Drawing II

Standards for Technical Drawing

Prof. Carlos Antonio Vieira
2003
1
Contents Chapter 01 - Standardization of Technical Drawing
1.1 - Standardization of Technical Drawings _____________________________ 3 1.2
- Standards of ABNT_______________________________________________ 3 1.3 - Forma
t of paper - NBR - 5984/1980 (DIN 476) ______________________ 5 1.4 - 6 1.5 ____
__________________________________________________ Legend - Scale NBR 8196/1983
(DIN 823) __________________________________ 7 1.6 - 8 Lines ___________________
_____________________________________ 1.7 - Applications and Crossings _________
_______________________________ 9 1.8 - October 11 Views auxiliary _____________
___________________________________ 1.9 - Cortes _______________________________
_________________________ 1.10 - Sections ______________________________________
__________________ 12 1:11 - Views in situations especiais______________________
_________________ 13 1.12 - Concordances in the intersection of 14th superfícies
____________________________ 1.13 - Rotating details oblíquos___________________
____________________ 15 1.14 - Breaks __________________________________________
_____________ 15 1.15 - Graphical Representation of Cotas_______________________
_____________ 16 1.16 - Schematic Representation in Technical Drawing __________
___________ 19
Chapter 02 - Indication of Surface State in Technical Design 2.1 - The Standard
- NBR 8404 _______________________________________________ 22 2.2 - Indicate on
the drawings ______________________________________________ 23 2.3 - 25 Aplicaçõ
es________________________________________________________ Chapter 03 - Geometri
c tolerances. 3.0 - Geometrical tolerances - Introduction ______________________
__________ 3.1 - Tolerance of geometric shape. _________________________________
___ 3.2 - Geometric Tolerance guidance _________________________________ 3.3 - T
olerance of geometric position. ____________________________________ 3.4 - Toler
ance batimento_____________________________________________
27 28 36 42 47
Chapter 04 - Welding Symbols Basic 4.1 - Symbols for Welding Ans _______________
______ 52 Chapter 05 - Reading of Drawings Sets 5.1 - Sets Bibliography ________
________________________________________________ 59 ____________________________
________________________ 67
2
Chapter 01 - Standardization of Technical Design 1.1 - Standardization of Techni
cal Drawings
To transform the technical drawing in a graphic language was necessary to standa
rdize procedures for their graphical representation. This standardization is don
e through technical standards that are followed and respected internationally. T
echnical standards are the result of the cooperative effort of stakeholders in s
etting technical codes which regulate relations between producers and consumers,
engineers, contractors and customers. Each country draws up its technical stand
ards and these are adopted throughout its territory by all those involved, direc
tly or indirectly, in this particular industry. In Brazil, the rules are approve
d and released by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards - ABNT, found
ed in 1940. To encourage the development of international standards and facilita
te the exchange of goods and services between nations, the bodies responsible fo
r standardization in each country, meeting in London in 1947 created the Interna
tional Organization for Standardization (International Organization for Standard
ization - ISO) when a technical standard proposed by any member country, was ado
pted by all countries that make up the ISO, this standard is organized and publi
shed as international standard. The technical standards governing the Technical
Drawing are rules issued by the ABNT, registered INMETRO (National Institute of
Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality) and Brazilian standards NBR-a
nd are in line with international standards approved by ISO.
1.2 - Rules of ABNT
The implementation of technical drawings and fully normalized by ABNT. The proce
dures for implementation of Technical Drawings are general rules that address fr
om the denomination and classification of drawings by the forms of graphical rep
resentation, as is the case of NBR 5984 - NORMA GENERAL DESIGN TECHNICIAN (Forme
r NB 8) and NBR 6402 - IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS OF MACHINERY AND MET
ALLIC STRUCTURES (Former NB 13) as well as specific rules that address the issue
s separately, as the following examples: NBR 10 647 - DESIGN TECHNICIAN - GENERA
L RULE, whose goal is to define the terms used in design technician. The standar
d defines the types of design with regard to its geometrical aspects (design pro
ject and not designed), the degree of elaboration (Sketch, Preliminary and Final
Design)€the degree of detail (Drawing Details and sets) and on the technique of
execution (freehand or using a computer)
3
-
-
NBR 10 068 - SHEET DRAWING AND DIMENSIONS Layout, which aims to standardize the
dimensions of the leaves used for the implementation of technical drawings and s
et its layout with their margins and legend. NBR 10 582 - PRESENTATION OF TECHNI
CAL SHEET FOR DESIGN, which normalizes the distribution space of the drawing she
et, set the area for text, the space for drawing, etc. .. As a general rule you
should organize the drawings distributed on the sheet so as to occupy the whole
area, and arrange the texts above the caption near the right bank, or left the l
abel just above the bottom margin. NBR 13 142 - TECHNICAL DESIGN - Folding COPIE
S fixing the form of folding of all formats of drawing sheets, which to facilita
te the attachment in folders are folded to the dimensions of A4. NBR 8402 - IMPL
EMENTATION OF CHARACTERS FOR WRITTEN IN TECHNICAL DRAWINGS, that the uniformity
and clarity in order to avoid loss in clarity of design and avoid the possibilit
y of misinterpretation, fixes the characteristics of writing in technical drawin
gs. NBR 8403 - APPLICATION OF LINES IN DRAWINGS - TYPES OF LINES - width of the
lines NBR10067 - GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF REPRESENTATION IN DESIGN TECHNICIAN NBR 8
196 - Technical drawings - EMPLOYMENT OF SCALES NBR 12 298 - REPRESENTATION OF A
REA OF CUT THROUGH TECHNICAL DESIGN IN Hatch NBR10126 - Dimensioning in NBR8404
DESIGN TECHNICIAN - INDICATION OF SURFACE STATE IN TECHNICAL DRAWINGS NBR 6158 -
TOLERANCES AND SYSTEM SETTINGS NBR 8993 - REPRESENTATION OF PARTIES Screw CONVE
NTIONAL DESIGN TECHNICIAN
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-
-
-
-
-
-
There are regulations governing the preparation of drawings, and aims to cater t
o a particular type of engineering. As an example we can cite: the 6409 NBR that
normalizes the implementation of electronics designs, NBR 7191 that normalizes
the implementation of designs for works of plain concrete or reinforced, NBR 11
534 which normalizes the representation of gears in Technical Drawing. A query t
o the catalogs of ABNT show many other standards related to the implementation o
f some kind or some specificity of Technical Drawing 4
1.3 - Paper sizes - NBR - 5984/1980 (DIN 476)
The basic format of the paper, called A0 (A zero), is the rectangle with sides m
easuring 841mm and 1.189mm, and the area of 1m2. The basic format, derived from
the other formats.
5
1.4 - Legend
The caption should be in the lower right in A3, A2, A1 and A0, or along the widt
h of the drawing sheet in A4 format. The caption consists of: 1 - title of the d
rawing 2 - 3 - 4 scale - Company 5 - 6 date and name - Description of components
: - quantity - description - part - equipment, standards, dimensions
6
1.5 - Scale NBR 8196/1983 (DIN 823)
Scale is defined proportion between the size of a piece and its respective desig
n. The design of a machine element can be in: - full-scale 1:1 - 1:5 scale reduc
tion - magnification scale of the drawing 1:5 2:1 Measure Measure real part
In the representation through drawings executed in natural scale (1: 1) the dime
nsions of the part corresponding to equal value to those in the drawing. In the
representation through drawings executed on a scale of reduction, the dimensions
of the drawing is reduced in a proportion defined in relation to the actual dim
ensions of the pieces. 1: 2, 1: 5, 1: 10, 1: 20, 1: 50, 1: 100;
On the scale 1: 2 means that 1mm on the drawing corresponds to 2mm in part real.
7
In the representation through drawings executed in magnification scale, the dime
nsions of the design increases at a rate defined in relation to the actual dimen
sions of the pieces. 2: 1, 5: 1, 10: On a scale 5: 1, means that 5mm 1mm in the
drawing correspond to the real part.
1.6 - Lines
The lines of any design should be done all in pencil or ink, uniformly black, de
nse and crisp. You need three thicknesses of line: coarse, medium and fine to co
arse thick encyclopedia, the average half the thickness of thick and thin with h
alf the thickness of the average. NB-8, 1950 recommends that when the thick line
is less than 0.4 mm thick, uses a thin line with a third of equal or thicker th
an average. All the requirements of engineering design can be met using these th
icknesses of lines. Table A1 shows the various types of lines approved by BS308
with their applications, while Table A2 shows the lines as stated in the NB-8.
8
1.7 - Applications and Crossings
9
1.8 - Auxiliary Views
Examples:
10
1.9 - Cortes
Fig.1.1 - Cutting total
Fig.1.2 - Medium cut
Fig.1.3 - Partial cut
Fig.1.4 - Cut into deviations
11
Fig€1.5 - Cuts deviations
Fig.1. 6 - Cuts deviations
1.10 - Sections Application examples:
Fig.1.7 - Sections of a wheel
Fig.1. 8 - Sections of a winch
12
Examples of sections
Figure 1.9 - Sections of axes
Fig1. 10 - Sections of axes
Fig 1.11 - Set Mounted
1:11 - Views in special situations
Fig.1.12-View Special
Fig.1.13 - Vista Special
13
1.12 - Concordances intersecting surfaces
Fig 1:14
Fig 1:15
Fig.1. 16
Fig 1:17
Fig 1:18
Figure 1-19
14
Fig 1:20
Fig.1. 21
1.13 - Rotation obliquely details
Fig.1.22 - Support
Fig.1. 23 - Flywheel
1.14 - Breaks
Fig.1.24 - Cylindrical Components
Fig.1.25 - Components plans
15
1.15 - Graphical Representation Quotas The quota row
Figure 1.26 - Representation of lines of quotas.
Figure 1.27 - Position of quota
Fig 1.28 - Dimensioning referred to the intersection of two lines of constructio
n. 16
Fig 1:29 Indications and notes
Figure 1.30 - Position of quota
Fig1. 31 Dimensioning of rope, development of arc, chamfers and angles.
17
Fig 1.32 - Dimensioning of arcs of circle
Fig 1.33 - Dimensioning and circles of radius
Fig.1.34 - Dimensioning in reduced space
Fig.1.35 - Dimensioning in drawings
18
1.16 - Schematic Representation in Technical Drawing
Springs
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20
21
Chapter 02 - Indication of Surface State in Technical Drawing
2.1 - ABNT - NBR 8404 fixed symbols and additional information for identifying t
he state of the surface in technical drawings.
22
These symbols can be combined together or used in combination, or with symbols t
hat have an indication of the main characteristic of the roughness Ra.
Indications of the state of surface on each of the symbol status indications of
surface and disposed in relation to the symbol.
a = value of the roughness Ra in mm, or class of roughness N1 to N12 b = method
of manufacture, treatment or coating c = length of sample in mm (cut off) = d =
direction of grooves and machining allowance for machining in mm f = other rough
ness parameters (in parenthesis)
2.2 - Statement on the drawings
The symbols and inscriptions should be oriented so that they can be read both by
drawing in the normal position as the right side.
23
Directions of the streaks.
If it is necessary to define a direction of the streak that is not clearly defin
ed by one of these symbols, it must be described in the drawing for an additiona
l note. The direction of stripes is the predominant direction of surface irregul
arities, which often result from the manufacturing process used. 24
2.3 - Applications
Fig.2.1
Fig.2.2
Fig.2.3
Fig.2.4
Fig. 2.5
Fig.2.6
25
Fig.2.7
26
Chapter 03 - Geometric tolerances. Introduction
Despite the high level of technological development, it is still impossible to o
btain surfaces perfectly accurate. So always keep a limit on action. Still, it's
common parts with surfaces appear outside the bounds of tolerance, due to vario
us faults in the machining process, the instruments or measurement procedures. I
n this case, the piece has errors of form. An error in a corresponds to the diff
erence between the actual surface geometry of the part and theoretical. The form
of an element is correct when each of its points is equal to or less than the t
olerance given. The difference in shape should be measured perpendicular to the
theoretical geometric shape, taking care that the piece is properly supported on
the device for inspection, not to get a false value. The causes of the errors o
f form are for: vibration, imperfections in the geometry of the machine, defects
 in the bearings and trees etc.. Such errors can be detected and measured with c
onventional instruments and verification, such as rulers, micrometers, comparato
rs or specific apparatus to quantify these deviations.
Basics - Definitions, according to NBR 6405/1988.
· Surface real: the surface that separates the body from the environment. · Surf
ace geometry: ideal surface prescribed in the drawings and error free. Examples:
flat surfaces, cylindrical, spherical. Effective · Surface: surface raised by t
he measuring instrument. It is the actual surface, deformed by the instrument. W
ith instruments, it is not possible to take an entire area at once. Therefore, i
t examines a cut of that surface each time. Thus, we define: real »Profile: cut
the surface real. »Profile geometric: cut the surface geometry. »Profile effecti
ve: cut the surface effectively.€The differences between the actual profile and
geometric profile are the errors presented by the surface under examination and
are generally classified into two groups: · macrogeométricos Errors: detectable
by conventional instruments. Examples: curl wide, tapering, etc. ovalizaçãoo. ·
Errors microchannels: detectable only by Roughness measurers, etc. perfiloscópio
s. They are also defined as roughness, Chapter 02. 27
Notation and symbology of errors macrogeométricos
3.1 - Tolerance of Geometric Shape. 3.1.1 Rectilineal - Symbol:
It is a condition in which each line should be limited within the specified tole
rance value. If the value of tolerance (t) is preceded by the symbol Æ, the fiel
d of tolerance is limited by a cylinder 't' as shown.
28
Straightness - measurement method
29
3.1.2 - Flatness
30
It is observed by. Latter figure, the flatness tolerance is independent of the d
imensional tolerances specified by the limits of measurement. It is concluded th
at the tolerance zone in shape (flatness) can vary in any way, within the dimens
ional limits. Even so, meet the specifications of tolerance. The flatness tolera
nce is an important application in the construction of machine tools, mainly gui
des a car seat, head etc..
Usually, errors occur due to the flatness factors: Variation of hardness of the
piece along the plane of machining. Premature wear on the cutting edge. Disabili
ty fixing part, causing unwanted movement during machining. Bad choice of locati
on and setting points of the play, causing deformation. Gap in guides of the mac
hine. Internal stresses arising from machining, deforming the surface.
The flatness tolerances of the most accepted are: Turning: Milling: Grinding, 0.
01 to 0.02 to 0.005 a 0.03 mm 0.05 mm 0.01 mm
31
3.1.3 - Circularity - Symbol:
It is the condition under which any circle must be within a range defined by two
concentric circles, distant in the specified tolerance value.
Normally, you need not specify tolerances of circularity because if the errors s
o they are within the dimensional tolerances, they are small enough to get the p
roper assembly and operation of the part. However, there are cases where errors
permissible, due to functional reasons, are so small that the only dimensional t
olerance not meet the security functional. If this occurs, you must specify tole
rances of circularity. It is the typical case of cylinders for internal combusti
on engines, in which the dimensional tolerance can be opened (H11), but the circ
ularity tolerance has to be close, to avoid leaks.
Circularity: methods of measurement
The roundness error is found in production with a measuring device between cente
rs. If the part can not be measured between centers, this tolerance is difficult
to verify because of the infinite variety of form errors that may occur due to
the difficulty of establishing a standard surface, with which the surface could
be compared. In general, adopts a prism in 'V' and a dial gauge or a dial gauge
that can make measurements at three points. 32
A more appropriate measure of circularity is made by special devices for measuri
ng circularity used in metrology, whose schema is shown below.
The center line of rotation is perpendicular to the face of the part, and passes
through the center determined by two perpendicular diameters of the part (consi
dered as a plane of the face). When machining in production, we can adopt the va
lues of circularity: Turning: Boring up to 0.01 mm, 0.01 to 0.015 mm Retificação
o: 0.005 to 0.015 mm
33
3.1.4 - Cylindricity
It is a condition in which the tolerance zone specified is the radial distance b
etween two coaxial cylinders.
The circularity is a particular case of roundness, when considering a section of
the cylinder perpendicular to its generatrix. The tolerance of roundness includ
es: · tolerances allowable in the longitudinal section of the cylinder, comprisi
ng taper, concavity and convexity. · Tolerance permitted in SECTION I cross the
cylinder, which is the circularity.
Roundness: the measurement method.
To measure the tolerance of roundness, it uses the device below. The piece is me
asured in various planes of measurement, and in any length. The difference betwe
en the maximum and minimum indications shall not exceed, at any point of the cyl
inder, the tolerance specified.
34
3.1.5 - Form a line either.
The field of toler6ancia is limited by two lines involving circles whose diamete
rs are equal to specified tolerance and whose centers are situated right on the
geometric shape of the line.
3.1.6 - Form of a Surface whatsoever.
The field of tolerance is limited by two surfaces involving spheres of diameter
equal to the specified tolerance and whose centers are located on a surface that
has the correct geometrical shape.
35
3.2 - Tolerance of geometric orientation
The tolerance of position studies the relationship between two or more elements.
This establishes the amount allowable tolerance variation of an element of the
piece in relation to its theoretical position, established in the design of the
product. In the study of differences in position will be assumed that difference
s in the shape of the associated elements are negligible in relation to differen
ces in their position. If not, it will require a separation between the type of
measurement, so that makes the detection of one or other diversion. The differen
ces in position, according to ISO R-1101, are classified into two elements assoc
iated orientation and position of associated elements. The tolerances of positio
n for guidance are summarized below:
3.2.1 - Parallel
Parallelism is the condition of a line or surface is equidistant to all points o
f an axis or plane.
36
The parallels are always related to a length of reference. In the figure below,
is sketched the correct way to measure the parallelism of the faces. It is assum
ed for accuracy of measurement, the surface taken as reference is sufficiently f
lat.
37
3.2.2 - Perpendicularly
It is a condition in which the element should be within the angular deviation, t
aken as a right angle between a surface or a line, and having as an element of r
efer6encia a surface or a line, respectively. Thus, one can consider the followi
ng cases of perpendicularity: a) - perpendicularity tolerance between two lines
- the tolerance field is limited by two parallel planes off in the specified val
ue 't', and perpendicular to the line of reference.
38
b) - Tolerance of perpendicularity between a flat and straight - The field of to
lerance is limited by two parallel planes off in the specified value and perpend
icular to the line of reference.
Perpendicularity tolerance between a surface and a straight line.
c) - perpendicularity tolerance between two planes - the perpendicularity tolera
nce between a surface and a plane used as a reference is determined by two paral
lel planes, apart from the specified tolerance and respectively perpendicular to
reference.
39
3.2.3 - Slope There are two methods to specify tolerance angle: 1. The angular v
ariation, specifying the maximum angle and minimum angle.
2. An indication of tolerance guidance by specifying the element to be measured
and reference. Tolerance slope of a line for a line of reference - the field of
tolerance is limited by two parallel lines, whose dist6ancia is tolerance, and t
ilted from the straight reference specified angle.
40
Tolerance of inclination of a surface for a straight draw on the tolerance field
is limited by two parallel planes, a distance equal to the value of tolerance,
and inclined angle in relation to the specified reference line.
Tolerance of inclination of a surface over a plane. The field of tolerance is li
mited by two parallel planes, whose distance is the value of tolerance, and incl
ined to the surface reference 6angulo specified.
41
3.3 - Tolerance of geometric position.
The tolerances for position associated elements are summarized in below.
3.3.1 - Position of an element
The tolerance of position may be defined generally as tolerated deviation of a g
iven element (point, line, plane) in relation to its position teórica.É importan
t application of this tolerance position to specify the relative positions, for
example, holes on a substrate so that it can be installed without any need for a
djustment. Considers the following tolerances position of an element: a) - Toler
ance of point position. Tolerance is determined by a spherical surface or a circ
le whose diameter measures the tolerance specified. The center of the circle mus
t coincide with the theoretical position of the section considered (nominal meas
ures).
42
b) - Tolerance of position of the line. The tolerance of position is determined
by a straight cylinder with a diameter "t"€center line of which is straight at i
ts nominal position, where their numerical indication be preceded by the symbol
Æ.
When the design of the product indicate positioning of lines which between them
can not vary beyond certain limits in relation to their nominal dimensions, the
tolerance of location will be determined by the distance of two parallel lines,
arranged symmetrically to the straight line considered nominal.
43
c) Tolerance of position of a plane. The tolerance of position of a plane is det
ermined by two parallel planes distanced from toler6ancia specified and arranged
symmetrically in relation to the plan considered normal. Tolerances of position
, taken in isolation as a deviation from pure positions can not be adopted in mo
st practical cases, as in you can separate them.
3.3.2 - Concentricity
Concentricity is defined as the condition whereby the axes of two or more geomet
ric shapes such as cylinders, cones etc.. Are coincident. In reality there is no
such coincidence theory. There is always a variation of the axis of symmetry of
the figures in relation to one another axis taken as a reference, featuring an
eccentricity. Can be defined as the concentricity tolerance of eccentricity you
seen in a plane perpendicular to the axis taken as reference. In this plan, we h
ave two points that are the intersection of the reference axis and the axis that
you want to know the eccentricity. The second point must be contained in a circ
le of radius I, having as center the point considered the reference axis.
44
The diameter B must be concentric with the diameter of A, where the center line
of the diameter B is inside the circle diameter you, whose center is at the cent
er line of diameter A. The tolerance of eccentricity can vary from point to poin
t, to move the measuring plane parallel to itself and perpendicular to the refer
ence center. It follows therefore that the deviations of eccentricity are a part
icular case of deviations of coax.
3.3.3 - coaxial
The tolerance of a coaxial line over another, taken as reference, is defined by
a cylinder of radius ct, with the straight generatrix of reference within which
to meet other straight. The tolerance of coaxial should always be referred to a
length of reference. The diversion of coaxial can be verified by measuring the d
eviation of concentricity at some points.
45
3.3.4 - Symmetry
The tolerance of symmetry is similar to the position of an element, but used in
independent condition, ie, does not take into account the magnitude of the eleme
nt. The field of tolerance is limited by two parallel lines, or by two parallel
planes, distant in the amount specified and arranged symmetrically about the axi
s (or plane) reference.
46
3.4
- Tolerance of beating
In machining of parts of revolution such as cylinders or holes, found variations
in their shapes and positions, which causes errors of roundness, taper, eccentr
icity etc.. in relation to their axes. Such errors are acceptable up to certain
limits, provided they do not affect its operation. Hence the need to establish a
n appropriate design for the elements. Besides these differences, it is difficul
t to determine in part the real axis. In this case, measurement or inspection sh
ould be made from other references that are related to the axis of symmetry. Thi
s variation of reference often leads to a combination of errors involving the su
rface as the reference surface and the center line theory. To be able to make a
conceptualization of the errors made, are set to beat the deviations, which are
nothing more than diversions compound of form and position of surface of revolut
ion, when measured from an axis or reference surface. The beat is the maximum al
lowable variation of the position of an element, considered by rotating the part
of a rotation around an axis of reference, without axial displacement. The run-
out tolerance is applied separately for each posção measure. If there is no indi
cation to the contrary, the maximum variation allowed should be checked from the
point indicated by the arrow in the drawing. The beat may define errors of circ
ularity, coaxial, eccentricity, flatness and squareness, since its value, which
represents the sum of all accumulated errors, is contained in the specified tole
rance. The axis of reference should be made no errors of straightness and angula
rity.
The tolerance of beat can be divided into two main groups:
3.4.1 - Radial Runout - The tolerance for radial run is defined as a field of di
stance t between two concentric circles, measured in a plane perpendicular to th
e axis considered.
47
Methods for measuring radial run
a) The piece is supported by prisms. The figure shows a cross section of an axis
on which you want to measure the deviation of beat. The LTI indicate a composit
e error consisting of radial deviation of beat, added to the error caused by cha
nge of position of the center.
48
b) The work is supported between centers. When making the measurement of the par
t leased between centers, it has the correct positioning of the center line and,
therefore, LTI is really the heartbeat of radial deviation.
The measurement, performed well, independent of the dimensions of the piece, whe
ther it is in the condition of maximum material (diameter) or minimum material (
smaller diameter, in the case of axis). 3.4.2 - Beat axial - axial run-out toler
ance t is defined as the field of tolerance determined by two surfaces parallel
to each other and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the piece, within whi
ch should be the actual area where the piece make an back, always referred to it
s axis of rotation.
Axial run-out tolerance errors are included compounds form (flatness) and positi
on (perpendicularity of the faces in relation to the centerline). Methods for me
asuring axial beat - To measure the axial run-out tolerance, it is to turn the p
lay around an axis perpendicular to the surface to be measured by blocking its m
ovement in the axial direction.
49
If there is no indication of the region in which the measurement must be done, i
t will apply to any surface. The difference between the information Amax. - Amin
. (Obtained from the reading of a dial gauge) determine the axial deviation of b
eat, which should be less than or equal to tolerance ta. Amax. - Amin. £ ta Typi
cally, the axial deviation of beat is obtained by means of mounts listed below.
The figure shows the measurement made between points. In figure b, the reference
surface is supported by a prism into V.
50
51
Chapter 04 - Basic weld symbols. 4.1 Siting of the standard elements of a weldin
g symbol
52
4.2 - Standard formats available for bonding laminates
53
54
55
56
57
58
Chapter 05 - Reading Sets
Figure 5.1 - bolted joints
Figure 5.2 - Drive shaft
59
Figure 5.3 - Drive shaft
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Figure 5.4 - Mounting of bearings: (a) The ball bearing, (b) the rolling ball in
X (c) tapered roller bearing and O and (d) X
60
Figure 5.5 - Axis of a circular saw for wood
Figure 5.6 - 4 kW Three Phase Electric Motor - 3000rpm
Figure 5.7 - Shaft port knives to chop wood
61
Figure 5.8 - Shaft and pinion tapered transmission car
Figure 5.9 - Water Pump
62
Figure 5.10 - Transmission shaft truck
Figure 5.11 - Differential
63
Figure 5.12 - Car
crane
64
Figure 5.13 - Engine rotation (DEMAG). the starter b lantern c casting gear with
secondary transmission of front wheels; d output shaft motion of the central wh
eel, and wheel spin ball (with jagged inner) f brake shoes with two stopping dev
ice; g h drive hydraulic cylinder (brakes) and spring / (trigger brake shoes); /
: support cushions metal oscillation.
65
Figure 5.14. Diesel Truck Mercedes Benz OM 352
Figure 5.15 - Jet engine Rolls-Royce Avon. 15 compressors, 8 combustion chambers
at the periphery, two-stage turbine
66
Bibliography
P.B. Ferlini, Standards for Technical Drawing, Editora Globo, Porto Alegre, 1977
O. L. Augustine, Principles of Manufacturing Engineering Mechanics: Tolerances,
Adjustments, Variations and Analysis of Dimensions, Editora Edgard Blücher, São
Paulo 1981 G. Manfo, Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Drawing, Books Renewed
Cultural Ltda. F. Provenza, machinery design, Pro-tec, São Paulo, 1978. Dubbel,
Handbook of Mechanical Engineer, Hemus Livraria Editora Ltda, Sao Paulo 1980. J.
Oberg, Manual of Universal Mechanical Engineer, Hemus Livraria Editora Ltda, Sa
o Paulo 1979.
67