I.

General References
Dictionary - a book or electronic resource that lists the words of a
language (typically in alphabetical order) and gives their meaning, or
gives the equivalent words in a different language, often also
providing information about pronunciation, origin, and usage.

Encyclopaedia - a book or set of books giving information on many subjects or on many aspects
of one subject and typically arranged alphabetically.

Almanac - an annual calendar containing important dates and statistical

information such as astronomical data and tide tables.

Handbook - a book giving information such as facts on a particular

subject or instructions for operating a machine.

Manual - Controlled or manipulated by a human operator

(not automatically, such as by a computer) or powered by
human or animal muscle power (not by an inanimate source
of power such as an electric motor, gas engine, or sail)
 II. Text Types
Text types are general semantic-functional concepts and are not to be confused with text forms
(advertisements, editorials, sermons, shopping lists, poems, telephone books, novels, etc.)

Narrative
Narrative texts have to do with real-world events and time.
They may be fictional (fairy tales, novels) or nonfictional (newspaper report).
They are characterised by a sequencing of events expressed by dynamic verbs and by
adverbials such as and then, first, second, third
Example:

A Countryman and a Snake

A countryman's son stepped on a snake's tail accidentally. The tail suddenly turned and hit
him so that he died. The father was very angry so that he cut off part of the snakes tail.
Then, the snake in revenge stung several of the farmer's cattle. It caused him great loss.
However, the farmer decided to stop the fight with the snake. He brought food and honey to
the mouth of its lair, and said to it, "Let's forget and forgive. Perhaps you were right to
punish my son, and take revenge on my cattle, but surely I was right in trying to revenge
him. Now that we are both satisfied, why should not we be friends again?" "No, no," said the
snake. "Take away your gifts. You can never forget the death of your son, nor I the loss of my
tail. Injuries may be forgiven, but not forgotten.

Descriptive
Descriptive texts are concerned with the location of persons and things in space.
They will tell us what lies to the right or left, in the background or foreground, or they will
provide background information which, perhaps, sets the stage for narration.
It is immaterial whether a description is more technical-objective or more impressionistic-
subjective
State or positional verbs plus adverbial expressions are employed in descriptions
Examples:

Cheetah

The cheetah is the fastest of all land animals, capable of running at speeds up to 120 kph.
Cheetahs have slim bodies, long legs, long tails, and high shoulders. A cheetah cannot
retract its claws, so they are always out to grip the earth like spikes on a runner's shoes. The
cheetah's broad chest holds a large heart and lungs. All these different features of a
cheetah's body work together to help it run. Clearly, cheetahs were born to run fast.
However, cheetahs can only maintain their top speed for a distance of about 500 meters,
and in fact often fail to catch their prey.

Directive
Directive texts are concerned with concrete future activity. Central to these texts are
imperatives (Hand me the paper) or forms which substitute for them, such as polite questions
(Would you hand me the paper?) or suggestive remarks (I wonder what the paper says about
the weather).

Expository
Expository texts identify and characterize phenomena.
They include text forms such as definitions, explications, summaries and many types of
essay.
May be subjective (essay) or objective (summary, explication, definition)
 May be analytical (starting from a concept and then characterizing its parts; e.g. definitions)
or synthetic (recounting characteristics and ending with an appropriate concept or
conclusion; e.g. summaries)
Are characterized by state verbs and epistemic modals (Pop music has a strong rhythmic
beat; Texts may consist of one or more sentences) or by verbs indicating typical activities or
qualities (fruit flies feed on yeast)

Argumentative
Argumentative texts depart from the assumption that the receivers beliefs must be changed
They often start with the negation of a statement which attributes a quality or characteristic
activity to something or someone (esp. scholarly texts).
They also include advertising texts, which try to persuade their readers that a product is
somehow better, at least implicitly, than others.
Few texts are pure realizations of a single type:
Advertisements may be both argumentative persuasive (this is good because) and directive
(So buy now!)
Expository texts can be neutral or contain evaluative elements (reviews, references, letters to
the editor)

III. Stories
Frictional - the type of book or story that is written about imaginary characters and events and
does not describe real people or deal with facts, or a false report or statement that
you pretend is true
Fable - a literary genre: a succinct fictional story, in prose or verse, that
features animals, legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that
are anthropomorphized (given human qualities, such as the ability to speak human language) and
that illustrates or leads to a particular moral lesson.
Legend - an old story or set of stories from ancient times, or the stories that people tell about
a famous event or person
Novel - a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action
with some degree of realism.
Epic - a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and
adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation.
 IV. Part of Speech

8 parts of what its Example Example sentences

speech job is words
action or (to) be, have, I like learningenglishvocabularygrammar.co
Verb
state do, like, work, m for learning vocabulary and grammar
sing, can,
must
are a thing pen, dog, This is my dog. He lives in my apartment.
Noun
or person work, music, We live in Bangkok.
town,
London,
teacher, John
describes a a/an, the, I have two cats. My cats are small. I
Adjective
noun some, good, like small animals.
big, small,
red, well,
interesting
describes a quickly, My pet rabbit eats quickly. When it
Adverb
verb, silently, well, is very hungry. My dog eats really quickly.
adjective or badly, very,
adverb really
replaces a I, you, he, Jumnear is Thai. She is beautiful Thai lady.
Pronoun
noun she, some
links a to, at, after, The ball is on the table. The ball is under
Preposition
noun to on, under, the table
another next to
word
joins and, but,
Conjunction
clauses or when 1. I like birds and I like rabbits.
sentences or
words 2. I like burgers and fries

3. I like orange but I don't like apples.

short oh!, yeah, Ouch! That hurt me! Hi! John. How are you
Interjection
exclamation ouch!, hi!, today? Wow! You look amazing.
, sometimes well, wow,
inserted
into a
sentence