UNIT II TIRES

1. Illustrate the forces and moments acting on tire.

The lateral force Fy is the force along the Y axis, the longitudinal force Fx is the force
along the X axis and the normal or vertical force Fz is the force along the Z axis. The
moment along the Z axes Mz is called the aligning moment. The moment along the X
axes Mx is called the overturning moment and the moment along the Y axis My is called
the rolling resistance moment.

2. Enumerate the types of tires.

Radial Ply tire, Bias Ply tire, Belted Ply tire.

3. Differentiate between Bias Ply and Radial ply tires.

In bias ply tires, the cords in the carcass have an angle (or bias) of approximately 40
degrees with respect to the circumference. The cords in adjacent plies run in opposite
directions. A bias ply tire usually has 2 or more plies (up to 20 plies for heavy-load
tires).A radial tire also has plies just like the bias-ply tire, but the cords in these plies are
made of a softer material like polyester instead of nylon. The cords in the plies run
perpendicular to the circumference of the tire. On the side walls of the tire, the direction
of these cords is radial and hence the name "radial" tires.

4. What is purpose of belted radial ply tires?

The radial ply tire is a belted tire and has one or more belts, in addition to plies. A belt is
a steel mesh placed between the body and the tread. Each belt adds an additional layer in
the tread area but leaves the sidewall area untouched.

5. Define slip angle and cornering force of a tyre.

When a side force is applied to a tire rolling in a wheel plane, tire will move along a
path at an angle with the wheel plane. To balance the applied side force, a lateral force
is developed at the contact patch. The angle is the slip angle and the lateral force at tire
ground contact patch is called cornering force. This occurs due to lateral elasticity of the
tire.
6. Define Cornering Stiffness.
The term cornering stiffness provides a common basis for comparing the
cornering behavior of different tires. Cornering stiffness is defined as derivative of
the cornering force Fy with respect to slip angle. Cornering stiffness depends on
inflation pressure, Normal Load, Tractive Effort( Braking effort) and Lateral Force.
The vertical load on the tire strongly influences the cornering characteristics.

7. What is meant by Tractive Effort?

The force available at the contact between the rear wheel tyres and road is known as
tractive effort. The ability of the rear wheels to transmit this effort without slipping
is known as traction. Hence usable tractive effort will never exceed traction.

8. Define longitudinal slip

The difference between the actual longitudinal velocity at the axle of the wheel VX
and the equivalent rotational velocity reff w of the tire is called
longitudinal slip. Longitudinal slip is equal to reff w - VX.

9. What is meant by tire normal load?

The vertical force on a tire is called the tire normal load. The normal load on a tire
comes from a portion of the weight of the vehicle. It is influenced by fore-aft
location of the c.g., vehicle longitudinal acceleration, aerodynamic drag forces and
grade of the road.

10. Explain longitudinal tire force and parameters influencing it.

The longitudinal tire forces are friction forces from the ground that act on the
tires. It depends on a) the slip ratio b) the normal load on the tire and c) the friction
coefficient of the tire-road interface.