Você está na página 1de 28

EVEN IT UP

SCOTLANDS ROLE IN TACKLING POVERTY


BY REDUCING INEQUALITY AT HOME AND ABROAD

OXFAMS POLICY PRIORITIES FOR


THE SCOTTISH PARLIAMENT

@oxfamscotland
#evenitup
www.oxfam.org.uk/scotland
FOREWORD
Oxfams vision is of a world without poverty. Significant progress towards achieving this vision in being made: in just 15
years, extreme poverty has been halved.1 In 15 more, we can end it for good.

But theres work to do. Right now nearly 800 million people still dont have enough to eat.2 Worse still, the twin
challenges of inequality and climate change threaten to undo much of the progress we have made in making sure
millions more people have food on the table, a decent education and access to health care. 3 4

To overcome poverty and create a just society for everyone, we need to challenge the concentration of wealth and power
in the hands of the few. On current trends, by 2016 just 1% of the worlds population will own more wealth than the other
99% put together.5 We need, for example, to ensure the wealthy pay their fair share of tax, and that governments use that
money to provide quality public health and education, as well as adequate social protection, for everyone.

Around the world, inequality can corrupt politics and hinder economic growth. It causes a range of health and social
problems whilst stifling social mobility: the richest people are able to live longer, happier and healthier lives, and are
able to use their wealth to see that their children do the same. The resultant gap between the rich and the rest is further
exacerbated by persistent inequalities between men and women. While economic inequality affects us all, in general
the poorest women suffer most.6

None of this is inevitable poverty and inequality are the consequence of deliberate political and economic choices.

Here in Scotland, the scandal of poverty is a daily reality for around one in five people.7 In our rich country, we should
all be impatient for faster progress. The surge in the number of people seeking emergency food support in Scotland is
perhaps the clearest sign that our economic model and system of social security are failing too many people. Poverty in
Scotland is not an issue of scarcity; it is about how income and wealth are shared.

The Scottish Parliament has a number of powers which it could use to reduce inequality and poverty. We urge all parties
to outline clear and robust policies for achieving this goal including how they will use devolved powers to address
food insecurity and enhance the quality of paid work. Parties must also recognise that poverty extends beyond money;
it also causes and exacerbates an inequality of influence. We must do more in Scotland to challenge unequal power
dynamics by amplifying the voice of people in poverty within decision-making.

We recognise that not all political power rests in Scotland but where the Scottish Parliament has power it should act
boldly, and where it does not, it should be a strong and progressive advocate for change.

We cannot end poverty in Scotland at the expense of people overseas or at the cost of harming our planet. The Scottish
Government, with cross-party support, has a huge opportunity to play a leadership role on the world stage, building on
our proud record. Scotlands decade-old International Development Fund makes a significant contribution, but has lost
real terms value.8 We must reverse that trend whilst responding to the surge in humanitarian need: in 2014-15, Oxfam
helped almost a third more people amidst an unprecedented number of global emergencies.9

International aid saves and improves millions of lives each year. It must continue but, alone, it is insufficient. We cannot
give to the worlds poor with one hand and take away with the other. We must, for example, deliver our world-leading
climate targets and support those already affected by the climate change we helped to cause. We must also build on
our long track-record of supporting refugees. No-one chooses to be a refugee; people want to be at home and live free
from fear. We must do all we can to help people fleeing for safety.

We can take action across all of these areas now. However, the Scottish election in May 2016 creates a significant
opportunity for every political party to transparently commit themselves to creating a more equal Scotland within
a more equal world. We hope this policy paper, which brings together and updates our ongoing advocacy work, will
influence the policy positions adopted by all parties both now, and beyond the election.

Oxfam will do all we can to ensure Scotland contributes to a world without poverty. We will also hold our politicians to
account, a scrutiny which demands from our elected representatives an openness to engagement and challenge.

Scotland shouldnt live with poverty, here or anywhere. Our politicians have a duty to do all they can to end it.

Jamie Livingstone
Head of Oxfam Scotland
October 2015

2
Oxfam is asking political parties to:
BUILD A MORE EQUAL SCOTLAND ENHANCE INTERNATIONAL AID
Outline a vision for a more equal society, including Strengthen Scotlands support to the worlds poorest
a plan to reduce economic inequality and to ensure people by allocating 10m to the International
economic activity benefits the many not just the few, Development Fund in the first year of the new Parliament,
and respects our global responsibilities. and maintain its real-terms value year-on-year.

REDUCE INEQUALITY OF POWER BOOST HUMANITARIAN SUPPORT


Ensure the priorities of people living in poverty have Respond to the surge in global humanitarian need, by
greater influence on policy through the implementation creating an International Emergency Fund, with an initial
of more participatory approaches to decision-making 1m allocation per year, and promote Scotland as a
within Government. nation of sanctuary for refugees.

PROMOTE DECENT WORK DELIVER CLIMATE JUSTICE


Support the growth of good jobs through the Meet our climate targets and support those hit by
introduction of minimum standards for decent work climate change by increasing the Climate Justice Fund
based on the experiences of low-paid workers, use all to match the International Development Fund by the end
devolved powers to promote them, and monitor progress. of the next Parliament with an immediate 3m annual
commitment.
END HUNGER IN SCOTLAND
Use all current and future devolved powers to ensure INVEST IN GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
food insecurity falls year-on-year in Scotland, Create a more informed and globally-aware population
transparently monitor progress, and incorporate the in Scotland by continuing to fund the Development
Right to Food into Scots Law. Education Centres and by introducing a Co-financing
Fund.
MAXIMISE OUR GLOBAL IMPACT
Ensure Scotland does not give to the worlds poorest
people with one hand and take with the other by
committing to a policy-coherent approach towards
international development.

3
Build a more Equal scotland
There is an imperative moral, economic and social
to develop public policy measures to tackle growing inequality.
Andrew Haldane, Chief Economist, Bank of England, 2014.10

Across the world, it is increasingly recognised that economic inequality has reached extreme levels. In 2015, Oxfam
calculated that just 80 people own as much wealth as half the worlds population put together some 3.5 billion
people.11 Oxfam believes such extreme levels of economic inequality undermine efforts to tackle poverty.11a

In Scotland, Oxfam has calculated the four richest families are wealthier than the poorest 20% of the Scottish
population put together while the 14 richest families are wealthier than the poorest 30% of the population put
together.12 At the same time, after housing costs are added, nearly one in five people in Scotland live with the daily
reality of poverty,13 with women hit hardest.14

Evidence shows extremes of inequality are bad for growth and diminish its poverty-reducing impact.15 Economic
inequality impacts and intersects with a range of social and political factors to make society as a whole worse-
off.16 For example, in 2011-12, healthy life expectancy for men and women in the most deprived fifth of Scotlands
population was 20 years shorter than in the least deprived.17 Economic inequality can also inhibit educational
attainment creating traps of disadvantage that push the poorest people to the bottom... and keep them there.18

There is also a very strong link between gender inequality and economic inequality. The wrong economic choices can
hit women hardest, and can inadvertently reinforce gender inequality.19 Therefore economic policies must tackle both
economic and gender inequalities. For example, as women are disproportionately responsible for unpaid care work we
should consider how to support part-time working and universal, quality and free childcare.

As Nobel Prize-winning economist Professor Joseph Stiglitz,


a member of the current Scottish Governments Council of
Economic Advisers, has stated: Inequality is not inevitable... it is
something that we create, by our policies, by what we do.20 The
Scottish Parliament has control over a number of powers, such as
health and education, which can reduce inequality. It must do all
it can with existing and future powers to achieve this.

In doing so, it must be recognised that while economic growth


has lifted hundreds of millions of people in developing countries
out of poverty, the gains from growth are not fairly distributed.
Between 2012 and 2013 almost half of the gains from growth
across the UK are estimated to have been captured by the richest
one per cent.21 In Scotland, the number of households who fall
below societys minimum standard of living increased from 14% to
33% between 1982 and 2012.22 Yet, at the same time, the Scottish
economy doubled in size.23 There is growing evidence that trickle-
down economics is not working.

There has been too narrow a focus on economic growth in Scotland with insufficient regard to the quality and
distribution of that growth. We must build on the work of the Oxfam Humankind Index for Scotland to strike a better
balance with wider measures of success which better reflect what really matters to people.24

It is also important that the Scottish Government can be publicly held to account for its progress in reducing
inequality. The creation of an independent Poverty and Inequality Adviser is a welcome first step.25 However, the next
administration should set a stretching public target for reducing inequality and embed it within its strategies and
performance frameworks.26 27 It should transparently monitor progress, with robust measurement systems introduced.

While action in Scotland is critical, nonetheless the UK and European Parliaments retain major powers which could
also help reduce inequality. This includes powers over a number of taxes, social security benefits and employment
legislation. The next Scottish Government should influence policy wherever possible and support policies which
reduce economic inequality in Scotland whilst forcefully opposing those which increase it.

4
OXFAM IS ASKING POLITICAL PARTIES TO:
Outline a vision for a more equal society, including a plan to reduce economic inequality and to ensure
economic activity benefits the many not just the few, and respects our global responsibilities.

Establish a target level of inequality reduction and introduce robust monitoring


Globally, Oxfam supports a zero gap between the post-tax and transfer income shares of the top 10% and bottom
40%.28 However, a Scottish target should reflect our context. The next Scottish Government should use surveys and
polls to identify the distribution of income and wealth acceptable to people in Scotland.29 Robust monitoring should
include information about the share of pre and post-tax income by decile and within decile for the top end of the
distribution (10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%). It should also include information about wealth inequality, and a gendered analysis.
Reducing inequality to the desired levels should be embedded within Government policy and targets.

Outline a vision for a more equal society and how devolved powers will be used to deliver it
All parties should set a vision for public services and the economy based on tackling inequality. The next Scottish
Government should set up an Inequality Commission to explore new policies. Its remit should be broad, but with a
specific focus on: fair tax; fair pay and decent work; supporting people undertaking unpaid care; and developing
pro-social business models. The Poverty and Inequality Adviser should ensure the voices of people in poverty directly
influence the Commissions work.

Seek to influence policy beyond Scotland, to reduce economic inequality at home and abroad
An ambitious domestic agenda should be complemented by efforts to influence policy beyond Scotland. To assist
this, independent analysis of the impact of Scottish and UK policies (ex-ante and ex-post) should assess the extent
to which they contribute towards delivering the agreed inequality target. An existing body of work exists in Scotland,30
but a more formalised approach should provide speedy and independent analysis.

There has been much talk in Scotland about the damage that economic
inequality has in our society. However, we need to do more if we are to
reverse these damaging trends. Setting a target to reduce inequality will
help focus our actions and will help ensure that we become a global leader
in tackling inequality.
Peter Kelly, Director, The Poverty Alliance

5
Reducing inequality of power
The disposition to admire, and almost to worship, the rich and the powerful, and to despise,
or, at least, to neglect persons of poor and mean condition is the great and most universal cause
of the corruption of our moral sentiments.
Adam Smith, Scottish Economist, 1759.31

Inequality is about more than money: its about power too. Oxfams global work shows us that empowering people with
experience of poverty particularly women is crucial to achieving change.32

Globally, the concentration of wealth in the hands of the few is leading to the capture of political power.33 The
wealthiest can use their financial power, and the influence that comes with it, to bend laws and policy choices in their
favour, reinforcing their advantaged positions.34 The lobbying power of rich firms is evident in our lopsided tax policies
and lax regulatory regimes which rob the UK, and developing countries, of vital revenue for public services.35

Nowhere is the rebalancing of unequal power dynamics more critical than within political and policy-making circles.36

37

Internationally, there is strong evidence to suggest the lack of women in decision-making roles means their needs,
and those of their children, are de-prioritised.38 The appointment of the first gender-balanced Scottish Cabinet, and a
challenge to voluntary and private-sector organisations to achieve 50:50 balance on boards by 2020, are welcome.

We must also widen representation from different socio-economic backgrounds and given the higher rates of
poverty people from minority ethnic backgrounds39 as well as people with a disability.40

A concerted effort is required to ensure people with experience of living in poverty are better represented in decision-
making positions. This includes within political parties, but also within the civil service. Ensuring greater diversity within
decision-making positions would prevent policymakers from using language which is too often alien to many of us.41

We must ensure that our politicians and senior civil servants understand the realities of living in poverty. The next
Scottish Government must do more to ensure its policy and practice reflects the stated priorities of people in Scotland,
with a focus on people living in poverty who are often seldom heard within decision-making. Oxfams Humankind Index42
and projects such as the Poverty Truth Commission,43 illustrate practically how this can be achieved.

One method of devolving money, power and resources to our most disadvantaged communities is participatory
budgeting; most famously known for its success in Porto Alegre in Brazil.44 In recent years, it has been used on a small
scale in parts of Scotland with some evidence suggesting its application has been transformative in increasing local
democratic participation and community involvement, leading to stronger and more cohesive communities.45

6
Oxfam Humankind Index
Order Subdomain Weighting
11
=1 Affordable,decent and safe home

11
=1 Physical and mental health

9
From Oxfams experience, groups that are often termed 2
Living in a neighbourhood where you can enjoy going outside and having
a clean and healthy environment

hard-to-reach, are not actually hard to reach. Rather =3 Having satisfying work to do (whether paid or unpaid)
7

they are seldom-heard. Oxfams Humankind Index 7


=3 Having good relationships with family and friends
was created through a consultation exercise involving
6
focus groups, community workshops, street stalls, an =4 Feeling that you and those you care about are safe

online survey and opinion polling, designed to reach =4 Access to green and wild spaces; community spaces and play areas
6

out to Scotlands most deprived communities. Barriers 5


=5 Secure work and suitable work
to engagement were minimised by financially rewarding
5
people for their time, offering support with childcare =5 Having enough money to pay the bills and buy what you need

costs and covering travel expenses. In total 3000 people =5 Having a secure source of money
5

were involved in the creation of the Humankind Index. 5


=5 Access to arts, hobbies and leisure activities
The final index is made up of 18 weighted factors ranging 4
from good physical and mental health to a decent, safe =6 Having the facilities you need locally

4
and affordable home. Taken together, these factors =6 Getting enough skills and education to live a good life

show what really matters to people in Scotland when Being part of a community
4
=6
seldom-heard groups are enabled to participate.46

OXFAM IS ASKING POLITICAL PARTIES TO:


Ensure the priorities of people living in poverty have greater influence on policy through the
implementation of more participatory approaches to decision-making within Government.

Retain and strengthen the role of the Poverty and Inequality Adviser
The Adviser role should be retained. However, a review of the posts powers and resources should be launched, with
the remit made clearer and more transparent. It must have the resources and power to speak out in an independent
and effective manner, more closely matching the remit of Scotlands Commissioner for Children and Young People.47

Ensure elected politicians and senior civil servants understand the realities of poverty in Scotland
As part of professional development, Cabinet Secretaries as well as Scottish Government Directors and Deputy
Directors should undertake a poverty training course overseen by the Poverty and Inequality Adviser. This should
involve meetings with groups and individuals with direct experience of poverty; such training should include insights
into the gender dimensions of poverty. This process should learn from existing projects, such as the Poverty Truth
Commissions Mutual Mentoring Scheme and Reference Group.48

Embed participatory budgeting


All political parties should commit, as a matter of urgency, to using the order-making power contained within the
Community Empowerment Act49 to roll out participatory budgeting, with a focus on deprived communities. This should
extend beyond one-off projects to become an embedded Scotland-wide process to empower local communities.

The Poverty Truth Commission strongly recommend the goal of securing a


reduction in power inequality. We believe that a lasting reduction cannot and
will not result from measures to help the poor, however well meaning they
are. People living in poverty must be, and in our experience can be, represented
at the decision making tables. For nothing about us, without us, is for us.
The Poverty Truth Commission

7
Promote Decent Work
How I wish everyone had decent work! It is essential for human dignity.
Pope Francis, 2014.50

It is often claimed that work is the key to tackling poverty.51 While this is clearly the case for many people, for many
others the labour market fails to provide sufficient work that allows for economic independence, health and wellbeing.

In-work poverty is an increasing concern: after housing costs are accounted for, 50% of working age adults and 56%
of children in poverty in Scotland now live in households with at least one adult in employment.52 It is clear that the old
adage of work being a guaranteed route out of poverty no longer holds for everyone.53

In-work poverty is driven, in part, by low pay with 414,000 workers in Scotland almost a fifth of the workforce paid
below the Living Wage.54 We welcome moves to promote uptake of the Living Wage by employers, as defined by the
Living Wage Foundation. However, a focus on hourly wages in isolation provides a poor measure of job quality, given
the surge in job insecurity,55 underemployment,56 and low-paid self-employment over the past ten years.57

Within this, gender inequalities persist. Some 64% of low-paid workers are women58 and, in Scotland, women earn
11.5% less than men as full time workers and 32.4% less as part time workers.59 They make up a disproportionate
number of workers on zero-hour contracts60 and also undertake more invisible work, carrying out the majority of
childcare and making up 59% of Scotlands 759,000 unpaid carers.61

Simultaneously, earnings inequality within the labour market is significant.62 Research suggests the richest 1% of
Scotlands population increased their share of total pre-tax incomes from 6.3% in 1997 to 9.4% by 2009.63

It is clear we can no longer focus on job numbers alone. We must assess their quality too. The Oxfam Humankind Index
showed people in Scotland value work which is satisfying, secure, suitable and provides a sufficient income to live
on.64 The next Scottish Government should introduce minimum standards of decent work based on the views of people
in low-paid and insecure work, as well as those out of work. It should support and encourage companies to adhere to
them voluntarily, but use all available devolved powers to require them to do so.

Based in Govan in Glasgow, GalGael works with marginalised members of


the community including many who are long-term out of work. Over
12-weeks they offer participants a workbench, tools and, crucially,
respect as the basis of their individual journeys. Oxfam has been a partner
of GalGael since 2010.

People we work with who might have been termed


unemployable or work-shy absolutely love
graft. Its not the people we work with who are
somehow deficient in skills or lacking self-esteem
thats the problem, its the lack of opportunities
created by the current economic model.
Gehan Macleod, Programme Director, GalGael.

Internationally, Oxfam supports transparency on pay ratios, a highest-to-median pay ratio of 20:1 and protection of
workers rights.65 In Scotland, we should consider how procurement rules can give preference to firms with narrow pay
ratios and which adhere to the minimum standards for decent work. The standards should be integrated within the
Scottish Business Pledge,66 with it linked to public-procurement criteria. They should also be mapped to existing or
new indicators to allow transparent reporting, with ambitious targets set for the number of decent jobs.

Government should also support the growth of pro-social business models, such as co-operatives and employee
ownership, particularly within deprived communities. These can help share prosperity by allowing communities and
employees to own and control their assets, whilst helping to retain profits locally.67

However, we cannot simply export poor-quality jobs. We must build on Scotlands status as a Fair Trade Nation, by
ensuring the supply chains of companies operating from Scotland fully adhere to high labour standards.68 The next
Scottish Government should use public procurement to incentivise and reward good practice.

8
OXFAM IS ASKING POLITICAL PARTIES TO:
Support the growth of good jobs through the introduction of minimum standards for decent work
based on the experiences of low-paid workers, use all devolved powers to promote them, and
monitor progress.

Introduce minimum standards for decent work


Political parties should support the development of minimum standards of job quality following a participative exercise
which specifically reaches out to people in low-paid and insecure work as well as those who are out of work.
Alongside this, we must ensure the global supply chains of companies in Scotland adhere to high labour standards.

Promote the minimum standards with a stretching compliance target


Employers should be encouraged and supported to deliver the standards through the creation of a new employers
initiative; this could operate as a second plank to the Living-Wage Accreditation Initiative.69 Where possible, devolved
powers should be used to compel employers to deliver the standards, including using public-procurement rules.

Create a Decent Work Index to monitor progress


Map the minimum standards for decent work to existing or new indicators so that progress can be transparently
monitored and reflected within performance frameworks, alongside job numbers. Consideration should be given to
developing a new work-place survey for Scotland to ensure enhanced data is available.

The STUC enthusiastically endorses Oxfams positive contribution on


promoting decent work in Scotland. It is tremendously encouraging to observe
the increasing consensus developing amongst Scottish civil society about the
social and economic importance of decent work. It is essential the Scottish
Government takes note and acts on these sensible recommendations.
Stephen Boyd, Assistant Secretary, Scottish Trades Union Congress

9
ENDING HUNGER IN SCOTLAND
Expanding voluntary food distribution... will not solve the problem of food poverty.
Elizabeth Dowler, Professor of Food and Social Policy at the University of Warwick, 2015.70

There can be few clearer symbols of inequality in our wealthy country than the number of people with no option but
to turn to foodbanks. Oxfam responds to food crises internationally. However, we do not face a shortage of food in
Scotland; large numbers of people simply cannot afford to buy the food which is available. Oxfam Scotland believes
the entitlement to food is a basic human right.71 People should be able to feed themselves and their children in dignity,
free from hunger and food insecurity whilst also accessing healthy food.

The number of food packages handed out by Scotlands largest foodbank provider, the Trussell Trust, has increased by
more than 800% in less than two years.72 The plethora of other foodbank providers means the real scale of hunger is
likely to be significantly higher.73 Many people, for a variety of reasons a lack of local facilities or transport, feelings
of shame do not use foodbanks. We must monitor and reduce this wider, but under-reported, food insecurity.

Foodbank use is a symptom of wider poverty. We must better understand who uses foodbanks, why and how they
can be helped. We must ensure everyone has sufficient food, but we must focus on reducing poverty by increasing
individuals access to sufficient and predictable income. This includes increasing the availability of decent work.

Our research shows people turn to foodbanks as a last resort when facing an acute income crisis. Low pay, insecure
work and the rising cost of living are all important drivers of foodbank use and must be urgently addressed. However,
between a half and third of the time the income crises involved are linked to the operation of the benefits system.74 75 76

Canada has had foodbanks for 30 years and illustrates the shortcomings of an approach which
relies on them to provide a social safety net. Over 840,000 people use foodbanks each month,
310,000 of them are children.77 In 2013 over a third of foodbanks reduced the food they
provided because they didnt have enough. One in 12 people were turned away or referred
elsewhere due to a shortage of food.78 In addition, studies suggest the number of people living in food insecure
households may be 4.6 times greater than the number in households receiving food from foodbanks.79

In the short-term, cutting demand for foodbanks is likely to require changes to the operation of the welfare system.
While many powers in this area remain reserved to Westminster, the existing Scottish Government has mitigated some
of the impact on people in Scotland of UK-wide welfare reform. This mitigation approach should continue, along with
ongoing Government funding for research into foodbank demand, its causes and possible solutions.80

The devolution of some welfare powers will create further opportunities for the Scottish Parliament to ensure the
social safety net is fit for the 21st Century these should be fully grasped.81 We should also enhance access to welfare
and financial advice by considering co-locating advice services with universal public services, such as health centres
and schools, as well as measures to reduce transport costs for those on low-income.82

It is not the states role to provide food directly, but it nonetheless has a duty to create the conditions for people to
have enough income to feed themselves. The right to food is contained within the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); the latter was ratified by the
UK Government in 1976 and places the primary obligation on the state to ensure access to food.83 In Norway, in their
Human Rights Act of 199984, they incorporated the ICESCR. This Covenant should also be incorporated into Scots
Law. This would not end the need for foodbanks immediately but it would reframe the debate away from a charity
emergency model to a focus on rights and social justice.

10
Oxfam Scotland is a partner of the West Dunbartonshire Community Foodshare (WDCF), which operates four outlets
across the area. It has seen a large surge in demand since setting up in 2013 but it wants to move away from a
charity attitude to food aid and towards the idea of a community looking after its own.

Charitable organisations like us either had to intervene and help people in need or stand aside and let people
starve. That isnt a choice. We hoped this would be a temporary measure but we fear this is being encouraged as
the new norm for delivering welfare to the destitute.
George Kirkpatrick, Chair of WDCF

OXFAM IS ASKING POLITICAL PARTIES TO:


Use all current and future devolved powers to ensure food insecurity falls year-on-year in Scotland,
transparently monitor progress, and incorporate the Right to Food into Scots Law.

Provide a detailed plan for ensuring food insecurity falls year-on-year


Political parties must provide detailed plans for using devolved powers to reduce food insecurity use year-on-year.
These should seek to mitigate the acute income crises which often fuel foodbank demand. They must also recognise
the deep links to poverty more widely by boosting access to advice and information on welfare rights, income
maximisation and debt management, as well as the availability of secure and well-paid work.

Introduce systematic monitoring of food insecurity, including foodbank use


Currently, we are too reliant on limited data. We should track food insecurity by integrating the Food Insecurity
Experience Scale into population surveys.85 Demand for foodbanks is an important indicator of food insecurity.
However, while Trussell Trust figures are helpful, they do not capture food insecurity amongst those people who do
not use a foodbank, or data from the large number of independent food-aid providers. We should be monitoring all
foodbank use and referrals nationally; this is the primary responsibility of Government.

Respect, protect and fulfil the right to food within Scots Law
Commit to incorporating the right to food into the Scottish legal system. The Scottish Human Rights Commission has
examined how this can be achieved, including through an Act of Parliament.86

We urge political parties to commit to a rights-based approach and adopt


structures to ensure that everyone in Scotland has financial and
geographical access to food which meets their dietary needs and is
culturally appropriate.
Pete Ritchie, Director, Nourish Scotland

11
Maximise our global impact
To meet the challenge of reducing global poverty, governments need to ensure that their policies on
issues which go beyond aid are supportive of their development policies. This is the policy coherence for
development agenda.
OECD Deputy Secretary General Mario Amano, 2009.87

Oxfam welcomes the commitment to international aid in Scotland and across the UK. This life-saving and life-
improving investment has attracted strong cross-party support. The Scottish Governments international
development programme is now more than a decade old and has endured under the stewardship of different parties.88
It is essential this continues, but aid alone is not enough: we cant give with one hand and take with the other.

The Welsh Assembly has enacted the Wellbeing of Future Generations (Wales) Act.89 This places a clear obligation on
all public bodies to ensure Wales is a globally responsible nation. To fulfil this necessary and welcome duty, Wales
must consider what role it wants to play in the global arena and take stock of its impact on the world.

We know everything we do in and from Scotland can also have an effect on the worlds poor and the planet,
including: how our companies operate, government policies in areas like energy and trade, the things we buy and the
tax we pay. For example, estimates suggest developing countries could be losing $160 billion per year in potential
revenue due to global tax dodging.90 A coherent approach requires a reform process91 including the creation of a
new global governance body for tax to ensure this revenue is retained to invest in public services and other poverty
reduction measures.

In Scotland, we must ensure every minister, department, and Parliamentary committee shares responsibility for
contributing to our common international development objective. Too often, we sacrifice long-term objectives for
short-term gain. For example, despite world leading climate legislation, our carbon-emitting industries, and way of
life, continue to generate excessive emissions which impact unfairly on the worlds poorest people, some of whom we
support through aid. Such an incoherent approach cannot continue.

We must learn from international best practice by implementing Policy Coherence for Development (PCD).92 In doing
so, Scotland can show leadership within the UK as currently no administration has adopted a formal policy-coherence
approach. This is despite the 2009 Lisbon Treaty stating all European Union policies should be in support of developing
countries development needs, or at least should not contradict the aim of poverty eradication.93

By adopting a policy-coherence approach, the next Scottish Government would set a powerful example to other
organisations in Scotland encouraging them to review the international impact of their own activities.

Sweden has made a world leading commitment to Policy Coherence for Development.94 It
established a Global Development Department within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to ensure
consultation on policy decisions between different departments, with individuals also acting as
a focal point within each ministry. By implementing this approach, and reporting on it, Swedish
civil society can push for change when they see incoherent policies.95 For example, it emerged the Government was
offering tax-breaks for emission-intensive industries and funded coal plants in South Africa with the latter halted.96

The agreement of the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) creates a moment of opportunity.97 To be achieved by
2030, the Goals place a strong emphasis on eradicating poverty and hunger, combating economic inequality, achieving
gender equality, fighting climate change and securing access to quality education and healthcare. The goals are
underpinned by the principles of human rights, universality and equity.

Scotland should use the SDGs as a springboard to enhance our global contribution. This will require high-level political
commitment within the current and subsequent Scottish Governments, underpinned by robust and transparent
reporting. It must also be informed by consultation to enable a frank assessment of Scotlands impact on the people it
aims to assist.

To date, the principles of PCD have been endorsed by a number of political parties in Scotland, they must now commit
to implementing the building blocks needed to deliver it. In doing so, we will enhance our contribution to the worlds
poorest people whilst ensuring we are held fully accountable for our total impact.

12
98

OXFAM IS ASKING POLITICAL PARTIES TO:


Ensure Scotland does not give to the worlds poorest people with one hand and take with the
other by committing to a policy-coherent approach towards international development.

Establish a cross party Parliamentary committee for policy coherence


This Committee should work to agree an overarching goal for Scotlands international development work. It should then
proactively investigate the coherence of the Scottish Governments contribution to delivering the goal.

Determine key areas of focus for policy coherence and mutual learning
The next Scottish Government should identify areas of activity to assess and proactively increase the level of policy
coherence within. For example, it could emulate Finland, which piloted a focus on agriculture, fisheries, environmental,
trade and development policies that affect food security.99 This should become a rolling process of improvement.

Establish internal Government mechanisms to ensure policy coherence


A mechanism is required to ensure the activities of all government departments are consistent with, and contribute to,
our international development objectives. For example, in the Netherlands, a policy-coherence unit intervenes in the
formulation and delivery of non-aid policies from the perspective of developing countries.100 This mechanism should be
overseen by the First Minister.

Ensure transparent reporting and the involvement of wider society


The next Scottish Government should report on its policy coherence at least every two years. Reports should be made
public and submitted to Parliament for scrutiny. Minutes from any internal committees should also be made public. At
a minimum, civil society, academia and southern voices should be consulted on reports and case studies. The next
Scottish Government should also seek peer review from other nations pursuing a PCD approach.

Policy coherence for development should be an intriguing concept for any


lawmaker, as it promotes simultaneously two seemingly disparate principles:
universal respect for human rights and administrative efficiency. We
encourage Scotland to explore any possibilities for taking advantage of PCD.
Rilli Lappalainen, Secretary General of KEHYS, a Finnish Non-Governmental Development
Organisation network. Since 2001, Finland have committed to a PCD approach in Government.

13
Enhance International Aid
There is abundant evidence that aid does work. Aid brings spectacular improvements in literacy and
spectacular declines in infant mortality Aid is vital.
Kofi Annan former UN Secretary-General, 2002.101

Good quality aid saves lives and can unlock poor peoples ability to work their own way out of poverty. The ultimate
purpose of aid is to create a world in which it is no longer necessary, except in emergencies such as natural disasters.
Until then, aid will continue to be vital to poor communities across the world. And it works.102 Aid saves the lives of
millions of women, men and children after disasters. It also transforms the lives of millions more by kick-starting
economic growth, helping parents feed their families and by providing vital healthcare.

Ten years after Scotlands International Development Fund (IDF) was first introduced, it is now worth 9 million per
year and it is a mature and significant tool in the fight against global poverty. It is also affordable: the IDF currently
equates to just 0.025% of the Scottish Governments total annual budget of more than 35 billion in 2014/15.103 Since
its inception, Oxfam has been awarded more than 5 million from the Scottish Government for a range of long term
development activities in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, including projects to develop sustainable supply chains.

However, good aid is predictable: poor countries must be


able to plan with certainty and be confident that aid
budgets will rise with inflation. The IDF has been frozen in
cash terms at 9 million for six years. This means the
value of the Fund has been diminished in real-terms by
1.6% from 2014-15 and by 8.6% since 2010-11.104 Despite
domestic financial pressures, we cannot reduce the IDFs
support to the worlds poor. We must restore the Funds
real-terms value and maintain its value throughout the
next Parliament.

The UK Government has met its commitment to spend


0.7% of Gross National Income on Official Development
Assistance a pledge made in 1970. The UK has
also enshrined 0.7% into law. Given the existence
of Scotlands separate Fund, we should follow this
legislative route at the Scottish Parliament to guarantee
it does not lose value again.

It is essential for all actors, including Oxfam, to protect the integrity and quality of aid.105 The Scottish Government
must ensure its aid is spent according to internationally-agreed aid-effectiveness principles. In doing so, it must
ensure those people we aim to assist have a real voice and can seek redress when things go wrong. To deliver high-
quality aid, sufficient resources must be invested within the Scottish Governments International Development Team.
Only by transparently maintaining best practice can we hold others to account for their aid quantity and quality.

Scotlands international development work must be kept under review. For example, consideration should be given
to increasing the priority placed on womens rights and we must also ensure projects do not undermine the need to
address climate change. We urge all parties to ensure their senior representatives fully understand global poverty,
and Scotlands contribution to addressing it, so they can effectively hold the next Scottish Government to account.

Oxfam recently funded research into the international development work of other sub-states or autonomous
regions.106 It showed they capitalise on their domestic expertise; adopt a limited geographic or thematic focus; and
integrate public awareness raising at home. The report highlighted innovative approaches to raising finance, for
example, Qubec applies a levy on the profits of casinos. It also emphasised the highly-participatory approach of
other sub-states actors including Catalonia, Flanders and Quebec with a strong degree of co-operation with non-
governmental organisations, and consultation with other actors, including the private sector, unions, and universities.

14
Oxfams project with smallholder farmers in Tanzania is funded by the Scottish Government. Farmers have faced
food insecurity as erratic weather is making it difficult to know when to plant. The project has improved planting
techniques, enhanced irrigation and brought farmers together to ensure they get a fairer price for their crops.

Asia Pascale, 54, from Bulugala village in Mbogwe District, is the breadwinner for her family of ten dependents.

As a result of Oxfams project, Asia has increased her rice crop ten-fold and has diversified her income by running a
tea shop and selling traditional clothing.

The weather has really mixed us up we can no longer predict rainy seasons and therefore cannot tell when to
plant the seeds... before Oxfam provided this training I literally had nothing, but now I can see change in my life.

OXFAM IS ASKING POLITICAL PARTIES TO:


Strengthen Scotlands support to the worlds poorest people by allocating 10m to the International
Development Fund in the first year of the new Parliament, and maintain its real-terms value year-on-year.

Increase the International Development Fund to 10m per year, and legislate to maintain its value
The next Scottish Government should restore the Funds value by immediately increasing it to 10m. We must guard
against any future cuts in the value of the Fund by passing legislation to ensure Scotlands aid spend is, at a minimum,
maintained in real terms year-on-year.

Ensure sufficient Scottish Government capacity to deliver high-quality aid


The next Scottish Government should commit to fully complying with the international standard for effective aid and
good development set out in the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation, established in Busan in
South Korea in 2011.107 This requires sufficient resources within the International Development Team.

Proactively learn from others to enhance our international contribution


All political parties should commit to boosting their understanding of international development issues in order to
ensure effective scrutiny of the Scottish Governments work in this area. The next administration should also commit
to proactively learning from other actors, and to reviewing and refining its approach at regular intervals.

Scotlands international development programme has made a substantial


difference to the lives of many people in some of the poorest countries in
the world. NIDOS members work in over 140 countries. A commitment to
maintaining funding levels is vital.
Annie Lewis, Chair, Network of International Development Organisations in Scotland

15
Boost Humanitarian Support
We are currently facing humanitarian needs on a massive scale. In our rapidly changing world, we must
continually seek better ways to meet the needs of millions of people affected by conflicts and disasters.
Ban Ki- Moon UN Secretary-General, 2015.108

The number of people affected by humanitarian crises has almost doubled over the past decade109 and it is expected
to keep on rising. Humanitarian spending is increasing, but the level of need is rising even faster.

Last year, Oxfam helped almost a third more people caught up in humanitarian disasters amid an unprecedented
number of emergencies, including Ebola in West Africa and the conflicts in Syria and South Sudan. We supported
8.1 million people across 39 disasters, providing clean water, sanitation and food.110 Overall, we are facing a mega
emergency created by a combination of: natural disasters; entrenched or emerging conflicts; and extreme weather
events. Since 2000, donor governments have, on average, met less than two-thirds of the needs set out in UN
humanitarian appeals.111 112

The people of Scotland have a well-deserved reputation for responding to emergency appeals. Their generosity has
been matched by successive Scottish Governments. In the last Parliament, with cross party support, the Government
provided funding for emergencies in East Africa, Gaza, Syria, the Philippines and Nepal. In 2014/15, it committed over
1m. This support is vital but good practice requires a predictable and transparent structure for emergency funding.
To achieve this, and to ensure speed of response, the Scottish Government should set-up an International Emergency
Fund, including proportionate application criteria. The fund would be small but it would demonstrate critical leadership.

This International Emergency Fund will enable Scottish NGOs to respond to crises even when the media spotlight
is not there. For example, the crisis in Yemen has remained out of the media despite 21 million people, 84% of the
population, being in need of humanitarian aid. Globally, the funding provided has been inadequate.113 Such funding
gaps highlight the underlying inequality of aid with a persons life in one crisis valued higher than in another.114

Given the critical role played by the International Development Fund in helping the worlds poorest people escape
poverty increasing their resilience to future disasters it is essential this funding remains secure. For this reason,
and reflecting existing practice, the new International Emergency Fund should be additional to wider aid commitments.

However, the scale of the suffering means that Scotlands response


must extend beyond funding alone. The number of displaced people
and refugees resulting from emergencies has reached critical, and
record, levels: at the end of 2014 there was almost 60 million.115

Scotland has a proud history of providing sanctuary, including to


Jewish refugees during World War II, and, over the last 20 years,
accepting refugees from Bosnia, Kosovo and the Democratic Republic
of the Congo. Immigration and asylum are reserved issues to the UK
Government but its vital that Scotland continues to play its part.
Refugee integration into Scotland is a devolved issue.116

Refugees are entitled to international protection117 but wealthy


countries should go beyond their basic legal obligations. It cannot
be right that less developed countries and regions host 86% of
refugees.118 The surge in refugee numbers particularly those fleeing
Syria has sparked enormous public concern in Scotland. We welcome
the cross-party response119 and the Scottish Government, and
Scottish Parliament, should continue to do everything they can within
devolved powers to help, including supporting local councils to take Children play amid garbage at an informal
part in resettlement schemes. We should build on Glasgows city of Syrian refugee settlement in the Beeka Valley,
sanctuary status whilst learning from past refugee integration.120 Lebanon, on July 16, 2015. Image: Sam Tarling

In addition, and whilst recognising the UKs record as a leading emergency funder, the Scottish Government, and
Scottish Parliament, should continue121 to urge all countries to accept their Fair Share of refugees from Syria.122
Striking the right balance between helping people within the region and those who have fled will be crucial whilst
supporting efforts to bring the conflict to an end.

16
The Scottish Government contributed 800,000 worth of aid and equipment to the Ebola crisis response in West
Africa in 2015.123 Oxfam responded in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Mali, Gambia, Guinea Bissau and Senegal.124

The team of hygienists (pictured above) are from the Oxfam-managed Kumala Community Care Centre in Sierra
Leone. Hygienist Bintu Kabba (right) was shunned when she first started working at the centre. Perceptions have
changed after the positive impact was seen by residents. Bintu is hailed a hero amongst her neighbours for refusing
to give up in the fight against the disease and for encouraging other women to join her on the frontline.

OXFAM IS ASKING POLITICAL PARTIES TO:


Respond to the surge in global humanitarian need, by creating an International Emergency Fund,
with an initial 1m allocation per year, and promote Scotland as a nation of sanctuary for refugees.

Create an International Emergency Fund with guaranteed minimum funding of 1m per year
This Fund will provide clarity over the minimum level of funding each year. It is essential this is a floor, not a ceiling
leaving scope to respond as humanitarian need dictates. Any under-spend should be rolled forward to future years.

Respond on the basis of need alone


As well as large emergencies, the Fund should help finance responses to smaller disasters. The Core Humanitarian
Standards should provide the foundation for the Funds operation to ensure it is both effective and accountable.125

Promote Scotland as a nation of sanctuary for refugees


The next Scottish Government must do all it can including providing financial support to support the resettlement
of refugees under schemes such as the European Gateway Programme and the Vulnerable Persons Relocation Scheme.
It should support local councils to take part and seek the removal of barriers to achieving this.

I have witnessed first-hand the destruction and despair that a humanitarian


crisis can bring. While each is different, and requires different responses,
the one consistent priority in each emergency is the need for financial
assistance at the earliest opportunity.
Jenny Lamb, Public Health Engineering Advisor for Oxfam. Jenny is from Scotland and has worked in
Haiti, Sri Lanka, Syria, Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia and Chad.

17
Deliver Climate Justice
...the impacts of climate change are undermining a whole range of human rights: rights to food, safe water and
health and education... so for me its a very, very serious issue of human rights.
Mary Robinson, UN special envoy for climate change, 2013.126

Despite their doing the least to cause it, climate change affects the poor hardest. It isnt just destroying lives; it is
wiping out the development gains that people and governments have worked so hard to build.

Climate change is playing havoc with our weather, with droughts and floods becoming increasingly frequent;
disrupting growing seasons, killing livestock, destroying harvests, and leading to soaring global food prices. Millions
of people are going hungry. Women are on the frontline: they make up a disproportionate share of the number of people
estimated to have been displaced by climate change and are often less able to recover from environmental shocks.127
The science is clear: global warming must stay well below 2C to avoid irreversible climate impacts.128 Without
determined political will and action we risk derailing development and placing the prosperity of everyone at risk.

Oxfam knows the worlds poorest people are already losing out. The Scottish Parliaments cross-party support for
climate justice is therefore highly welcome. However, at just 6 million, the funding allocated in the last Parliament
to Scotlands innovative Climate Justice Fund129 undervalues our contribution to climate change and its impact. By
increasing the Fund, and by making funding rounds more predictable, Scotland can credibly call on others to increase
their climate finance at a time when more funding is urgently needed.

Funding from the Climate Justice Fund has enabled Oxfam to


help small-holder farmers, mainly women, in Zambia cope with
the effects of climate change.130

Apart from training in land rights, we have been trained in


gardening, water and natural resource management, which
have economically and socially empowered me. I no longer have
to migrate to the river for fishing in winter because my family
and I now have adequate land to grow enough food. I am happy
that my children are able to attend school throughout the year.
Hilda Maila, mum of four, from Kazungula, 2013.

However, an enhanced commitment to climate justice will be a hollow measure without cutting our current and future
emissions. We welcome the political consensus on this issue in Scotland. The Scottish Parliament unanimously passed
the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009, committing to reduce our emissions by at least 42% by 2020 and 80% by 2050.
Progress is being made but the first four annual targets have been missed.131 Scotland won international credit as a
progressive actor for passing the Act; this will be undermined without sufficient policy change.

The leaders of all five political parties currently represented in the Scottish Parliament have signed a Climate Change
Agreement committing to ambitious climate action.132 Assessing Scotlands performance, the UK Committee on Climate
Change is clear that more action is needed to meet future targets.133 A new plan including robust and credible
measures for meeting Scotlands climate promise should be a top priority for the next Scottish Government.

Fossil fuels are the single biggest driver of climate change and, to avoid dangerous warming, up to 80% of known
reserves must stay in the ground.134 Rich countries need to lead the transition to a fossil free future by 2050. The
closure of the coal-fired Longannet Power Station will remove one source of Scotlands emissions.135 However, to date,
climate change remains too low a priority in discussions about the exploitation of North Sea oil.

In 2014, Lord Sterns New Climate Economy report,136 made clear that moving to a low-carbon economy is compatible
with growth. In Germany, there are now in excess of 400,000 workers in the clean-energy industry exceeding the
number in the dirty fossil-fuel industry they replaced.137 With a quarter of Europes offshore-wind and tidal energy
potential, and around 10% of its wave-power capacity,138 Scotland should be at the forefront of a low carbon economy.
Oxfam notes that the agreement in relation to the Fossil Fuel Levy means any surplus funds generated in future will
be split equally between the Scottish and UK governments.139 Wherever possible, this revenue should be used to
stimulate further investment within renewable energy in Scotland.

18
THE SCOTTISH DOUGHNUT
The world faces twin challenges: delivering a decent
standard of living for everyone, whilst living within our
environmental limits. These two interwoven concerns
are depicted by Oxfams Doughnut model. It allows
people to visualise a space between the environmental
ceiling (the outer edge of the Doughnut) and a social
foundation (the inner edge), where it is environmentally
and socially safe, but also just for humanity to exist. It
is where we must aim to reach.

We assessed Scotlands performance using this model


and found that our existing model of development is
both unjust and unsustainable.140 Almost a fifth of
households live in relative poverty in Scotland and too
many people go hungry. Meanwhile, in all but one of the
environmental indicators used, Scotland fails to stay
within safe limits.

OXFAM IS ASKING POLITICAL PARTIES TO:


Meet our climate targets and support those hit by climate change by increasing the Climate
Justice Fund to match the International Development Fund by the end of the next Parliament
with an immediate 3m annual commitment.

Support those affected by the climate change we helped create


Immediately increase the Climate Justice Fund to 3 million per year, and gradually increase its value to match the
International Development Fund by the end of the next Parliament. It should be funded by the Scottish Government,
with any private funding or in-kind contribution additional with conflicts-of-interests prevented.

The next Scottish Government will manage the Crown Estate in Scotland; the total value of which was 267 million in
2013/14, with overall revenues generated of 13.6 million.141 The Government should use its future management role
to encourage renewable-energy projects in order to generate new revenue for both local communities and the Climate
Justice Fund. Other revenue streams like an Aggregates Levy could also be explored as a source of finance.

Deliver the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009, ensuring a just transition
Outline a credible, fully-costed and transparent plan to deliver the Act. As agreed in the Scottish Party Leaders Climate
Change Agreement, ensure all policy commitments are consistent with delivering the ambitions of Scotlands Climate
Change Act. The creation of a Cabinet Sub-Committee on Climate Change142 by the current Scottish Government
is encouraging. As a member of Stop Climate Chaos Scotland,143 we have highlighted key policy areas that need to
change: ranging from transforming our approach to capital investment to new measures to reduce emissions from
transport and boosting energy efficiency.

It is imperative that our climate commitments are delivered, through


ambitious policy action to reduce Scotlands emissions. In doing so, we will
also create a forward-looking, low carbon country which benefits people
here while also addressing climate justice for those already feeling the
impacts overseas.
Tom Ballantine, Chair, Stop Climate Chaos Scotland

19
Invest in Global Citizenship
Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.
Nelson Mandela,1993.144

Education is the bedrock on which a nation builds itself: it instils knowledge and values within its citizens. Oxfam
believes education here can help fight poverty and inequality everywhere. However, in a fast-changing and complex
world, it is essential we help young people become critically aware citizens.

Global Citizenship is how pupils in Scotland currently receive that vital education. It offers them the opportunity to
think about complex global issues within the safety of the classroom whilst exploring, developing and expressing their
values and opinions, whilst listening to, and respecting, those of others.

The Curriculum for Excellence cites that Global Citizenship is at its heart.145 The Learning for Sustainability report,
accepted by the Scottish Government, also makes clear that Global Citizenship is an entitlement for young people.146
For that entitlement to be realised, teachers must be empowered and feel confident in delivering it. The need for this
is further reinforced by the decision to give the Scottish Parliament the power to extend the vote to 16 and 17 year
olds.147 We must support young people to hold our politicians and decision-makers to account.

Oxfam is a founding member of the International Development Education Association of Scotland (IDEAS).148 The
six Development Education Centres (DECs) within IDEAS are one of the main ways teachers and youth workers are
supported to deliver Global Citizenship. These centres complement and support the work of Education Scotland, with
each centre having an extensive library of resources exploring issues like human rights, the environment and gender.

In 2013, Scotlands DECs received 600,000 from the Scottish Government spread over two years to provide strictly
impartial support to schools across Scotland.149 This funding had the dual purpose of securing the DECs immediate
future, whilst enabling them to identify alternative funding streams. This has yielded positive results, with a three-
fold increase in the number of teachers trained; rising from 691 teachers in 2013/14 to 2,172 teachers in 2014/15.149a
However, this financial backing ends in April 2016. The process of identifying and applying for third-party funding is
progressing; it is essential for the Scottish Governments core support to be sustained during this period.

It is also crucial that pupils in Scotland benefit from European


and other funding streams. By offering match funding to
Scottish organisations applying for funding from outwith
Scotland, the Scottish Government can leverage more
investment into Global Citizenship in Scotland.

For example, in 2012, the IDEAS network and the Scottish


Development Education Centre (Scotdec) in Edinburgh
secured funding from the European Commission, but required
match funding.150 The Scottish Government provided a total
of 108,000 co-financing. This secured an extra 680,000
from the European Union (EU) increasing the value of the
Scottish Governments contribution more than six-fold.

Expanded, and more predictable, access to such match


funding is needed, as organisations in Scotland must now
join with partners from several other EU member states to
attract European funding. This creates major extra workload
and securing co-financing at an early stage can be critical to
an applications success.

We therefore call for the creation of a new Scottish Co-Financing Fund, with an initial 200,000 allocation. Modelled on
the International Development Fund151, we propose it includes a small-grants component. IDEAS has gained significant
experience of applying for EU funding and could support other organisations to apply.

Finally, as we work to secure the future of Global Citizenship in Scotland and realise the entitlement contained within
the Curriculum for Excellence we must robustly measure our success within future performance frameworks.

20
IDEAS supported learners aged between 13 and 14 in Dundee to explore gender inequalities in education as part of
their Religious and Moral Education lessons. The pupils produced an issue tree and used it to identify the impacts
and root causes of gender inequalities in education and possible solutions.

What shone through was the pupils feeling of injustice. We often assume our pupils are de-sensitised to many
of the issues, but when given the opportunity to really explore an issue its root causes, the impact it actually
has on people, and possible solutions the pupils were sharing their opinions, discussing ideas and listening to
each other. They knew globally how much their voice counted.
Katie Kirk, teacher of Religious, Moral and Philosophical Studies, Craigie High School.

OXFAM IS ASKING POLITICAL PARTIES TO:


Create a more informed and globally-aware population in Scotland by continuing to fund the
Development Education Centres and by introducing a Co-financing Fund.

Provide core funding for the Development Education Centres for the lifetime of the next Scottish
Parliament
We call on Scotlands political parties to continue funding the Centres while they pursue new funding streams.

Create a Scottish Co-Financing Fund


The current Scottish Governments willingness to provide match funding has been welcome, but ad hoc. This model
should be extended and formalised through the creation of a 200,000-a-year Scottish Co-financing Fund.

Monitoring Provision of Global Citizenship Education


A robust and transparent monitoring system should be implemented to ensure the entitlement to Global Citizenship
within the Curriculum for Excellence is delivered in full.

Education must assume its essential role in overcoming poverty and


inequality. The IDEAS network fully supports Oxfams call for action to
improve the quantity and quality of provision in education for global
citizenship within Scotland.
Dr Malcolm Bain, Chair, IDEAS

21
notes
1 World Bank analysis of Millennium Development Goals,
http://www.worldbank.org/mdgs/poverty_hunger.html

2 Oxfam (2015) Having it all and wanting more,


http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/wealth-having-it-all-and-wanting-more-338125

3 The Brookings Institution has developed scenarios that demonstrate, in a scenario where global inequality is reduced, 463 million more people are
lifted out of poverty compared with a scenario where inequality increases cited in Oxfam (2014) Even It Up, Time to End Extreme Inequality, p.9,
https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attachments/cr-even-it-up-extreme-inequality-291014-en.pdf

4 Oxfam(2014) Hot and Hungry, How to Stop Climate Change Derailing the Fight Against Hunger,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/hot-and-hungry-how-to-stop-climate-change-derailing-the-fight-against-hunger-314512

5 Oxfam Press Release (2015), Richest 1% will own more than all the rest by 2016,
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/blogs/2015/01/richest-1-per-cent-will-own-more-than-all-the-rest-by-2016

6 Oxfam (2014) Even It Up, Time to end extreme inequality, P10 and P11,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/even-it-up-time-to-end-extreme-inequality-333012

7 Scottish Government (2015), national statistics, Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland: 2013/14,
http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2015/06/7453

8 McIver, I (2014), Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICE), Briefing on the Scottish government draft budget 2015-16 Europe and External Affairs,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/S4_EuropeanandExternalRelationsCommittee/General%20Documents/SPICe_briefing_draft_budget_2015-16.pdf

9 Oxfam Annual report and accounts 2014/15,


http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/about-us/plans-reports-and-policies/annual-report-and-accounts

10 Haldane, A (2014) Endorsement to Oxfams Even It Up: Time to end extreme inequality report,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/even-it-up-time-to-end-extreme-inequality-333012

11 Oxfam (2015) Having it all and wanting more,


http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/wealth-having-it-all-and-wanting-more-338125

11a Oxfam media briefing (Sep 2015), Inequality and the end of extreme poverty,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/inequality-and-the-end-of-extreme-poverty-577506

12 Oxfam calculation based on Scottish Government (2015) analysis of ONS Wealth and Assets data Wealth and Assets in Scotland in 2006-2012,
http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2015/03/2333

and the Sunday Times Rich List for Scotland (2015),


http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/scotland/article1551956.ece

The wealth of the richest families has been deflated to mid-2011 prices for comparative purposes. Detailed workings available on request.

13 Scottish Government (2015), national statistics, Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland: 2013/14,
http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2015/06/7453

14 Scottish Government (2015) Additional Analysis of Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland: 2013/14,
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Social-Welfare/IncomePoverty/CoreAnalysis

15 IMF (2015) Causes and consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective,


https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.aspx?sk=42986.0

16 Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) The Spirit Level: Why equality is better for everyone

17 Scottish Public Health Observatory (2011-12) Healthy Life Expectancy: Deprivation Quintiles,
http://www.scotpho.org.uk/population-dynamics/healthy-life-expectancy/data/deprivation-quintiles

18 Oxfam (2014) Even It Up, Time to end extreme inequality pp.10-11 & pp.44-48,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/even-it-up-time-to-end-extreme-inequality-333012

19 Oxfam (2014) Even It Up, Time to end extreme inequality pp.42-44,


http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/even-it-up-time-to-end-extreme-inequality-333012

20 Stiglitz, J (2013) Speech to AFL-CIO convention,


http://www.alternet.org/economy/joe-stiglitz-people-who-break-rules-have-raked-huge-profits-and-wealth-and-its-sickening-our

21 Economist and financial journalist Stewart Lansley calculations (2014) based on UK Government figures on shares of total income after tax,
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/429163/Table_2.4.pdf

22 Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey (2014),


http://www.poverty.ac.uk/editorial/scottish-poverty-study-calls-governments-tackle-rising-deprivation

23 Ibid

24 For more information see the Humankind Index website,


http://humankindindex.org/

25 Scottish Government (2015) Press Release,


http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/First-Minister-appoints-poverty-adviser-1a68.aspx

26 Scotlands Economic Strategy, Scottish Parliament Information Centre (2015),


http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S4/SB_15-52_Scotlands_Economic_Strategy.pdf

27 Successive Scottish Governments have had various inequality targets and indicators. These include the solidarity target within the National
Performance Framework,
http://www.gov.scot/About/Performance/scotPerforms/purpose/solidarity

22
and the Indicators of Progress within Social Justice: a Scotland where everyone matters (2003),
http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2003/12/18693/31047

However the Social Justice Indicators no longer exist and the Solidarity target is not particularly meaningful given it has remained largely static for the
last 10 years.

28 Oxfam (2014) Making it happen: Oxfams proposals for the 2015 framework,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/making-it-happen-oxfams-proposals-for-the-post-2015-framework-317610

29 This approach is similar to the work of Dan Ariely. See, for example, Ariely, D and Norton, M (2011) Building a better America - one wealth quintile at a
time,
http://pps.sagepub.com/content/6/1/9

30 Bell, D and Eiser, D have undertaken a number of studies into inequality in Scotland in recent years. See: Bell and Eiser (2013) Inequality in Scotland:
trends, drivers and implications for the independence debate,
http://www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/Inequality%20paper%2013%20Nov%20Final_tcm8-29182.pdf;

Bell, Eiser and McGoldrick (2014) Inequality in Scotland: New Perspectives,


http://www.davidhumeinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Inequality-in-Scotland-New-Perspectives-Bell-et-al.pdf;

and Bell and Eiser (2015),


https://www.stir.ac.uk/news/2015/06/widening-inequality-in-scotland-highlighted-by-stirling-economists/

31 Smith, A (1759) Theory of Moral Sentiments,


http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/Smith/tms133.html

32 Green, D (2008) From Poverty to Power,


http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/From_Poverty_to_Power_2nd_Edition.pdf

33 Oxfam (2014) Working for the few: political capture and economic inequality,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/working-for-the-few-political-capture-and-economic-inequality-311312

34 Oxfam (2015) Having it all and wanting more,


http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/wealth-having-it-all-and-wanting-more-338125

35 Oxfam (2014) Even It Up, Time to end extreme inequality pp.16-17,


http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/even-it-up-time-to-end-extreme-inequality-333012

36 Commission on Social Mobility and Child Poverty (2015) Elitist Britain,


https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/elitist-britain

37 Infographic based on Scottish Government (2015) Scotlands People Annual Report: Results from the 2014 Scottish Household Survey,
http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2015/08/3720

38 Chattopadhyay, R and Duflo, E (2004) Women as policy makers: Evidence from a Randomised Policy Experiment in India,
http://economics.mit.edu/files/792

39 Scottish Government (2015) Additional Analysis of Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland: 2013/14, shows that 36% of people in minority ethnic
groups were in poverty after housing costs were taken into account compared with 17% of people from the White British group in 2013/14,
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Social-Welfare/IncomePoverty/CoreAnalysis

40 23% of people in a family with a disabled adult were in poverty after housing costs were taken into account compared with 16% of people in a family
without a disabled adult. Scottish Government (2015) Additional Analysis of Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland: 2013/14,
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Social-Welfare/IncomePoverty/CoreAnalysis

41 Feeney, M and Collins, C (2015) Tea in the Pot: Building social capital or a great good place in Govan?, third report of UWS-Oxfam collaborative
research reports series,
http://uwsoxfampartnership.org.uk/new-uws-oxfam-partnership-report-tea-in-the-pot/

42 For more information see the Humankind Index website,


http://humankindindex.org/

43 Poverty Truth Commission blogspot,


http://povertytruthcommission.blogspot.co.uk/

44 Bhatnagar, D ; Rathore, A ; Moreno Torres, M ; Kanungo, P (2003) Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, World Bank case study,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/14657_Partic-Budg-Brazil-web.pdf

45 Oxfam were involved in a participatory budgeting exercise in Govanhill. For further information about that see Harkins, J and Egan, J (2012) The role of
Participatory Budgeting in promoting localism and mobilising community assets. But where next for Participatory Budgeting in Scotland?
http://www.gcph.co.uk/publications/321_participatory_budgeting-learning_from_govanhill_equally_well_test_site

46 For more information see the Humankind Index website,


http://humankindindex.org/

47 Scotlands Commissioner for Children and Young People,


http://www.sccyp.org.uk/

48 Young, A (2015) Mutual Mentoring Scheme 2015: Evaluation,


http://www.faithincommunityscotland.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Mutual-Mentoring-Scheme-2015-final-report.pdf

49 Community Empowerment (Scotland) Act,


http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2015/6/contents/enacted

50 Pope Francis Tweet (24 June 2014),


https://twitter.com/pontifex/status/481367133494865922

51 For example, Scottish Government (2015) Scotlands Economic Strategy, states: Bringing more people into the labour market is key to tackling poverty,
inequality and social deprivation and improving health and wellbeing,
http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2015/03/5984/4

23
52 Scottish Government (2015) , Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland: 2013/14, national statistics,
http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2015/06/7453

53 Scottish Government (January 2015), What do we know about in-work poverty, a summary of the evidence,
http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2015/01/3233/0

54 Markit Research for KPMG (2014) Living Wage Research for KPMG: Structural Analysis of Hourly Wages and Current Trends in Household Finances,
https://www.kpmg.com/UK/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/PDF/Latest%20News/living-wage-research-october-2014.pdf

55 While there is a lack of reliable information on zero-hour contracts (in part due to the likelihood that increased awareness has led to greater reporting)
the Office for National Statistics figures suggest large increases in recent years including a rise of 19% between the second quarter of 2014 and the
second quarter of 2015. Based on figures from the Labour Force Survey and an ONS survey of business it estimates there are now 1.5 million zero-hour
contracts impacting on 744,000 individuals. ONS (2015) Employee contracts that do not guarantee a minimum number of hours: 2015 Update,
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_415332.pdf

Scottish Government figures (July 2015) show that temporary contracts have increased by 25,000 since 2008. Scottish Government (2015) Labour
Market Monthly Briefing, Table 9:
http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00483428.pdf

56 Currently 216,500 Scottish workers are underemployed. Scottish Government (2015) Local Area Labour Markets in Scotland: Statistics from the Annual
Population Survey, 2014: P16,
http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0047/00477512.pdf

57 ONS data for the UK suggests of the 1.1 million increase in total employment between 2008-2014, 732,000 were self-employed and 339,000 were
employees. Median incomes for the self-employed fell 22% to 207 per week during this period. ONS (2014) Self employed workers in the UK 2014,
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_374941.pdf

58 CIPD (2014) Pay progression, understanding the barriers for the lowest paid,
http://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/pay-progression_2014-understanding-the-barriers-for-the-lowest-paid.pdf

59 Close the Gap analysis of Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (2014),
http://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/gap-statistics/

60 Office for National Statistics (2015) Contracts with No Guaranteed Hours, Zero Hour Contracts, 2014,
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lmac/contracts-with-no-guaranteed-hours/zero-hour-contracts--2014/index.html

Also Survation Survey for the Fawcett Society (2014) Women on Low Paid Zero Hour Contracts,
http://survation.com/women-on-low-paid-zero-hours-contracts-survation-for-fawcett-society/

61 Scottish Government (2015) Scotlands Carers,


http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2015/03/1081

62 Bell and Eiser (October 2014) Inequality in Scotland: New Perspectives,


http://www.davidhumeinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Inequality-in-Scotland-New-Perspectives-Bell-et-al.pdf

63 Bell, D and Eiser, D (2013) Inequality in Scotland: trends, drivers and implications for the independence debate,
http://www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/Inequality%20paper%2013%20Nov%20Final_tcm8-29182.pdf

64 For more information see the Humankind Index webpage,


www.humankindindex.org.uk

65 Oxfam (2014) Even It Up, Time to end extreme inequality, P22,


http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/even-it-up-time-to-end-extreme-inequality-333012

66 The Scottish Business Pledge website,


https://scottishbusinesspledge.scot/

67 Erdal. D (2011) Beyond the Corporation Humanity Working and Talbot, S and Whittam, G (2014) A Review of Social and Employee-Owned Co-operative
Business Models and their Potential to Reduce Poverty, second report of UWS-Oxfam collaborative research reports series,
http://uwsoxfampartnership.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Co-op-Business-Model-Report-final.pdf

68 Ethical Trading Initiative (2014) ETI Base Code,


http://www.ethicaltrade.org/eti-base-code

69 Scottish Living Wage Accreditation,


http://scottishlivingwage.org/accreditation

70 Dowler, E (2015) in Our right to food in Scotland, Nourish Scotland Magazine,


http://paperzz.com/doc/3879343/issue-4---nourish-scotland

71 United Nations Office of the High Commission for Human Rights (2010) The Right to Adequate Food,
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet34en.pdf

72 The Trussell Trust distributed 14,332 food parcels in Scotland in 2012-13 and 117,689 in 2014-15. Trussell Trust, Foodbank statistics with regional
breakdown
http://www.trusselltrust.org/stats#Apr2014-Mar2015

73 For example West Dunbartonshire Community Foodshare showed a 51% increase in its service between December 2013 and January 2014,
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/scotland/blog/2014/01/worrying-surge-in-foodbank-use

More recently Macleod, M.A (2015) in Making the connections: A study of emergency food aid in Scotland found that 82% of those operating in large
urban areas are not Trussell Trust providers,
http://www.foodaidscotland.org/

74 Oxfam, Child Poverty Action Group, Church of England and the Trussell Trust (November 2014) Emergency Use Only: Understanding and reducing the use
of food banks in the UK,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/emergency-use-only-understanding-and-reducing-the-use-of-food-banks-in-the-uk-335731

75 Scottish Parliament Welfare Reform Committee (2014) Foodbanks and Welfare Reform,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/CurrentCommittees/77641.aspx

24
76 Loopstra, R; Reeves, A; Taylor-Robinson, D; Barr, B; McKee, M; Stuckler, D (2015) Austerity, sanctions, and the rise of food banks in the UK in the BMJ,
http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h1775

77 Foodbanks Canada (2014) Hungercount 2014: a comprehensive report on hunger and food bank use in Canada, and recommendations for change,
http://www.foodbankscanada.ca/Learn-About-Hunger/About-Hunger-in-Canada.aspx

78 Food Banks Canada (2013) HungerCount 2013: a comprehensive report on hunger and food bank use in Canada, and recommendations for change, P11,
http://www.foodbankscanada.ca/getmedia/8241eca6-d291-4b39-8e95-0cb477bc4069/HungerCount2013_highres.pdf.aspx?ext=.pdf

79 Tarasuk, V and Loopstra, R (2015) Food Bank Usage Is a Poor Indicator of Food Insecurity: Insights from Canada in Social Policy and Society, 14, P443-455,
http://nutritionalsciences.lamp.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Loopstra-and-Tarasuk-2015.pdf

80 The Scottish Government commissioned the Poverty Alliance to undertake research into food aid in Scotland. See Macleod, M.A (2015) Making the
connections: A study of emergency food aid in Scotland,
http://www.foodaidscotland.org/

81 The Scottish Campaign on Welfare Reform (ScoWR) provides 5 principles for reforming the welfare system in its Manifesto for Change (2013),
http://www.cpag.org.uk/sites/default/files/SCoWR%20manifesto%202013.pdf

82 CPAG report (2015), Hard Choices: Reducing the need for food banks in Scotland,
http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/new-report-food-bank-use-scotland

83 Article 11, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976),
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx

84 Haare, C (2005), The Right to Adequate Food and the Compliance of Norway with its Extraterritorial Obligations,
http://www.fian.no/old/nedlasting/d43e_ParallelInfo-Norway%20_ET_-e.pdf

85 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation Food Insecurity Experience Scale,
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/voices/fiesscale/en/

86 Hutton, E (2015) in Our right to food in Scotland, Nourish Scotland Magazine,


http://www.nourishscotland.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Issue-4_Nourish-magazine.pdf

87 Speech by Mario Amano at an EC and OECD conference in 2009,


http://fairpolitics.eu/onderwerpen/policy_coherence_in_general/news/20090220__policy_incoherence_is_costly_for_our_tax_payers

88 The Scottish Government International Development Policy Paper (2008),


http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/222169/0059751.pdf

89 The Welsh Government report (2015), Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015, The Essentials,
http://gov.wales/docs/dsjlg/publications/150623-guide-to-the-fg-act-en.pdf

90 Estimate from Christian Aid calculations, updated 2014, press release,


http://www.christianaid.org.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/comment/the-price-of-tax-dodging-in-the-developing-world.aspx

91 Oxfam Even it Up, 2014, Page 118 outlines the recommendation for global governance body for tax matters,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/even-it-up-time-to-end-extreme-inequality-333012

92 Shirra K (2014), NIDOS report, Policy Coherence for Development: Exploring and Learning from European PCD Approaches,
http://www.nidos.org.uk/files/pcd-europe

93 Article 208 of the European Union Member States Treaty of Lisbon (2007),
http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-the-functioning-of-the-european-union-and-comments/part-5-external-action-
by-the-union/title-3-cooperation-with-third-countries-and-humantarian-aid/chapter-1-development-cooperation/496-article-208.html

94 Swedens Ministry for Foreign Affairs report (2010), Shared Responsibility for Global Development,
http://www.government.se/contentassets/78a7062177c64046a6bdd289eb93938b/shared-responsibility-for-global-development

95 Shirra K (2014), NIDOS report, Policy Coherence for Development: Exploring and Learning from European PCD Approaches,
http://www.nidos.org.uk/files/pcd-europe

96 CONORD Sweden (2014), Barometer 2014: Swedens organisations measuring the pressure on Swedens policy for global development,
http://www.concord.se/material/rapporter/barometern-rapporter-om-sveriges-samstammighetspolitik/

97 United Nations Division for Sustainable Development,


https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/

98 European Network on Debt and Development report (2014), The State of Finance for Developing Countries, 2014,
http://www.eurodad.org/files/pdf/54f98666925bf.pdf

99 Shirra K (2014), NIDOS report, Policy Coherence for Development: Exploring and Learning from European PCD Approaches,
http://www.nidos.org.uk/files/pcd-europe

100 Ibid

101 Statement by Secretary-General Kofi Annan to the International Conference on Financing for Development, Monterrey, 21 March 2002,
http://www.un.org/ffd/pressrel/21a.htm

102 Oxfam Briefing paper (2010), 21st Century Aid: Recognising success and tackling failure,
https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp137-21st-century-aid-summary.pdf

103 Scottish Government press release (2014), John Swinney speaking after 35 billion budget was passed,
http://news.scotland.gov.uk/news/parliament-backs-2014-15-budget-8ff.aspx

104 McIver, I (2014), Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICE), Briefing on the Scottish government draft budget 2015-16 Europe and External Affairs,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/S4_EuropeanandExternalRelationsCommittee/General%20Documents/SPICe_briefing_draft_budget_2015-16.pdf

105 Oxfam report (2015), For Human Dignity: The World Humanitarian Summit and the challenge to deliver,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/for-human-dignity-the-world-humanitarian-summit-and-the-challenge-to-deliver-558699

106 Abdelkhaliq, N and Young, E NIDOS report (2015), Sub-State International Development Policy and Programmes: Lessons for Scotland,
http://www.nidos.org.uk/sub-state

25
107 Fourth high level forum on aid effectiveness outcome document (2011): Busan partnership for effective development co-operation,
http://www.oecd.org/dac/aideffectiveness/49650173.pdf

108 Statement from the World Humanitarian Summit web page 2015,
https://www.worldhumanitariansummit.org/whs_about

109 From table titled People in Need, from the Saving lives webpage of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA),
http://www.unocha.org/saving-lives/

110 Oxfam Annual report and accounts 2014/15,


http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/about-us/plans-reports-and-policies/annual-report-and-accounts

111 UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2015) Global Humanitarian Overview, Status Report, June 2015, P3,
https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/GHO-status_report-FINAL.pdf

112 Oxfam report (2015), For Human Dignity: The World Humanitarian Summit and the challenge to deliver,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/for-human-dignity-the-world-humanitarian-summit-and-the-challenge-to-deliver-558699

113 The European Commissions Humanitarian aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO), Aug 2015, Fact sheet, P3,
http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/yemen_en.pdf

114 Ibid

115 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Annual Global Trends Report: World at War, published June 2015,
http://www.unhcr.org/558193896.html

116 Scottish Government, Refugees and Asylum Seekers Webpage,


http://www.gov.scot/Topics/People/Equality/Refugees-asylum

117 According to the 1951 Refugee Convention, as explained by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,
http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c125.html

118 Oxfam report (2015), For Human Dignity: The World Humanitarian Summit and the challenge to deliver,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/for-human-dignity-the-world-humanitarian-summit-and-the-challenge-to-deliver-558699

119 Scottish Government (2015) press release, titled Scotland responds to humanitarian crisis,
http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/Scotland-responds-to-humanitarian-crisis-1ca3.aspx

120 UWS-Oxfam Partnership, Collaborative Research Report (2014): The Long Term Integration of Gateway Protection Programme Refugees in Motherwell,
North Lanarkshire,
http://uwsoxfampartnership.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Motherwell-Refugee-Report-FINAL.pdf

121 Scottish Government (2015) press release, titled Scotlands response to refugee crisis,
http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/Scotland-s-response-to-refugee-crisis-1cb4.aspx

122 Oxfam report 2015, Syria Crisis Fair Share Analysis 2015,
https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/syria-crisis-fair-share-analysis-2015

123 Scottish Government press release, titled Ebola funding appeal (2014),
http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/Ebola-funding-appeal-11cb.aspx

124 Oxfam Emergency response webpage, sub heading Ebola Crisis,


http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/emergency-response/ebola-crisis

125 The Core Humanitarian Standard web page, where it outlines the nine Commitments that organisations and individuals involved in humanitarian
response can use to improve the quality and effectiveness of the assistance they provide,
http://www.corehumanitarianstandard.org/the-standard

126 Mary Robinson interview: Responding to Climate Change (RCTT), September 2013, RCTT is a news and analysis website providing updates and insights
into global climate change and low carbon developments,
http://www.rtcc.org/2013/09/19/mary-robinson-climate-change-is-a-serious-issue-of-human-rights/

127 Womens Environmental Network report (2010). Gender and the Climate Change Agenda. The impacts of climate change on women and public policy,
http://www.wen.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Gender-and-the-climate-change-agenda-21.pdf

128 Oxfam briefing paper (2008), Climate Wrongs and Human Rights: Putting people at the heart of climate-change policy,
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/Submissions/Oxfam_International.pdf

129 Scottish Government press release (2013), titled FM announces doubling of Scotlands Climate Justice Fund,
http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/FM-announces-doubling-of-Scotland-s-Climate-Justice-Fund-4ed.aspx

130 Scottish Government, Climate Justice Fund Successful Projects,


http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/climatechange/climatejusticefund/ProjectMonitoring/SuccessfulProjects

131 BBC Scotland news report (2015), Scotland misses greenhouse emission target,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-33058391

132 Scottish Party Leaders Climate Change Agreement (2015), WWF Website,
http://assets.wwf.org.uk/img/original/fullpageheraldad_highres.pdf

133 Committee on Climate Change report (2015), Reducing emissions in Scotland 2015 progress report,
https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2015-progress-report/

134 Oxfam Briefing paper (2014), Food, fossil fuels and filthy finance,
https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attachments/bp191-fossil-fuels-finance-climate-change-171014-en.pdf

135 BBC Scotland news report (2015), titled Longannet power station to close in March,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-33970594

136 The New Climate Economy Report (2014), Better growth, better climate ,
http://newclimateeconomy.report/TheNewClimateEconomyReport.pdf

26
137 J. Sandry (2013) Clean Energy is Creating Millions of Jobs New Age of Energy Campaign, Mosaic Blog,
https://joinmosaic.com/blog/clean-energy-creating-millions-jobs-new-age-energy-campaign

138 The Scottish Government, Energy webpage, titled Energy in Scotland get the facts
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Facts

139 BBC News Website (2011), Reaching Agreement Over Fuel Levy Cash,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-15697410

140 Oxfam research report (2014), The Scottish Doughnut: A safe and just operating space for Scotland,
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-scottish-doughnut-a-safe-and-just-operating-space-for-scotland-323371

141 The Crown Estate, Scotland Report (2014), A Progressive Commercial Business,
http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/300060/scotland-report-2014.pdf

142 Scottish Government press release (2014), titled New Cabinet Committee to keep Climate Targets on track,
http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/New-Cabinet-Committee-to-keep-Climate-Targets-on-track-d71.aspx

143 Stop Climate Chaos Scotland, (SCCS) is a diverse coalition of organisations in Scotland campaigning together on climate change,
http://www.stopclimatechaos.org/

144 Nelson Mandela quote, from the United Nations resources for speakers on Global Issues,
http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/briefingpapers/efa/quotes.shtml

145 Learning and Teaching Scotland (2011), Developing global citizens within Curriculum for Excellence
http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/DevelopingGlobalCitizens_tcm4-628187.pdf

146 Learning for sustainability (2012), The report of the One Planet Schools Working Group,
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Education/Schools/curriculum/ACE/OnePlanetSchools/LearningforSustainabilitReport

147 Scottish Elections (Reduction of Voting Age) Act 2015,


http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2015/7/contents/enacted

148 International Development Education Association Scotland (IDEAS) is a network of organisations and individuals across Scotland that actively support
and promote development education and education for global development.
http://www.ideas-forum.org.uk/

149 Scottish Government press release (2012), Next generation of Global Citizens
http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/Next-generation-of-Global-Citizens-51f.aspx

149a Northern Star report (2015), Interim Evaluation Core Funding of DECs Summer 2015
Report available on request

150 Scottish Government press release (2012), , Next generation of global citizens,
http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2012/11/global-citizens041112

151 Scottish Government Small Grants Programme,


http://www.gov.scot/Topics/International/int-dev/smallgrants

Oxfam Scotland October 2015

More information about the Even It Up campaign can be found at


http://www.oxfam.org.uk/get-involved/campaign-with-us/find-an-action/even-it-up

Oxfam Scotland, 10 Bothwell Street, Glasgow, G2 6LU.

Oxfam Scotland is a part of Oxfam GB, which is registered as a charity in England and Wales (no. 202918) and in
Scotland (SCO 039042) and is a member of Oxfam International.

Although this publication is subject to copyright, the text may be freely used for political advocacy and
campaigns, as well as in the area of education and research, provided that the source is acknowledged in
full. The copyright holder requests that any such use is reported in order to assess its impact. Any copying in
other circumstances, or its use in other publications, as well as in translations or adaptations, may be carried
out after obtaining permission; the payment of a fee may be required.

Please contact scotland@oxfam.org.uk

The information contained in this document is accurate at the time of printing.

27
OXFAM IS STANDING IN SOLIDARITY
WITH PEOPLE EVERYWHERE WHO
ARE DEMANDING A MORE EQUAL
WORLD, AND AN END TO
EXTREME INEQUALITY.

Winnie Byanyima
Executive Director of
Oxfam International

Você também pode gostar