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Overview
Glossary and Concepts
Functions of Security Camera
Introduction of Recorder
Video
Mobile
surveillance
system
Access
control Visual
intercom
system
Alarm Parking
system system
Video surveillance:
Electronic system or network system that uses video technique to detect & view selected area, synchronously
display & record live image, retrieving & playback of recorded data.
Basic Functions:
Front-end Back-end
Front-end Transmission
Relatively far away from the user, like
cameras and encoders
Transmission
Connect the front-end devices and
back-end devices, like various kinds
of cables, switches, routers,
gateways, fiber transceivers, etc
Back-end
Relatively close to the user, including
the hardware and software for video
display and recording, device
controlling and system management.
Cost-
Easy integration
effectiveness
Today, as IP goes everywhere, the requirements vary more than ever! More and more CCTV
videos are used not only for safety purpose, but also for business productivity improvement. The
number of monitoring spots increases, which becomes a tough task to prevent potential events.
Mass stored data makes it extremely complicated to retrieve wanted event in an efficient way.
HD
4320
8K UHD
2160
4K UHD
1080
576 FHD
SD
High-definition Camera
Standard-definition
Camera
Searching
Exception Behavior License Plate
Smart Playback Dual VCA
Detection Search Search
140dB 4K Super
0.001Lux 120m Super Arming
Super Resolution
Star Light IR Distance
WDR
Safe city
SDK
Banking
Provide platform SDK for deep
integration to your security system; Traffic Video surveillance demand
Integrate existing subsystems with
SDK.
Overview
Glossary and Concepts
Functions of Security Camera
Introduction of Recorder
QCIF
CIF
2CIF
DCIF
528384(PAL)
4CIF
1080p
720P(1M)
(1920*1080)
1080P(2M)
UXGA(2M)
4K/8MP
Video
Video is made up of a series of continuous images.
Each image in the video is named as a Frame.
Frame Rate
Quantity of frames per second, measured by fps(frames per second).
Stream
After the video is compressed, a stream is generated.
BitRate (bps): quantity of bit stream per second.
BitRate type : Constant BitRate(CBR), Variable BitRate(VBR)
Stream type: video, audio, video & audio complex stream
25FPS, smooth
I-frame: is independently compressed, resulting in a larger number of IP packets than the P- or B- frames, which
only encode changes from the previous frame.
P-Frame: Compress only the difference from last I or P frame.
Intra-Frame Period specifies the time between I-frames.
I-frames
P-frames consume more
consume less bandwidth
bandwidth
I B B P B B P I
1 frame
Real
interval Real
image image
(I-frame) (I-frame)
Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 23
H.264 Frame Encoding
In older analogue video, the DVR typically records a series of MJPEG files and played them back in sequence, with
H.264 encoding a series of different frames were recorded to make them more efficient, in IP we are currently still
using H.264 encoding.
GOV (Group of Video) / GOP (Pictures)
starts with an I frame and counts up to the
9 frame before the next I frame, so this GOV
8 length is 8
7
6 GOP (Group of Pictures):
5
4 Sum of I-Frames and P-Frames
3 60 GOP = 1 I-frame + 59 P-frames
2
1
I
B
P I frame intra-coded key-frame or
B reference frame
P
B P frame predictive frame looks
P
B backwards to I and P frames
I
B frame looks forwards and
backwards to previous I and P frames
NOTE: All playback starts from a key-frame (I), so if you seek to play from a random point in time, the
playback will always start form the preceding I frame before it, as its reference point.
With H.264 encoding, the I frame captures the whole image, the B frame and P frame are capturing only the changes
(predictive movements based on other frames), as such the B & P frames file sizes are much smaller than I frames, but
they require more processing whilst assess other frames.
In playback, the series of changes are referenced over the original reference image to show moving image sequence.
HD video makes it possible to see more details, but at the same time it brings extra cost on
transmission bandwidth and storage.
Video compression standard is the key to help you reduce the cost and enjoy HD.
YUV-PSNR(dB)
45
44
43
42
41
40
H.262/MPEG-2MP
39
MPEG-4 ASP
38
H.263 CHC
37
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP
36 HEVC MP
35 Bitrates(Kbps)
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Performance Comparison on 1080P Encoding
Basing on the current H.264 standard, Hikvision analyzed and optimized the encoding, and
developed H.264+ that reduces the bandwidth and storage requirements.
H.264+ is compatible with H.264 compression standard, and saves both bandwidth and storage
space by an average of half or more.
General Surveillance Scenario Features Different surveillance scenarios Bandwidth/storage space comparison between
1. Fixed camera with few background H.264+ and H.264
changes Fixed Scene with few moving objects H.264+ saves 75 percentages
2. No frequent moving objects
3. Moving objects are the interesting Fixed scene with many moving objects in a certain H.264+ saves half
monitor targets time period(not very frequently)
4. 24/7 surveillance video, easily
affected by image noise Changing scenes with moving objects all the time Nearly the same
Overview
Glossary and Concepts
Function of Security Camera
Introduction of Recorder
Analog is widely used due to its easy of use and cost-effective. Currently analog camera
goes beyond standard definition, which meets more customer needs.
Main components of analog camera:
Lens
Sensor (CCD/CMOS) Coaxial cable Ethernet cable
ISP(Image Signal Processor)
Light stream
Sensor ADC DSP DAC
CVBS
A wide range of network cameras are available today to meet a variety of needs in terms of
form, use, light sensitivity, resolution and environmental considerations.
Network camera components:
Lens Ethernet cable
Ethernet cable
Sensor (CCD/CMOS)
ISP(Image Signal Processor)
DSP(Digital Signal Processor) IP camera Switch Client
CCD/
Light CMOS ISP DSP NET Video Stream
Sensor type
CCD(Charged Coupled Device)
High sensitivity
Good S/N processing
Low consumption
Fully integration
f v h
D V H
You can choose the lens according to the monitoring scene.
When the sensor size is fixed, longer focal length will make small
FOV.
When the focal length is fixed, larger sensor size will make large
FOV.
1.3MP
Sensor is rectangular, so FOV has three
directions as H/V/D. 1280x960 1/3" & 1/2.8"
3MP
20481536 1/3" & 1/2.8"
Small sensor size Small FOV Long focal length Telephoto Coverage
Large sensor size Large FOV Short focal length Wide Coverage
Big DOF
FOV
Normal view
Telephoto
Wide angle
Panoramic
Focal length
Density of pixels is a way of expressing a cameras resolution relative to the dimensions of the
physical space or objects in a field of view.
It is also called PPF (Pixel Per Foot).
H (Object size)=2Ltan(/2)
Density of pixels =(Resolution(Pixel number M))/H
Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 39
Density of Pixels
20481536
DS-2CD2632F-IS HFOV VFOV DFOV H (Object size)=2Ltan(/2)
2X32 2.8~12mm 91.2-28.3 66.4-21.2 Density of pixels =(Resolution(Pixel number M))/H
Use S/N to indicate the ratio between camera output signal and noise, unit is dB.
Formula: S/N=20log(VS / VN )
S/N represents the image performance of camera under low illumination.
During day time, picture quality During night, low S/N camera tend to
is very good. create many white dots(noise) on the
picture.
Through DNR function we can reduce the noise to get a better quality image during night.
Compared to traditional DNR, 3D-DNR not only process the Y signal and C signal, but also process the original
signal from sensor.
Hikvision cameras adopt 3D digital noise reduction to provide images with less noise in low-light surveillance scenes
compared to conventional cameras. 3D DNR can be used to enhance image quality and save bandwidth.
AGC(Auto Gain Control) amplify the signal from CCD to make it more bright during night time. This amplification
is called gain. The camera can auto adjust the gain control according to signal level.
Advance: increase dynamic range;
Disadvantage: amplify noise as well.
For color camera, ensure the right color display in different color temperature(CT) environment.
Classified into manual WB and auto WB
Manual WB
Auto WB
Auto White Balance(AWB)
Auto Tracking White Balance (ATB)
Camera can determine the AGC level based on the average brightness of the entire field of view, for example:
when the brightness of foreground is greatly different with the background, it will lead the foreground to lack of
exposal.
Camera enable the BLC function, which can determine the AGC level singly based on one of the sub area in the
entire field of view. It can ensure the normal exposal of foreground but will cause overexposure of background.
Adopt special CCD and DSP circuit, exposure separately to the brighter and darker areas, and then compose
these two images together to form a image, whose foreground and background are clear.
WDR is widely used in backlight environment now, like the lobbies and counters.
At night or under low illumination scenes, the camera switch from color mode to D/W mode
automatically, which can improve low-light performance effectively.
Too dark to
form a good
color image.
ICR sits behind a camera lens, and in front of the image sensor. The role of an IR-cut filter is to filter out infrared
light to enable cameras to produce colors that the human eye sees. However, if the filter is removed under low
light or nighttime conditions, the cameras sensor is able to take advantage of infrared light and deliver black
and white images even when there is not enough visible light.
The improved Smart IR function adjusts the IR strength to have better visibility depending on
specific requirements. Smart IR is usually used to solve the problem of IR over-exposure in close
shots.
Thermal network cameras create images based on heat 0.38 m 0.76 m 1000 m
that radiates from all objects. Images are generally
produced in black and white but can be artificially
colored to make it easier to distinguish different shades.
Thermal images are best when there are great
temperature differences in a scene; the hotter an
object, the brighter it is in a thermal image.
Short- Medium- Long-
Near-infrared WLWIR Far-infrared
infrare infrared infrared
Visible light: 0.4-2.5 m 0.76 m 1 m 3 m 5 m 14 m 30 m 1000 m
Medium-infrared: 3.5~4 m
Thermal infrared: 8~14 m
12,5
10
- 3,3
Compensate the strong light in the picture, so that the surrounding area wouldnt be over-exposed and still
could be seen.
Widely used in traffic monitoring, where license plates must be recognized.
In some surveillance scenarios, users pay special attention only to a certain region instead of the entire image. The
region that attracts special attention is known as the region of interest, or ROI. The ROI encoding method was
developed to provide different compression levels between the ROI and background information in order to capture
clearer key information without increasing the overall bitrate. The application of ROI encoding technology helps to
conserve bandwidth and optimize the bitrate resource allocation, thus ensuring the image quality of the region of
interest.
Triple streams provide much more flexibility to users by allowing different data streams to be sent simultaneously.
Each stream has independent purposes:
The first stream with high resolution and full frame rate can be used for main monitoring.
The second stream with lower resolution can be used for mobile monitoring.
The third stream with high, low, or dynamic resolution offers more flexible choices.
By modeling the imaging features of smoke, dust, fog, etc., defog technology effectively restores
details and color to obtain accurate and natural video. Defog technology helps maintain clarity in
images captured in poor weather conditions such as smog, or fog.
In conditions with slight vibrations (e.g., an electrical pole in strong winds), videos will appear fuzzy due to the
vibration. EIS (Electronic Image Stabilization) can help reduce the effects of vibration in a video by fuzzy judgment
and displacement compensation.
1 Prevent solid objects larger than 50mm 1 Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no harmful effect.
Overview
Glossary and Concepts
Function of Security Camera
Introduction of Recorder
DVR/NVR is a management device which realize the function of centralized storage, local live view,
searching, playback and other functions.
The main difference between DVR and NVR is the function of coding.
Continue work time 724hours, enterprise application design 58hoursbusiness and home design
Protocols: To match diverse demands of Video surveillance from a variety of monitoring scenes, we need different
transmission protocols, such as TCP, UDP, VOD, Multicast, SIP, etc.
Network management function: display information of device online and status are the necessary function for the
network surveillance.
TCP/IP, HTTP, DHCP, DNS, DDNS, RTP/RTSP, PPPoE, SMTP, NTP(SNMP, HTTPS, FTP, SIP, SRTP, 802.1x, IPv6
optional)
Internet
SDK
Control
Command PSIA
Low-level
SDK
ONVIF