1.

Product Labeling
Most products unless the gases are stored in bottles with the appropriate label
to indicate the name or formula of the compound and the concentration when it co
mes to solutions. The commercial product labels often include symbols of toxicit
y or aggressiveness of the product. In some instances, accompanying data such as
molecular weight and boiling temperature in the case of liquids.
2. Product Transfer
When you need a quantity of a product for an experience, use a suitable containe
r and clean. If possible confusion is expected to label the container properly.
The container size is correlated to the amount of product needed. Avoid containe
rs too large and never overfill. As a guide use between 25-75% of the total capa
city of the container. Usually a single collection of reagents is used by severa
l people. Therefore not be removed the bottles of products intended site for the
m. Strict compliance with this rule saves time for everyone. Handle with caution
, particularly reactive liquid products. Use both hands if the package is large
or heavy. No further separate the amount of product is needed for the experience
and never return the excess amount to the bottle or jar. 1. Solids can transfer
small amounts of a solid product from one container to another using a spatula,
carefully clean and dry. Bringing the two containers on top of a clean white sh
eet of paper, to prevent spillage of product. Place the bottle cap in the paper
and not directly on the table, thus avoiding contamination of the reagents.
Alternatively you can transfer the solid on a clean piece of paper and glossy, w
ith no more than 15x 15 cm., And then to a test tube.
1
If you need a greater amount of solid sure that the product is not matted. If th
is happens, break the blocks by inserting a clean spatula. To pour the product t
ipping the bottle swinging the wrist simultaneously. 2. When transferring a liqu
id fluids must avoid splashing. This approximate two glass containers and tilt t
he receiver so that the liquid traveling along the vessel wall. When transferrin
g from one vessel to another can make use of a glass rod. When you transfer liqu
id to a bottle using a funnel. After the addition remove the last drops left in
the mouth of the bottle using a clean stirring rod. Make sure the liquid has bee
n spilled over the wall of the bottle, the glass collector or by the bureau. Nev
er bring the nose of a product for identification. Using an open hand to get a s
mall amount of steam to the nose. Dilute with water solutions of acids or bases
before discharge to the stack. To transfer small amounts of fluid can be used a
pipette dropper. For larger amounts use a pipette and the corresponding prepipet
a. In order to avoid contamination of reagents, pipetting should never be direct
ly from the reagent bottles. Place about 1.5 times the amount required in a clea
n, dry glass pipette of the container.
3. Weighing samples.
It has different types of scales that differ in the accuracy and weighing. Gener
ally the most accurate scales have a smaller capacity. Never place the product d
irectly on the side of the scales. Use a heavy paper, a watch glass or a glass c
ase of liquids. Do not place hot pot on the side of the scales. Immediately clea
n up any spilled substance on the scale. Confirm that the balance is adjusted to
zero before and after the weighing. Carefully deposit samples on the plate with
the balance at rest. Ensure that the balance is at rest and that the sample doe
s not exceed the capacity of the scale. Next to each type of balance or granatar
ia specific rules on how to perform the heavy. After the heavy waste clean all a
round and cover the balance reagent bottles.
4. Measure volumes of liquids.
2
Liquids and solutions are normally measured by volume. For this purpose differen
t containers graduates: measuring cups, beakers, pipettes, burettes, volumetric
flasks, etc. These pieces of glass having one or more marks on the surface that
correspond to specific volumes of liquid. When variable volumes to be measured a
ccurately without using a test tube. (In some cases used their own measuring cup
). The volumetric flask to measure a fixed volume more accurately.€Pipettes and
burettes are used to measure small volumes accurately variables. By measuring a
certain volume in any of the previous pieces have to observe the following preca
utions. a) Place the eye at the same height as the liquid level. b) Make sure th
e container is horizontal. c) Align the view with the concave bottom of the meni
scus. d) In multi-scale vessels, to read the volume compare the bottom of the me
niscus in the graduated scale. e) In a flask match the bottom of the meniscus wi
th the brand.
5. Filtration:
Filtration is a technique, technology or process unit operation of separation, w
hich is passed a mixture of solids and fluids, gas or liquid through a porous me
dium or filter medium may be part of a device called a filter, which retains mos
t of the solids or components of the mixture. The applications of filtration pro
cesses are very extensive, being in many areas of human activity, both in domest
ic life and the overall industry are particularly important where those industri
al processes that require chemical engineering techniques. Used to remove a soli
d which is to be disposed, which is retained in the paper filter located in the
conical funnel, which recovers the solution. This technique is used in the proce
ss of recrystallization or the elimination of a drying agent added to a solution
with an organic solvent. Another type of filter called suction or vacuum filtra
tion is used primarily to separate the crystals obtained from a product from a s
olution (filtration when we are interested in solid).
3
6. Decanting:
Decanting is a physical method of separation of particular mixtures to separate
heterogeneous mixtures, they can be entirely fluid - liquid or solid - liquid. D
ecanting is based on the density difference between the two components, which ma
kes left at rest, both to stand to separate the denser at the bottom of the cont
ainer that contains them. In this way, we can empty the contents above. In an or
ganic chemistry lab, this operation is usually performed between an aqueous solu
tion (aqueous phase) and a water immiscible solvent (organic phase) with the hel
p of a funnel. The relative position of both phases (up or down) depends on the
ratio of densities. Chlorinated solvents such as extraction, which can be define
d as the transfer of a substance X from a "liquid phase" to a "liquid phase B",
immiscible with the former.
7. Distillation:
The distillation is to separate operation, usually by heat, various liquid compo
nents of a mixture, taking advantage of differences in volatilities of the compo
unds to be separated. Distillation occurs naturally below the boiling point (100
degrees Celsius in the case of water), then clouds and then rain again. But als
o from boiling rapidly when the substance reaches the boiling point in a kitchen
or in a laboratory. It is used to separate liquids (with eg <150 ° C) non-volat
ile impurities, or separating mixtures of immiscible liquids that differ in thei
r pe at least 25 º C. Moreover, these fluids must have boiling points below 150
º C at atmospheric pressure. For the boiling homogeneous and there are no projec
tions are introduced into the flask a piece of porous plate (or magnetic stirrin
g).
8. Division:
The mechanical division more or less fine that is required for some analytical o
perations generally takes place by spraying, 4
using mortars, which can be made of porcelain, glass, etc. To complement the spr
ay is sometimes used screening programs.
9. Screening:
It aims to ensure that the substance is sufficiently pulverized and achieving un
iformity in the size of the sample, which are achieved by using appropriate siev
es. It is used to separate two solid components that have a similar consistency
(eg flour and sand) which has smaller particle size will be whichever is higher
screening and stay on the screen (which is like a sieve),
10.Centrifugación:
It is used for rapid separation of solids suspended in a liquid, especially when
it comes to small amounts, my biological for chemical analysis (as many times a
s they are not going to separate precipitated, but cell elements in suspension).
The rationale is to accelerate the natural sedimentation due to gravity, subjec
ting the suspensions to a rapid rotation, special equipment and appropriate tuba
s.€The centrifugal force developed projects in suspension components on the bott
om of the tuba in the substance we can use the liquid centrifuged (decanter or c
ollected with a Pasteur pipette) and the solid sedimented after separating the l
iquid. To make the centrifuge are used devices called centrifuges, cylindrical d
evices that are fitted inside pods that are installed on the suspension tubes ce
ntrifuged in the centrifuge is an indispensable condition to balance the centrif
uge tube, that is, that if only we use one, place another in the sheath opposite
the same size and with sufficient water to weigh 5
Like, thus avoiding unpleasant vibrations and especially to the centrifuge are d
amaged or broken pipes.
11.Precipitación:
Insolubilization is within a liquid substance was dissolved in, usually obtained
by solid state. The insolubilization can be done by physical means (heat, cold,
change of solvent) or chemicals that cause the formation of insoluble compounds
. When the precipitate is formed in small quantities and very divided, we speak
of turbidity.
12.Evaporación:
You use this operation to completely remove volatile liquids and get a fixed res
idue, or stop very diluted liquid concentrate. Can be done in cold or hot heat i
s generally used as it speeds up the evaporation. Is performed by placing the su
bstance in large surface vessels (usually caps) and apply heat through hot water
bath (bain marie), air or sand, as required.
13.Desecación:
It has few concerns the removal by vaporization of a liquid wets a solid. It may
be cold or hot, using desiccators in the first case or stoves in the second. A
method of drying is freeze drying. It is a low temperature drying and vacuum, is
used for the preservation of many biological products.
14.Disolución:
It is the transformation of a solid into a liquid by the action of another liqui
d, so that it is a homogeneous whole. It can be physical or chemical change or n
ot according to the nature of body diluted. Used for the dissolution test tubes,
flasks, beakers, etc. Except valued solutions to be performed always in flasks.
It can operate in hot or cold. It is always desirable to reduce, by spraying, t
he solid that we will dissolve as much time to spare time to dissolve. Any solut
ion consists of a dispersed phase called solute and solvent called scattering me
dium. Solvent is also defined as the substance that exists in greater quantity t
han the solute in solution. If both solute and solvent exist in equal amounts (a
s 50% ethanol and 50% water solution), the substance that is most often used as
a solvent is 6
that is designated as such (in this case, water). A solution may consist of one
or more solutes and one or more solvents. A solution will be a mix in the same p
roportion in any amount we make (however small drop), and can not be separated b
y centrifugation or filtration.
7
Juan Carlos Vázquez 1 CIFP Ánxel Casal LAC-A Coruña • • • • •
• •
Bibliography: ~ http://www.ugr.es/ quiored / lab / oper_bas / ex_li_li.htm http:
//www.uv.es/fqlabo/quimicos/qprograma.htm http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki / Home ht
tp://joseacortes.com/practicas/index.htm http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/jfbaeza/
practicas_de_laboratorio.ht m Fundamentals and techniques of hematology and cyto
logy, ED. Chemistry Auditorium 2nd Ed Baia High School
Juan Carlos Vazquez 8 1 LAC CIFP Ánxel Casal-A Coruña