RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1 - Definitions The breath is one of the basic characteristics of living things,

being a functional process represented by a simple exchange of gases (O2 - CO2)
emissions. The human respiratory system aims to give the body an exchange of ga
ses with atmospheric air and provide permanent concentration of oxygen needed fo
r metabolic reactions and in turn serving as a means of disposing of waste gases
that result from these reactions and which are represented by carbon dioxide. 2
- Division can be divided into a driving portion represented by the nasal cavit
y, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi and a portion represented by the lungs b
reathing. Upper Airway: consists of organs located in the head and neck. Lower A
irway: consisting of conducting air and bodies that lie in the thoracic cavity.
Via Respiratory composed of the lungs 3 - Human Respiratory System Nose Pharynx
Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
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3 - Have nasal main functions warming the inhaled air, air filtering through the
hair and grip the mucosa and olfactory function. It is divided into an external
nose, a nasal cavity and sinuses. External 3.1-Nose: presents itself in humans
as a triangular pyramid where the top end is represented by the root and the low
er base. At the base we have the nostrils (horizontal or anterior-posterior), th
e apex of the nose (point over previously designed the base) and the back of the
nose (between the apex and the root). Beyond
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addition, the external nose is formed by an osteo-cartilaginous skeleton (nasal
bones and cartilage jaws +). Limen nasi.
3.2-Nasal Cavity: communicates with the external environment previously and subs
equently through the nostrils with the nasal portion of the pharynx through the
choanae. The nasal cavity can be divided into a vestibule, a region respiratory
and olfactory region. The vestibule is just after the nostrils are dilated with
a hair, the region has a respiratory airway mucosa and olfactory region is restr
icted to superior nasal concha lined by olfactory mucosa. The region nasal mucos
a is highly vascularized and is the seat of bleeding (epistaxis). We have two no
strils separated by the nasal septum and choanae two limiting portion of the nas
al cavity and nasal pharynx. We have found in the nasal cavity nasal concha infe
rior, middle and higher than the canal, which open into the sinuses. 3.2.1-Limit
s: ▫ Anterior - Posterior piriform aperture ▫ - ▫ choanae Superior - the roof of
the nasal cavity is curved and narrow, divided into three parts, frontonasal, e
thmoid and sphenoid. ▫ Lower - is formed by the palatine process of maxilla and
horizontal plate of palatine. ▫ sidewall - is irregular because the three highs
rolled, the turbinates, which protrude downward and rolls. It is formed by the j
aws and the ethmoid bone. ▫ medial wall - septum
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3.2.2-Nasal Septum: the nasal septum almost always presents itself deviated to t
he right or left. Is composed of a cartilaginous part of bone and a part formed
by perpendicular lamina of ethmoid and the vomer. 3.2.3-Ethmoid bone: the ethmoi
d bone is difficult to isolate the skull to have very thin walls that rupture du
ring preparation. It is located below the middle portion of the frontal between
the orbits and consists of two lateral masses called ethmoid labyrinth, a cribri
form plate, a blade perpendicular to crista galli and the middle and upper turbi
nates that give rise to the canal which are spaces where they will lead the para
nasal sinuses and recesses sphenoethmoidal. There are the superior canal (betwee
n the shell top and average), the middle meatus (between the middle turbinate an
d inferior) and inferior meatus (in the shells below). Also, the turbinates have
an internal lining which increases its surface allowing better heating and humi
difying inspired air. 3.2.4-ethmoidal bulla - receives ethmoid cells (middle mea
tus). Semilunar hiatus - crack down curve where the bull leads the maxillary sin
us. Ethmoidal infundibulum - receives the frontal sinus. 3.2.5 Irrigation - The
arterial supply of the medial and lateral walls are from the arms of a. sphenopa
latine, of pa. anterior and posterior ethmoid, the a. and the greater palatine a
. upper lip. 3.3-Paranasal Sinuses: cavities in the skull and bones found in the
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and jaws. These cavities are called breasts. 3.3.1-s
phenoid sinus: flows above the upper shell. 3.3.2-ethmoid sinus: empties into th
e superior and middle meatus. 3.3.3-frontal and maxillary sinuses: leading into
the middle meatus. 3.4 - Clinical Cases: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Fractures of nose nasal septum
deviation CSF Rhinorrhea Rhinitis, sinusitis and epistaxis
4 - Pharynx muscular tube common to the digestive and respiratory system, locate
d after the nasal cavity, mouth and larynx. It extends from the base of the skul
l downward until the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage to the level of C6. The
pharynx linked up with the body of the sphenoid and the basilar portion of occi
pital and below, continues with the esophagus. Laterally it relates to the stylo
id process, with the medial pterygoid muscle, the carotid sheath and thyroid gla
nd. It is divided into three parts: one part nasal, an oral and larynx. Part nos
e (nasopharynx): ▫ choanae (superior) to the isthmus pharyngeal (inferiorly) ▫ f
ornix (roof)
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▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Part mouth (oropharynx):
pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube and tubal torus fold salpingopalatina salpi
ngopharyngeal tonsil and pharyngeal recess
▫ isthmus of the throat (soft palate) to the upper edge of the epiglottis ▫ lymp
hatic ring (tonsil nasopharynx, palate and tongue) folds glossoepiglóticas ▫ ▫ m
edian and lateral epiglottis vallecula
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Part laryngeal (laryngopharynx): ▫ top edge of the epiglottis to the bottom edge
of the cricoid cartilage ▫ previously addicted larynx and later the bodies of C
4 to C6 ▫ pyriform sinus 4.1-Clinical Cases
5 - Larynx tubular organ located in the median plane and anterior to the neck, w
hich in addition to conducting the air is also an organ of speech, besides preve
nting obstruct the air passage during swallowing. It is located above the neck (
laryngeal prominence), relating later with the pharynx. 5.1-Skeleton: Presents a
cartilaginous cartilage formed by the following: ▫ Odd: thyroid, cricoid and ep
iglottis. ▫ Peers: arytenoid, cuneiform and cornículos 5.2-Adytum larynx (entran
ce of the larynx) and aryepiglottic ▫ interarytenoid 5.3-Cavity of the larynx: ▫
Hall (VF) and Rima's Hall ▫ ventricle (between the vestibular folds and vocal f
old) ▫ Rima glottis Glottis and Vocal Cord ▫ ▫ Cavity Infra-5.4-glottic ▫ Extrin
sic Muscles (move the larynx) ▫ Intrinsic (speech and swallowing) 5.4.1) Muscles
entering the constitution of the vocal cords: ▫ vocal muscle 5.4.2 ) Muscles th
at are turning the arytenoid cartilages
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Cric-arytenoid muscle ▫ ▫ lateral thyro-arytenoid muscle 5.4.3) muscles that bri
ng the two arytenoid cartilages ▫ ▫ transverse arytenoid muscle arytenoid muscle
oblique 5.4.4) muscles that cause the sliding of the thyroid cartilage forward
▫ cricothyroid muscle 5.5-Cases Clinical
6 - Trachea cilindróide structure, which consists of a series of incomplete ring
s (C-shaped) of hyaline cartilage (between 16 and 20) and connected by the annul
ar ligament and is located partly in the neck and partly in the chest. Its funct
ion is to direct the air to the lungs, being anterior to the esophagus with a sl
ight deviation to the right. Its structure keeps it rigid cartilage and the pres
ence of elastic ligaments, ensures flexibility during breathing. Extends to the
level of C6 to T6, when it divides to form the right and left main bronchi, the
region called the Carina. Its cervical part relates to the previously jugular ve
nous arch, sternum, hyoid, thyroid, sternum, with the isthmus of the thyroid gla
nd with the thymus and the thyroid veins. Later, it was observed that the trache
al muscle is related to the esophagus, the recurrent laryngeal nerves and latera
lly with the lobes of the thyroid gland and the common carotid arteries. 6.1-Cli
nical Cases
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7 - Brontok Structure of respiratory system which continues the trachea splits i
nto two, right and left, heading to the lungs. The two main bronchi have been ve
ry similar to the trachea and bronchi are also called first order. Each primary
bronchus gives rise to the lobar bronchi or second order that ventilate the lung
s. These divide into segmental bronchi or third order. They undergo successive d
ivisions to give the alveoli, forming the bronchial tree. The right and left mai
n bronchi are important anatomical differences. The right is shorter, more verti
cal and thicker than the left which is longer, thinner and more horizontal. Path
ways aeríferas lungs: bronchi main right and left upper lobe bronchi →,€right mi
ddle and lower lobe bronchi and left upper and lower segmental bronchi → bronchi
oles → → → terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles → → ductules alveolar sa
ccules alveolar pulmonary alveoli → 8 - Regions pleuropulmonary 8.1) ▫ Parietal
Pleura (costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic dome - fascia of Jobson). ▫ Visce
ral 8.2) Recesses and reflections costophrenic pleural ▫ ▫ ▫ Costomediastinal co
stovertebral
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9 - Lungs 9.1) General Characteristics main organs of respiration contained in t
he thoracic cavity, lateral to the mediastinum where is located the heart, great
vessels, esophagus, part of the trachea and main bronchi. The organs of present
ing a conical apex, a base (on the diaphragm), and two faces: the costal and med
ial. Are divided into lobes, and the right lung has three left and two separated
by oblique and horizontal fissures. Medially the lungs have the hilum, slit-sha
ped paddle, where to enter or leave the bronchi, the pulmonary vessels and nerve
s being the root of the lungs. Externally they are surrounded by a serous sac ca
lled the pleura which is divided into parietal and pulmonary. Exists between the
pleural pleural cavity containing a liquid that allows the displacement of a pa
mphlet against the other in the constant changes in volume of the lungs. 9.2) Mo
rphology and fissures ▫ ▫ Lobos segments (each segment has a pulmonary a., a a.
a bronchus and bronchial) ▫ Hilo lung (right lung - BAV and left lung - ABV) ▫ P
rints and grooves (heart, aorta, azygos vein) Pulmonary Ligament ▫ ▫ ▫ lingula F
aces (costal diaphragm and medial) ▫ Lymphatic Drainage (infra-carinal, paratrac
heal and tracheobronchial) ▫ Root of the lung (bronchus, pulmonary arteries and
veins, nerves and lymphatic)
9.2.1) segments of the lung
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→ Law (10): Wolf High - apical, anterior and posterior. Middle lobe - medial and
lateral. Lower Wolf - apical superior, anterior basal, posterior basal, medial
basal and basal lateral. → Left (9): Wolf High - ápicosuperior, anterior, superi
or lingular and inferior lingular. Lower Wolf - apical, anterior basal, posterio
r basal, medial basal and basal lateral.
9.3) Clinical Cases
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DIRECTED STUDY
123 568 -
What are the functions of the respiratory system? As the air is filtered in the
nose?
What is the function of the cartilage of the respiratory system? 4 - Where in th
e respiratory tract occurs haematosis? What are the structures that form the rib
cage? What is the action of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during respir
ation? 7 - How do you compose the external nose? Anatomically characterize the n
asal cavity, indicating its boundaries, its division and the structures that con
stitute it.
9 - How is it formed the nasal septum? 10-What are the parts that form the ethmo
id? 11-What are the functions of turbinates? 12-What are canal? 13-How to divide
the pharynx? What are your limits? 14-What is the pharyngeal ostium of eustachi
an tube? 15-What are the odd and even cartilage that form the larynx?
16 - Featuring the trachea.
17-How to divide the bronchi? Differentiate the right main bronchus
left main bronchus. 18 - Featuring the morphology of the lungs.
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GUIDE TO CLASSROOM PRACTICE
- Respiratory System This script is an aid to their study in practical and theor
etical classes. It is by no means a list of topics that may be charged in theore
tical or practical evidence. Thus, the student should not limit their study to t
his script or its subject matter treated. It is essential to consult the recomme
nded bibliography and frequency classes.
NOSE: - Identify the following structures belonging to the EXTERNAL NOSE: - Apex
, dorsal roots and wings - Nostrils - nasal vestibule and nasal Limen. - Identif
y the following structures within the nasal cavity proper: - View the Nasal Sept
um (Cartilaginous + Osseo) - Wall Medial CNPD - Hard and Soft Palate - Floor - D
efine what Nasal meatus - Define what Paranasal Sinus and what (frontal, sphenoi
d, maxillary, ethmoidal) - Side Wall: - Cornets Nose Upper, Middle and Lower - C
ornets between lie the nasal meatus. - Between the Upper and Middle Nasal Turbin
ate - Superior meatus Nasal - Nasal Turbinate between the Middle and Lower - Mid
dle nasal meatus; - between the Inferior Nasal Turbinate and Palate - Inferior n
asal meatus. - Structures that lead into each nasal meatus - Superior nasal meat
us.: - Posterior ethmoid cells - Middle nasal meatus: - Frontal Sinus and Maxill
ary; Cels. Previous ethmoid. - Inferior nasal meatus - Nasolacrimal duct. - Othe
r structures to be viewed: - spheno-ethmoid recess - the location of the mouth o
f the Sphenoid Sinus.
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PHARYNX: - Show the following structures: - choanae - Nasopharynx, Oropharynx an
d laryngopharynx - defining their limits - Show, nasopharynx, Eustachian tube or
ifice and the pharyngeal ostium of the Eustachian Tube - Showing, among the Orop
harynx and Oral Cavity, the isthmus of fauces; LARYNX: - Identify the nine carti
lages of the larynx (3 odd and 3 pairs): - Thyroid - visualize the laryngeal pro
minence (or Pomo-of-Adam) - Cricoid - two arytenoid cartilages, and two cornícul
os second cuneiform (these are not always visible) - Epiglottis - Show the membr
ane Cric-Thyroid. - View the interior of the Larynx: - Vestibular Folds (Vocal o
r False) - Laryngeal Ventricle - Vocal Folds (or true vocal cords) - Rhyme of th
e glottis. TRACHEA bronchi and lungs: - Set the morphological constitution of th
e Trachea and Bronchi - Set the lower limit of the Trachea - Set the number of t
racheal rings (16-20) - Show the Carina and the Right and Left Main Bronchus - N
ote that the main bronchus (or Source, or primary) right is shorter, vertical an
d thickened, while the Left is longer, and less thickened horizontalized - medit
ate deeply on the practical importance of such information; - Define what is pul
monary Lobos ( ventilated by a secondary bronchus; separated by fissures) - Set
the number of wolves in each lung - Defining what is a bronco-pulmonary segment
(ventilated by a tertiary bronchus) - Show the pulmonary hila, identifying arter
y, vein and pulmonary bronchus; - Right: B, A, V; Left: A, B, V. - Segments of t
he Right Lung: - For the Upper Wolf - segmental bronchi:
- Apical (1) - Rear (2) - Previous (3). - Side (4) - Medial (5). Superior (6); o
r Medial Basal Heart (7); Basal Previous (8) Basement Side (9); Basal Posterior
(10).
- For Middle Lobo - Segmental Bronchus: - For the Lower Wolf - Segmental Bronchu
s:
- Show the Left Lung: - For the Upper Wolf - Segmental Bronchus:
- Apex-posterior (1 +2) - Previous (3);
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- Superior lingular (4) - Lower Lingula (5). - For the Lower Wolf - Segmental Br
onchus: Superior (6); Basal Antero-lateral (8); Basal Side (9); Basal Posterior
(10).
- View: - lung apex and base; - Cracks oblique (both lungs) - Cleft horizontal (
right lung) - Faces costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal - Show Face Mediastina
l left lung - Heart Print - lingula lung. - View: - The parietal and visceral pl
eura, defining the structures covered by them.
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