2.

DATA BASE FOR THE CALCULATION

2.1. DATA ON THE CONCRETE
BAEL Rules are applicable only to concrete with minimum cement is 300 kg/m3 (sec
tion A 1.1).
2.1,1. resistance characteristics
a) Compression • In routine cases, the mechanical point of view is defined by a
concrete value characteristic required (or specified) of its compressive strengt
h at 28 days of age, noted FC28 (section A2.1, a ). • The Issue 65A of the Gener
al Technical Conditions of Contract [1.2] * Fixed section 77.2.3 compliance crit
eria. In the general case where the number n of samples per batch is equal to 3,
the following conditions must be met: k - 2,7 k-1 ≥ FC28, FC28 and ≥ 5 and ≥ 3
+ FC1 FC28 FC28 if ≥ 30 MPa
FC1 + 3.5 ≥ FC28 FC28 if <30 MPa
with k arithmetic average of results (in MPa) FC1 smallest result (MPa) • For a
different age j 28 days, we may assume (Fig. 1.2):
JCF =
JCF 4.76 0.83 + j j
j k j + 0.95 1.40 28
≤ 40 MPa for FC28
and JCF =
for FC28> 40 MPa
If j> 28 days, the value is conventionally bounded above FCJ in FC28. Values FCJ
/ FC28 Age of concrete in days FC28 FC28 40 MPa> 40 MPa 3 7 14 21 28 1.00 1.00
Fig. 1.2
0.414 0.662 0.855 0.946 0.706 0.870 0.952 0.984
* Numbers in brackets refer to the bibliography at the end of this document.
25
b) The traction characteristic tensile strength of concrete at j days, FTJ noted
, is conventionally defined as: = 0.6 + 0.06 fti fti fci and FCJ in MPa
FCJ ≤ 60MPa
2.1,2. stress-strain diagram
• At the service limit state, the compressed concrete is considered as an elasti
c and linear. The compressive stress of concrete in service is limited to:
σbc JCF = 0.6
(Sect. A.4.5, 2)
• At the ultimate limit tate of re i tance, the concrete i defined by a diagra
m Stre - train on aid "Parabola-rectangle, which you can ub titute a trip
chart equivalent (having ub tantially the ame area and ame center of gravity
(Fig. 1.3)).
with:
θ θ θ = = = = γb γb =
when the expected duration of application of the combination of actions is consi
dered more than 24 h 0.9 if the duration is between 1 pm and 24 is 0.85, up more
than 1 h. 1.5 to 1.15 for the current solicitation solicitations accidental
1
26
2.1,3. lon
itudinal deformations of concrete
• Module instantaneous lon
itudinal deformation (normal stress of a duration of
less than 24 hours) Eij = 11000 fcj1 / 3 (MPa) • Module delayed lon
itudinal def
ormation (normal stress of lon
duration of application) Evj = 3 fcj1 700 / 3 (M
Pa) FCJ Evj Eij (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) 25 32160 10820 30 34180 11500 40 37620 12650 5
0 40520 13630 60 43060 14490
• Poisson's ratio for load calculations, Poisson's ratio is taken eual to 0. Fo
r the calculation of deformation, it is taken eual to 0.2.
2.1,4. resistance characteristics common
BAEL Rules (Chapter B1)
ives, for the current buildin
sites, the values of cha
racteristic stren
th of concrete, normally expected, the followin
: Stren
th in
k
/m3 cement FC28 (MPa) ft28 (MPa) Terms current production of concrete Classes
with self Cement Manufacturin
Cement monitored Classes
32.5 and 42.5 and 32.5 R 42.5 R 32.5 R 32.5 and 42.5 and 42.5 R 16 20 25 30 1.56
1.80 2.10 2.40 300 350 (1) not allowed 325,375 (1) 325 400 (1) 300 350 (1)
(1) case to justify a proper investi
ation.
27
2.2. DATA ON THE WELDED TRUSS
2.2,1. Data on the ultimate limit state (ULS)
In calculatin
the Rules BAEL welded mesh is defined by: • the
uaranteed yield,
denoted by himself. This is eual to F = 500 MPa. • the simplified form of the
stress-strain dia
ram (Sect. A.2.2, A.4.3 and 2, 2, Fi
. 1.4).
γs = 1.15 with γs = 1.00
- Chart of calculation under the combinations of key actions (Fi
. 1.5)
(
- Theoretical curve. - Chart of calculation under the accidental action combinat
ions (Fi
. 1.5)
The lon
itudinal modulus of elasticity of steel Es is taken as 200,000 MPa (Sect
. A.2.2, 1).
28
2.2,2. data on borderline of service (SLE)
The Rules define BAEL 91 in their paper B2, 4 three de
rees of harmfulness of cr
ack widths dependin
on the characteristics of a buildin
compared to its enviro
nment and circumstances of the element relative to the envelope of that it. Exhi
bition, by B.2, 4 CRACKING LITTLE ADVERSE • Elements located in premises covered
and closed. • Sidin
not visible or not bein
subject to specific conditions fo
r the openin
of cracks.ۥ Items subject to condensation exceptionally short. Re
uirements, accordin
to A.4.5.3 - no special audit is reuested outside of the

eneral and the condition of nonfra
ilité. - In the case of deep beams (> 1 m),
reinforcin
the skin at 3 cm 2 per meter of wall perpendicular to their directio
n (T ≥ 35) - ∅ ≥ 6 mm frames and more close to the walls (only the panel 10 does
not fit ST). Section S is placed near a wall. - Σ  ≤ σ given by the table - a
fter. - Reinforcement of kin potential, ee above. - For board and ail of th
ickne h ≤ 40 cm, the pacing of the frame of the ame heet hould check E or
e ≤ min (25 cm 2 h). - ∅ ≥ 8 mm for the plate are clo e t to the wall (only t
he ign , T 50, T 50 C, T 60, T 65 C, therefore, agree, the ection  i to
be placed near a wall) - σ ≤ σ given by the table - after - ection "fitting
kin" po ible ( ee above) increa ed to 5 cm 2 / m ( T 50 or T 50 C) - For boa
rd and ail of thickne h ≤ 40 cm, the pacing of reinforcement of the ame
heet hould check E or e ≤ min (20 cm, 1.5 h).
• Element expo ed to conden ation. CRACKING CRACKING VERY ADVER E ADVER E
• Item expo ed to the weather. • Element alternately ubmerged and emergent fr
e hwater.
• element expo ed to aggre ive environment ( altwater or marine atmo phere, v
ery pure water, ga or corro ive oil , etc. ..) • Element to provide a ealing
(1).
(1) except tho e belonging to the work for which pecial rule apply: tank [1.
4], ca ing [7.3 bi ], etc. ..
29
TRE  LIMIT  OF LATTICE σ ODA IN MPa in ca e of cracking harmful (FP) or ver
y harmful (FTP)
Concrete f c28 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Ø ≤ 5.5 250 250 250 250 250 253 264 27
5 285
FP Ø ≥ 6 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 ≤ 257 ° 5.5 200 200 200 200 200 202 211
220 228
F.T.P. Ø ≥ 6 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 206
f T28 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.0
Note: For the on of T  are clo e t to the wall: diameter ≥ 6 mm in ca e of detr
imental cracking (all except T 10 me h) diameter ≥ 8 mm in ca e of cracking ver
y damaging (lattice T ≥ 50)
30
2.3. CONCRETE A OCIATION-WELDED TRU 
2.3,1. coating
a) General ca e (Fig. 1.8):
The coating of each wire i at lea t equal to it diameter. Moreover c mu t be g
reater than the following value (BAEL A.7.1): • tructure in the ea or expo e
d to alt pray or alt pray. • expo ed to aggre ive atmo phere . witched upp
er wall or not, may be ubject to adver e action (Example: upper deck), to rai
n, conden ation or in contact with liquid. 5cm
3 cm *
Wall are uitable for indoor and enclo ed unexpo ed to conden ation. * Value ca
n be reduced to 2 cm if FC28> 40 MPa. b) minimum di tance nece ary for re i tan
ce to fire (Fig. 1.9):
1cm (ab olute minimum)
The following table li t , by categorie of book and po t the rule (Chapter VI
I DTU "Concrete Fire [1.8]), the minimum di tance u eful u compatible with dura
tion of criteria required to fire:
31
F (hour ) * Tie u (cm) Load-bearing wall of teel ca e where the percentage of
teel included in the calculation
0.5 2.5
April 1
1.5 5.5
2 6.5 NA
2.5 8
eptember 3

4 •
1 January 1
2 1.5 • •
3 2 •
4 3 •
• 5 3.75
6 4.5 •
7 6 •
Beam - ail (for bending teel only) and full lab Floor plate
F * - duration of the requirement criteria firewall or fire re i tance
• Value are not given by imple rule (to be determined by the calculation). •
• 2
M w = 0 + Me + Me 2Mo M w ≥ 1.5 2M0 0.50
linear interpolation for 0 <
Mw + Me <0.50 2M0
Note: Behaviour of welded wire me h hot ADET  • The coefficient of weakening of
the mechanical characteri tic of teel a a function of temperature, φs, is de 
ined by a table in section 3.21 o  DTU - Fire [1.8]. • The values assigned to pe
nalize wire mesh led the ADETS to per orm in 1981 a series o  tests, depending o
n the methodology or other steels, and at the same laboratory that is to say IR
SID (Institute Search the French Steel). The results o  these tests are shown in
the table below: welded mesh ADETS (steel FeE500) tests in 1981
∅
6 8 10 12 mean
Testing at 20 ° C. Re 632 592 512 604 585 Rm 713 667 595 645 655 Re 550 558 445
530 521
Testing at 300 ° C 0.87 0.94 0.87 re 0.88 0.89 Rm 678 625 595 637 634 rm 0.95 0.
94 1.00 0.99 0Re 97 340 290 310 341 320
Testing at 500 ° C 0.54 0.49 0.61 0.56 st 0.55 Rm 412 353 372 384 380 0.58 0.53
0.63 0.60 RM 0.58
R e - yield 0.2% (MPa) re
=
R e (θ) R e (20 C)
(Φ = s)
, Rm = resistance (MPa) rm
=
R m (θ) R m (20 C)
We note that these values are somewhat different from those of steel bars HA (0.
85 to 0.54 to 300 ° C, 500 °) C
32
2.3,2. Terms of folding
a) Minimum diameter of mandrel bending Subject to compliance with the reuiremen
t of non-crushing of concrete provisions for sealing knots indicated below, the
minimum diameter cores bending of TS are those indicated in the table below afte
r (see [1.2], Art. 62.3). Minimum diameter of mandrel bending D (mm) caliper anc
hors and executives Elbows (change of direction of the wire) b)
 cases encountere
d in practice (see [1.2], Art. 62.4) 1) Steel cutting inside ( ig. 1.10) D in ac
cordance with paragraph a above E ≥ 0.65 D + 2 t ∅
Nominal diameter of wire (mm) 5 - 5.5 30 50 6 30 70 7-8 40 70 9 - 10 50 100 150
12 60,100,200 14 90,150,200 16,100,150,250

or otherwise provide a chuck notched ig. 1.10

2) Steel cross outside ( ig. 1.11)
D according to paragraph a above E ≥ 0.50 D + 2 ∅

or otherwise adopt ∅ D ≥ 20 ig. 1.11
33
c) Status of non-crushing of concrete (Article 6.1.252 A) • Condition for foldin
g over a single or bunk son: In what follows, r denotes either: - the radius of
curvature of the axis a thread belonging to a single panel - is the radius of cu
rvature of the internal thread (most curved) in the case of superimposed panels,
supposedly bent around the same center of curvature ∅ D + r = 2 where D is the
diameter mandrel bending wire ∅ considered and its diameter. The condition to sa
tisfy is:
∅ ≥ r 0, 2 1 + ∅ st
with
1 + 2n 3
σ f cj
n number of welded me h panel bent around the ame center di tance of the fir t
center to the neare t wall tre σ behind the curve, under the ultimate tre
(Fig. 1.12) for T , in the ca e Anchorage
 defined
 inFigure1.15: σ r = 500 
- τ SU k - 4 -2) (MPa) wi h ∅: SU τ of ul ima e bond s ress ( able 2.3.4) k ra i
o s / ∅ ( see values in he same able) As σ depend on r / ∅, ju t from a give
n mandrel bending and verify u ing the chart below that the econd member of the
above inequality lead to a value lower than that which we tarted (a) Example:
The ca e of two uperimpo ed panel , on of 6 mm diameter bent with the ame ce
nter of curvature, the more bent on a mandrel of D = 70 mm. It i a umed that t
he end of the wire i perpendicular to 10 mm from the neare t wall (embedding ab
olute minimum), with about 50 mm, which po ition the center of curvature: ∅ t
= 10 +50 = 66 mm wall next two ∅ D + 70 + 6 r In the e condition : r = = = 38 =
6.33 mm, where February 2 ∅ ∅ 6 = 0.091 t = 66 Furthermore, for FC28= 25 MPa,
the table on page 37 give τSU = 2.84 MPa and k = 44. We deduce from he formul
a above: σ = 500 to 2.84 (1.6 x 44-4 x 6.33 to 2) = 378 MPa and r = 5.45 σ = 1
5.1 The graph in Figure 1.12 re ult in ∅ FCJ
(1.6
The condition of non-cru hing of concrete i verified, ince 5.45 <6.33
(1) It i ea y to ee that a king
λ = 0.8 (1 +
∅ 2n + 1) st 3
the minimum radius of curvature has adopted is given by:
∅ r
=
min

125 - τ su (k 0.4 - 0.5) (s resses in MPa) f cj - known τ λ
In this examp e λ = 1.45; found
∅ r
Rmin = 5.33 or = 32 mm and Dmin = 58 mm.
min
34
Son of two cases be onging to two we ded mesh pane s fo ded in the same section
(around a common center) Case of a thread be onging to a sing e piece of fo ded
wire mesh
Ø r
10 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
5 .4 5 9 .6 0
Ø
st 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 0 .1
= 2
/ 3
9
8 .4 0 7 .8 0 7 .2 0
8
7
6 .6 0
6 March 2 May 4
May 1 .1
6
May 4
FCJ Oσ 20 25 30
5
10
6.00 6.25 6.62 7.14 7.69 8.33 9.03
15
f cj
35
• Bending of an entire panel - Loop In game where a full panel of wire me h i
curved or if a frame FeE500 haped loop, the radiu of curvature r mu t ati fy
(Fig. 1.13):
∅ ≥ r 175 n 1 + 2 + b 1 ∅ FCJ 2n (FCJ in MPa) 3
n = number of panel on, b = width of the element in que tion.
∅ r found in the form above or below the chart mu t be multiplied by σ / 500.
If the de ign tre of teel i ignificantly le than 500 MPa, the value of
The ca e of two welded me h panel folded in the ame ection of a ingle ca e o
f welded me h panel
36
2.3,3. anchor tandard panel ADET  (BAEL Art. A.6.2, 1)
The Rule tipulate that BAEL on con tituting a wire me h with high adhe ion ar
e anchored individually or weld whichever i more favorable. The table below h
ow , however, that the anchorage ealing law i cheaper than the anchor with two
older for on di tribution (required length 2E) or three older for carrying
on (required length 3) a) Anchor The traight "right ealing length i given,
according to the pecified characteri tic trength of concrete by the following
table: FC28 (MPa) τsu (MPa) 25 2.84 44 30 3.24 39 40 4.05 31 50 4 86 26 60 22 5
.67
∅
*
s
=
125 = k * τ su
  
f he heore  ical
 formula is: s = ∅ ⋅ τ su e 4
A callus wi hou descending aua = s ⋅ A provided
   
When provided in sec ion  A sec ion oranchor should  be provided is grea er han
he calcula
  ed Acal
 sec  ion, you can ake a leng h of anchor under 10 ∅. b)Anch
ored o he curva ure erms offolding,  see 2.3,2. • For a normal hook, in he a
bsence
 of
 more precise
  calcula
 ion, he hread is considered
 fullyanchored
 from

 he sec ion loca ed a a dis ance a = 0.4 s ou side of he plane angen ial o
he hook (Fig. 1.15), leading he following values:
FC28 (MPa)
has
25 18
30 15
40 12
50 10
60 10
/ ∅
   
• An anchor curve
 is defined by: - he diameer  D of he bending
 mandrel
 where

he wire diame er ∅ is formed (Table 2.3,2 a i le of his chap er) - he cen ral
angle θ - λ ∅ = ength of its The right back prob em that usua y arises is: kn
owing the ength avai ab e to accommodate an anchor said curve (anchoring tota 
to be assured beyond a point A fig.1.14), which give the ength λ ∅ right back t
o the anchor curve is equiva ent to a norma  hook anchorage ength 0.4s (s, sea 
ing ength right, Tab e 2.3,3 tit e. a of this chapter)
37
Fig 1.14 Fig 1.15
Ø
The formu a for λ is:
λ = a 60.5 1 -
say s
-B
diameter D
A
O
Ø
say
The coefficients a and b depend on the type of anchor and wire diameter, and are
given for standard pane s by the fo owing: b = 5.5 mm for ∅ 26.7 14.1 11.1 9.0
6 33.6 17.9 14.1 29.1 15.5 12.2 7.1 7 6.1 8 5.4 9 25.8 13.6 10.7 32.1 17.1 13.4
6, 8
Type Anchor Hook Hook norma  "45 °" hook "60 °" Back to square
θ = 180 θ = 135 °
a 0.28 0.53 0.39 0.43
θ = θ = 120 ° 90 °
      
No e: For bars
 HA radi ional shaped on  ∅ D = 10, ake he ra ios given for he
∅ 7. Applica
 ion oexample 4.5,6 Chap er 3 "Sole" (page 147): The reinforcemen
consis s of wo la ices ST 25 and ST 20,
 s acked in parallel. • welded mesh ST
25: ∅ 7 in each direc ion, sealing leng h rules:
s
∅ = 44 = 30.8 cm
- Meaning 'b' "
say

= 0.26 m = 26 cm. For a righ angles: a = 0.53, b = 6.1: λ = 0.53 26 60.5 1 - -
6.1 30.8 = 1.76 = 5 = ∅ 35 mm
we do not retain va ue ess than 5, where - meaning "a '"
say
= 0.11 m = 11 cm where a return to square: λ = 0.53 11 60.5 1 - - 6.1 30.8 = 17.
4
hence
X7 = 17.4 = 122 mm to 130 mm round
• we ded mesh ST 20: ∅ 6 in one direction:
s = 44 = 26.4 cm ∅, ∅ 7 in the other.
38
They inc ude: - meaning 'b', with - meaning 'a', "with
say say
= 26 cm
s
= 26.4 cm: you can keep a right anchor of son ∅ 6.
= 11 cm and ∅ 7 in this direction. The ca cu ation gives
λ = 17.4 or λ ∅ = 122 mm to 130 mm round
formed into frames, pins or brackets, are provided by curvature by minimum radiu
s and if the return rights of ength at east equa  to - 5 ∅ for an ang e of 180
° - 10 ∅ for an ang e of 135 ° - ∅ 15 for an ang e of 90 ° c) Recoveries
• The end anchorages
(See tab e on page 33)
The junction of two of the same diameter ∅ son, whose axes are separated by C1,
is ensured if they over ap on a ength at east equa  to (Fig. 1. 16):
has
r
=
has
+ C1
if C1> 5 if C1 ≤ ∅ 5 ∅
∅
r
=
has
45 °
C1
with
a = ength of anchor
(S in genera  for a right anchor)
∅
r
Fig. 1.16
39
LENGTH OF RECOVERY IN CM
Recovery Son ongitudina  (string)
For standard pane s according to the ength of sea ing aw given according to th
e characteristic strength of concrete
Recovery Son transverse (weft)
FC28 (MPa) 25 d D mm PAF PAF ® R ® C ® ST 10 ST 20 ST 25 ®
®
30
∅ 39
18 18 21 23 27 23 27 31 35 23 27 27 27 31 35
35
∅ 34
15 15 19 20 24 20 24 27 31 20 24 24 24 27 31
40
∅ 31
14 14 17 19 22 19 22 25 28 19 22 22 22 25 28
45
∅ 28
13 13 15 17 20 17 20 22 25 17 20 20 20 22 25
50
∅ 26
12 12 14 16 18 16 18 21 23 16 18 18 18 21 23
55
∅ 24
11 11 13 14 17 14 17 19 22 14 17 17 17 19 22
60
∅ 22
10 10 12 13 15 13 15 18 20 13 15 15 15 18 20
∅ 44
20 20 24 27 31 27 31 35 40 27 31 31 31 35 40
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 5.5 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 8 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9
20 20 24 31 31 31 31 35 35 27 31 31 31 35 40
18 18 21 27 27 27 27 31 31 23 27 27 27 31 35
15 15 19 24 24 24 24 27 27 20 24 24 24 27 31
14 14 17 22 22 22 22 25 25 19 22 22 22 25 28
13 13 15 20 20 20 20 22 22 17 20 20 20 22 25
12 12 14 18 18 18 18 21 21 16 18 18 18 21 23
11 11 13 17 17 17 17 19 19 14 17 17 17 19 22
10 10 12 15 15 15 15 18 18 13 15 15 15 18 20
ST 30 ST 35 ® ® ® ST 50 ST 60
®
TS 15 C 25 C ® T ® CS ® ST 25 ST 40 ST 50 C ® C ® C ® T 65
40