Natural and Man-Made Disasters (Macroeconomics)

and Accountancy Telefax: (6347) 2373655
, Poblacion (6347) 2371743

City of 2100 Website: www.bpsu.edu.ph
E-mail: batpenstateu@yahoo.com.ph
NATURAL AND
MAN-MADE
DISASTERS
Reporters:
Ramos, Marie Vea Gay P.
Valerio, Maikee Sheehan R.
BSA 3C
Professor:
Mrs. Lorna O. Dela Paz
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NATURAL AND MAN-DISASTERS
I. Introduction
A disaster is defined as an event that causes serious disruption, leading to widespread human, material, or
economic losses beyond the coping capacity of a given society.
II. Types of Disaster
a) Natural Disasters - are brought about by change in natural phenomenon or what is known as acts
of God. When natural occurrences that bring about damage and there are no casualties, then it is
not referred to as natural disasters.
b) Man-made Disasters - are also known as anthropogenic disasters and they as a result of human
intent, error or as a result of failed systems.
NATURAL DISASTER
Earthquake - a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a
result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
Cause: caused by rocks breaking under stress. The underground surface along which the rock breaks and
moves is called a fault plane.
Typhoon and Flood
Typhoon - an extremely large, powerful, and destructive storm that occurs especially in the region of the
Philippines or the China Sea, it is a type of large storm system having a circular or spiral system of violent
winds, typically hundreds of kilometers or miles in diameter.
Typhoon vs. Hurricane
In general, both typhoons and hurricanes are tropical cyclones but differ in their locations.
"Typhoon" is the name of these storms that occur in the Western Pacific. "Hurricane" is the name given to
these storms in the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Pacific. In the Indian Ocean, they are called "Tropical
Cyclones"
Flood - is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry.
Cause: It occurs most commonly from heavy rainfall when natural watercourses do not have the capacity
to convey excess water.
However, floods are not always caused by heavy rainfall.
They can result from other phenomena, particularly in coastal areas where inundation can be caused by a
storm surge associated with a tropical cyclone, a tsunami or a high tide coinciding with higher than
normal river levels. Dam failure, triggered for example by an earthquake, will result in flooding of the
downstream area, even in dry weather conditions.
Tornado - A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that rotates while in contact with both the
surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.
Cause: Tornadoes form when different temperatures and humidity meet.
Tornado vs. Waterspout
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The main distinction between a tornado and a waterspout is that a tornado occurs over land while a
waterspout occurs over water.
Thunderstorm - A thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm, lightning storm, or thundershower, is

a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere,
known as thunder.
Cause: Thunderstorms occur in association with a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus. They are
usually accompanied by strong winds, heavy rain, and sometimes snow, sleet, hail, or, in contrast, no
precipitation at all.
All thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm produces lightning.
The basic ingredients used to make a thunderstorm are moisture, unstable air and lift. You need moisture
to form clouds and rain. You need unstable air that is relatively warm and can rise rapidly. Finally, you
need lift. This can form from fronts, sea breezes or mountains.
Storm Surge - Storm surge is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the
predicted astronomical tides. Storm surge should not be confused with storm tide, which is defined as the
water level rise due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide. This rise in water level
can cause extreme flooding in coastal areas particularly when storm surge coincides with normal high
tide, resulting in storm tides reaching up to 20 feet or more in some cases.
Tsunamis and storm surges are caused by different events but both result in flooding and damage to
coastal areas. Tsunamis are immense sea waves (10 metres or more), which are produced by underwater
events such as earthquakes, mudslides and volcanic eruptions. They start out small in the open seas but
amplify in size as they reach shallow water. In 1929, when an earthquake-generated tsunami hit the south
coast of Newfoundland, 28 people died.
Storm surges are elevated sea levels produced by intense marine low pressure systems. Storm surges at
times of high tides can lead to coastal flooding and are often accompanied by large ocean waves.
Landslide - is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope due to
gravity. The materials may move by falling, toppling, sliding, spreading, or flowing.
Landslides can be triggered by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water level, stream erosion, and changes in
ground water, earthquakes, volcanic activity, disturbance by human activities, or any combination of these
factors.
Tsunami - also known as a seismic sea wave is a series of waves in a water body caused by the
displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. It is
sometimes incorrectly called a tidal wave.
It is caused by sudden motion on the ocean floor.
Tsunami vs. Tidal Wave
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Although both are sea waves, a tsunami and a tidal wave are two different and unrelated phenomena. A
tidal wave is the wave motion of the tides.
A tidal wave is a shallow water wave caused by the gravitational interactions between the Sun, Moon,
and Earth. ("Tidal wave" was used in earlier times to describe what we now call a tsunami.)
Tsunamis are ocean waves triggered by large earthquakes that occur near or under the ocean, volcanic
eruptions, submarine landslides, and by onshore landslides in which large volumes of debris fall into the
water.
Volcanic Eruptions - the sudden occurrence of a violent dischargeof steam and volcanic material
Cause: It occurs when hot materials are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, ash and gas
compounds are some of the materials magma raises through cracks or weaknesses in the Earth's crust.
Pressure builds up inside the Earth.
When this pressure is released, eg as a result of plate movement, magma explodes to the surface causing a
volcanic eruption. The lava from the eruption cools to form new crust. Over time, after several eruptions,
the rock builds up and a volcano forms.
MAN-MADE DISASTER
Terrorism - the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
All terrorist acts are motivated by two things:
Social and political injustice: People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to
be a social or political or historical wrongwhen they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied
these.
The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in change. Another way of saying this is:
the belief that violent means justify the ends. Many terrorists in history said sincerely that they chose
violence after long deliberation, because they felt they had no choice.
This explanation of the causes of terrorism may be difficult to swallow. It sounds too simple, or too
theoretical. However, if you look at any group that is widely understood as a terrorist group, you will find
these two elements are basic to their story.
Fire - Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.
Cause: Typically, fire comes from a chemical reaction between oxygen in the atmosphere and some sort
of fuel (wood or gasoline, for example). Of course, wood and gasoline don't spontaneously catch on fire
just because they're surrounded by oxygen. For the combustion reaction to happen, you have to heat the
fuel to its ignition temperature.
Structure Collapse - When internal load bearing structural elements fail, a building will collapse into
itself and exterior walls are pulled into the falling structure.
This scenario may be caused by construction activity, an earthquake, or fire, and may result in a dense
debris field with a small footprint. Alternatively, if the structural failure is caused by an explosion or
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natural forces such as weather, the building may collapse in an outward direction, resulting in a less dense
and more scattered debris field.
The causes of building collapse can be classified under general headings to facilitate analysis. These
headings are:
Bad Design
Faulty Construction
Foundation Failure
Extraordinary Loads
Unexpected Failure Modes
Combination of Causes
Nuclear and Radiological Accidents - A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the
environment or the facility." Examples include lethal effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to
the environment, or reactor core melt."
Transportation Accidents - A transport accident is any accident that occurs during transportation.
Specifically, it can refer to:
an aviation accident and incident

a sailing ship accident
a train wreck
a vehicle collision
Cause: It is caused by human error
IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
1. INDIVIDUAL IMPACTS
a. Destruction of property, loss of financial resources and personal injury or illness.

- The occurrence of a disaster can leave a huge damage to the real properties of the
victim and oftentimes, the person himself suffers severe injury during and after
the disaster.
b. Develop severe post-traumatic stress disorders or withdraw into states of depression.
- A disaster also leaves emotional damage to its victim especially to those who had
near death experience and those who lost family members or loved ones. The
victim may suffer from post-trauma disorders and depression.
c. Victims were forced to leave their place.
- A disaster can force people to relocate either temporarily or permanently. It can
be in the form of evacuation, displacement, resettlement or forced migration.
2. COMMUNITY IMPACTS
a. Loss of economic resources that recovery becomes difficult, if not, almost impossible
- Just like the individual impact, disasters can leave huge damage to the community
through destruction of its resources whether labor, capital or natural resources
that can hinder the community to function again.
b. Huge number of people die or become missing
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-
It is very seldom that a disaster passes without people dying. There are even
instances where people become missing and it takes a very long time to find
them.
c. Widespread panic
- It is a natural tendency of people to panic when a disaster strikes the community
especially when it is unexpected.
3. ECONOMIC IMPACTS
a. Reduced tax revenue
- There is property tax relief available to certain properties such as real properties
and business equipments and fixtures when destroyed by a calamity or disaster. It
can be availed by filing a calamity or disaster claim.
b. Loss of infrastructure
- There can be potential loss of homes, businesses, highways, roads, bridges and
utilities that can disrupt the function of the economy.
c. Huge sums were necessary to hold jump start recovery efforts
- Large amount of money will be needed in order to put the economy back on track
after a disaster left severe damages.
d. Food scarcity
- After natural disasters, food often becomes scarce. Thousands of people go
hungry as a result of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies. As a result,
food prices rise, reducing families purchasing power.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
a. Great loss of animals and plants
- Pets and wildlife can be incredibly vulnerable during a disaster although most
animal may sense incoming disasters. This includes wild animals who cannot
escape danger and domesticated animals that are lost or are left behind during a
disaster.
b. Loss of habitat
- Wildlife habitats and forests are often destroyed especially during wildfires.
c. Wide-ranging air pollution
- Wildfires have caused widespread pollution over vast expanses.
BASIC DISASTER SUPPLY KIT

1. Water at least a 3-day supply of water per family member
2. Food at least a three-day supply of non-perishable food
3. Flashlight
4. Whistle can be used to ask for help
5. Map
6. Medicine
7. Mobile phone
8. Radio
9. Dust mask
10. First Aid Kit bandages, gauge, hypoallergenic adhesive tape, antiseptic, thermometer, latex
gloves, petroleum jelly
WHAT TO DO BEFORE A DISASTER?

Know what disasters could happen in your area.
- Know what disasters commonly and recently happened in the area.
Prepare an evacuation plan.
- Establish meeting places inside and outside your home. Establish a family contact out of
town. Discuss what disasters can happen and how each family member can respond and
what they can do.
Prepare a disaster supply kit.
Know the signs of different disasters.
Learn basic first aid.
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- At least learn how to do CPR and how to properly treat wounds.

Check the safety of your house.
Join disaster prevention drills.
- There are times when the community or schools conduct disaster prevention drills,
participate know what to do in case of a disaster.
Secure important documents.
- Diplomas, passport, IDs, home and property documents, etc.
WHAT TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE?

Note: the goal is to protect yourself from falling objects, debris, trees, and etc.
Stay calm and stay put.
If indoors, DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of
furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops
Stay away from windows, bookcases, china cabinets, and mirrors.
If outdoors, stay away from buildings, trees, and power lines.
If driving, move away from overpasses, stop slowly in a safe area, and stay in your vehicle. Stay
off bridges. Listen to the radio.
If in a high-rise building, stay in the building, on the same floor. Get under a desk and stay away
from outside walls and windows. Do not use the elevator.
WHAT TO DO DURING FLOOD OR TSUNAMI?

If you're driving, do not pass through standing water, or water where you cannot see the bottom.
If you're walking, do not walk through moving or rushing water.
If there is any possibility of a flash flood, or you think a tsunami is imminent get to higher ground
immediately.
WHAT TO DO DURING A TORNADO?
Note: The goal is to stay low and get away from windows
If you're indoors, shelter in a basement, storm cellar, or the lowest building level.
If you're driving when a warning is issued, try to drive to the closest place you can take shelter.
If you're driving and cannot get to shelter, get out of the vehicle.
If you're driving and see a tornado, do not try to outrun it. Pull over immediately and shelter with
one of the two previous methods.
WHAT TO DO DURING A LANDSLIDE?

IF INDOORS:
Find cover in the section of the building that is furthest away from the approaching landslide.
Take shelter under a strong table or bench.
Hold on firmly and stay put until all movement has ceased.
IF OUTDOORS:
Move quickly away from its likely path, keeping clear of embankments, trees, power lines and
poles.
Stay away from the landslide. The slope may experience additional failures for hours to days
afterwards.
WHAT TO DO DURING A VOLCANIC ERUPTION?
Avoid all low-lying places because lava flows and mudflows are more likely to pass here.
Seek cover in case of ash falls rock falls.
Use masks and cover your mouth and nose to avoid breathing in ashes.
If you are inside a house; close all doors and windows to avoid ashes from getting inside.
Always stay indoors.
Stay in the evacuation center until further instructions. Do not attempt to leave the place unless
told to do.
Keep a watchful eye on the kids because they might be tempted to go out and see whats going on
outside.
WHAT TO DO DURING A TERRORIST ATTACK?
RUN
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Escape if you can

Is there a safe route? Run, if not hide
Can you get there without exposing yourself to greater danger?
Insist others leave with you
Leave belongings behind
HIDE
If you cant run, hide
If you can see the attacker, they may be able to see you
Cover from view does not mean you are safe, bullets go through glass, brick, wood and metal
Find cover from gunfire e.g. substantial brickwork/heavy reinforced walls
Be aware of your exits
Try not to get trapped
Be quiet, silence your phone
Lock/barricade yourself in
Move away from the door
TELL
1. Call 911: What do the police need to know?
2. Location: Where are the suspects?
3. Direction: Where did you last see the suspects?
4. Descriptions: Describe the attacker, numbers, features, clothing, weapons etc
WHAT TO DO DURING A FIRE?

Exit the building immediately.
Crawl low to the ground if there is smoke.
Use a wet cloth to cover your nose and mouth (if possible).
Use the back of your hand to feel the upper, lower, and middle parts of all doors.
Do not open a hot door. Look for another exit.
If you catch fire, drop and roll to put it out.
NEVER GO BACK into a burning building.
HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER?

PASS
- Pull the lever
- Aim at the fire
- Squeeze the lever
- Sweep from side to side
WHAT TO DO AFTER A DISASTER?
1. Do not return until the local authorities say it is safe.

2. Continue listening to the radio for information and instructions.
3. Use extreme caution when entering or working in buildings.
4. Do not take lanterns, torches or any kind of flame into a damaged building
5. If you smell leaking gas, turn off the main gas valve at the meter. If you can open windows safely, do
so.
6. Notify the power company or fire department if you see fallen or damaged electrical wires.
7. If any of your appliances are wet, turn off the main electrical power switch in your home before you
unplug them. Dry out appliances, wall switches and sockets before you plug them in again.
8. Check food and water supplies for contamination and spoilage before using them.
9. Wear sturdy shoes when walking through broken glass or debris, and use heavy gloves when removing
debris.
10. After the emergency is over, inform your family and friends to tell them you are safe.
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and Accountancy Telefax: (6347) 2373655

, Poblacion (6347) 2371743

NATURAL AND MAN-DISASTERS

II. Types of Disaster

Typhoon and Flood

Typhoon vs. Hurricane

Flood - is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry.

However, floods are not always caused by heavy rainfall.

Cause: Tornadoes form when different temperatures and humidity meet.

Tornado vs. Waterspout

Thunderstorm - A thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm, lightning storm, or thundershower, is

All thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm produces lightning.

It is caused by sudden motion on the ocean floor.

Tsunami vs. Tidal Wave

All terrorist acts are motivated by two things:

an aviation accident and incident

Cause: It is caused by human error

a. Destruction of property, loss of financial resources and personal injury or illness.

BASIC DISASTER SUPPLY KIT

WHAT TO DO BEFORE A DISASTER?

- At least learn how to do CPR and how to properly treat wounds.

WHAT TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE?

WHAT TO DO DURING FLOOD OR TSUNAMI?

WHAT TO DO DURING A LANDSLIDE?

Escape if you can

WHAT TO DO DURING A FIRE?

HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER?

1. Do not return until the local authorities say it is safe.

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