Alternator load variations or unforeseen conditions are used to balance the chim
neys that prevent overpressure in the penstocks and turbine blades. These overpr
essures are called "water hammer." When the workload decreases sharply turbine a
n overpressure is positive, because the regulator automatically closes the turbi
ne water intake. The surge tank is a vertical well located as close as possible
to the turbines. When there is an excess of water that is less resistance to pen
etrate the well that the pressure chamber of the turbines pushing up the level o
f the surge. In the case of depression occur otherwise and the level will drop.
This gives prevent water hammer. It works this way the surge as a spring, hydrau
lic or a capacitor, ie, absorbing and releasing energy.
6. Roundhouse: The building where they are located
machines (turbines, alternators, etc.) and command and control elements.
7. Hydraulic Turbines: A hydraulic turbine is an element
uses the kinetic and potential energy of water to produce a rotary motion that p
assed by an axis, moving directly a machine or a generator that converts mechani
cal energy into electricity. There are three main types of hydraulic turbines: T
he most appropriate will depend in each case the waterfall and the power of the
turbine. In general: The Pelton wheel is suitable for big jumps: A water jet d
irected and regulated accordingly, affects the blades of the impeller which are
evenly distributed on the periphery of the wheel. Due to the shape of the spoon,
water is diverted without shock, giving all its kinetic energy, then ultimately
at the bottom and out of the machine. The adjustment is accomplished through a
needle inside the nozzle.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Spoon impeller inlet nozzle needle 6. Mechanism of regulation 7. Outlet chamber
The Francis turbine for middle jumps: The water enters a
direction and exit at 90 º, which is not presented in the Pelton wheel. The blad
es or vanes of the wheel is warped Francis (has a certain inclination or curved
shape) These jet turbine rather have a crown water supplier. This crown complete
ly surrounds the impeller. To get water from the impeller radially from the crow
n there is a camera distributor or spiral coil is responsible for the proper dos
age at each point of entry of water. The impeller blades is properly to produce
the desired effects.
 The turbine propeller or Kaplan turbine for small jumps:
Kaplan turbines have moving blades to fit the charge status. These turbines ensu
re good performance even at low speeds.
2.5-Hydraulic pumping. 1. Upper reservoir 3. Driving Gallery 4. Penstock 5. Cent
ral 6. Turbines and generators in August. Drains
9. Transmission lines 10. Lower reservoir or river
electric power
The pumping stations are a special type of hydroelectric power stations which al
low a more rational use of water resources of a country. They have two reservoir
s at different levels. When electricity demand reaches its peak during the day,
pumping stations operate as a conventional power plant generating energy. Fallin
g water stored in the upper reservoir, spin the wheel of the turbine associated
with an alternator. After the water is stored in the reservoir bottom.€During da
ylight hours in which energy demand is less water is pumped to the upper reservo
ir so you can make the production cycle again. This group provides the central e
ngine-pump or, alternatively, its turbines are reversible so they can function a
s pumps and motors and alternators. Other forms of power generation: 3 .- Solar
Energy: A Central Solar is one installation where solar radiation is used to pro
duce electricity. Solar energy comes to a field of heliostats, they transmit to
a tower, which has the ability to capture this energy and then stores it into st
eam which makes turbines which move while moving a generator, and thus generatin
g the electrical energy is high for a few processors and then be transported thr
ough transmission lines, that is the most common way to generate electricity thr
ough solar sources. 4 .- Nuclear Power: is a facility where the mechanical energ
y needed to move the generator rotor and therefore, obtain electricity, is obtai
ned from the vapor formed by boiling water in a nuclear reactor: a device which
produces a nuclear reaction (ie, interactions between atomic nuclei and elementa
ry particles, by extension, this also includes interactions between elementary p
articles) one of the most used is the chain reaction in which it is released neu
tron strikes an atom and the free neutrons and the other, this in turn releases
two, and so on. This is known as fission chain and not generate radioactive prod
ucts.
5 .- Wind Energy: Wind power plants are based on the use of wind as primary ener
gy for electricity production. Wind energy has been a resource used since ancien
t times in different parts of the world and for different purposes. Transformers
evidence.
1. Visual inspection: This will perform a more thorough inspection for
verify the equipment received by the customer has no manufacturing defects finis
hes, set pieces, paint and indicative of the characteristics of the processors a
lso will request information from the provider about the team's test protocol if
they have not and delivered the check that the serial number of the protocol ma
tches that of the transformer and its other data. If you do not have any comment
to make about the vendor is continuing with this procedure. One of the characte
ristics of transformers are their brands: HI ---- ---- H2 H3 - For the primary
terminal X2 XI ---- ---- ---- X3 X0 - For secondary terminal (where X0 is the
neutral. 2. Dielectric oil: The oil is a factor in transformers helps us stay w
arm and avoid contact with coil coil windings, so that tank transformer is fille
d with this oil radiators banks that are on the sides of the transformers, the h
ottest temperature in the transformer is concentrated at the top and cold on the
bottom, heat up and is cooled a fan (which is triggered when a temperature swit
ch detects heat closes and energizes a coil that are connected to these fans for
cooling temperature, you can connect another switch with temperature and other
coil B which operates when the temperature is highest, and that another group of
 fans energized) and after being cold this is concentrated in the bottom, so doe
s the oil found in the windings. This is used to improve the capacity of the tra
nsformer, for example, if their capacity is increased to 1100KVA 1000KVA. So the
test is being done on this oil is to check your level of endurance of temperatu
re and humidity and the latter must be as small as possible so that no fence to
join coils to the
when loading the blade and make a short or overheat and cause the transformer co
il fire to let the arc.
The test oil is increasing the KVA (in a small prototype) and even those who hol
d to the electric arc is its resistance, for example, if you hold up to 1000 KVA
this is the resistance or dielectric strength of oil.
3. Test the transformer tank: You connect a pump and
4.
5.
6.
7.
completely closed, take out the air and left a vacuum, if the tank is deformed m
eans that the vacuum could not stand and must be manufactured to withstand anoth
er such conditions.€Insulation resistance: Verify that the insulation of the tra
nsformer under test meet the minimum strength supportable under the operation wh
ich will be submitted, as well as inadequate check no connection between its win
dings and earth to secure a good design of the product and not there defects in
it. Verify oil level. Press and isolate either the blades. Commissioning.
Transformer Electrical Transformer is an electrical device consisting of a coil
of wire next to one or more coils more, and that is used to join two or more cir
cuits, alternating current (AC) by exploiting the effect of induction between th
e coils. The coil connected to the power source is called the primary coil. Othe
r coils are called secondary coils. A transformer whose secondary voltage is gre
ater than the primary transformer is called. If the secondary voltage is less th
an the primary this device called a transformer. The product of voltage-current
intensity (power) is constant in each set of coils, so that in one transformer i
ncreasing secondary coil voltage is accompanied by a corresponding decrease supp
ly. Types of transformers. 1. For release: Transformer-pole: The pole type distr
ibution transformers, single and three phase, are the basic element in the netwo
rks of power distribution in urban and rural systems. Are those that enable the
end user the use of low power consumption. In housing developments, residential
and micro industries. Processors of this type are of small capacity and small si
ze. Pole type transformers are built in accordance with National Standard-ANCE N
MX-J116 specifications or CFE-K0000.01 or LFC-GDD-174 mineral oil immersed natur
ally cooled (CLASS OA), with elevated temperature of 65 ° C. On an average ambie
nt 30 ° C and a maximum of 40 ° C and frequency of 60 Hz, in capacities from 10-
167 KVA for single phase and 15-150 kVA three-phase equipment. Voltage classes c
overed are from 1.2 to 34.5 KV. Pedestal type transformer: Used in the 1500 kVA
power, these types of processors projected to be mounted on a concrete base and
capable of external media where they are subject to bad weather, as well as unde
rground media. They are painted green for anticorrosion (standard).
2. For transmission: Power Transformer: The power transformer is a device that c
onverts a fixed voltage and one stream to another through the principle of elect
romagnetic induction. The type of power transformer, ie the current increases an
d decreases the tension of a primary to a secondary energy. Current Transformer:
A computer that protects and regulates the flow into and out of the power trans
former. Type transformer station: used to transform the energy in substations, a
re larger and occupy more space than the previous two. They work with a power of
500 KVA -100 MVA. Land systems. Proper grounding of the entire electrical syste
m is of paramount importance for the safety of personnel and electrical equipmen
t itself. The intended purpose of the existence of ground systems is: a) protect
ion for operating personnel, authorized or unauthorized. b) Protection of equipm
ent and facilities from dangerous voltages. c) Ensure that during the movement o
f ground-fault voltages occur between different parts of the installation. An in
stallation of grounding electrode is essentially composed of, they are the eleme
nts that are in close contact with the ground (buried) and drivers, used to bind
to electrodes, among themselves and with the cabinets and other equipment facil
ities exposed to harmful currents. Your rating:
a) Land for Electronic System: Used for making
land of electronics and control. The maximum earth resistance in this system sho
uld be 2 Ohms, in the case of not achieving the desired resistance is installed,
a chemical element in reducing the resistivity of the ground and reach the eart
h resistance required. b) Land Systems to Power: Used for grounding all elements
of the installation conditions
normal operation are not subject to stress, but may have voltages with respect t
o ground due to accidental faults in electrical circuits. The resistance to grou
nd at any point in the system should not exceed 10 Ohms c) System Lands in Light
ning: As its name implies,€is intended to drain to ground currents caused by lig
htning and complies with Copperweld type electrodes. The resistance to ground at
any point in the system should not exceed 10 ohms. d) Earth Physics:
It is used to protect the equipment and installation in case of an overload caus
ed by the supply transformer. Switches in high volume of oil. It is a fixed equi
pment used in substations constructed and designed to stop large amounts of curr
ent. Its main function is to dispel the arc formed internally between the contac
ts to stop the charges.
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