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Freeze-drying of Tissues
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William W. Tomford
Director
MassachusettsGeneral Hospital Bone Bank
AssociateSurgeon
D epartmentof Ortho7aedics
M assachusetts GeneralH os7ital
AssociateProfessor
Harvard Medical School
Boston,Massachusetts
With contributionsby
JamesH. Forsell, Allen P. MacKenzie,
and D. Michael Strong
protectedby
O 1993by Raven Press,Ltd' All rights reserved'This book is
or
copvright.No part of it may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system'
in any form oi Uy uny rneans, mechanical'
electronic.' photocopying'
tru*ttiitt"O,
publisher'
;;;;;di.g, or otherwise,without prior written permissionof the
Musculoskeletaltissuebanking/William W. Tomford'
p. cm.
Iniludes bibliographicalreferencesand index'
rsBN 0-88167-995-X
1. Musculoskeletalbanks. 2' TissueBanks' I' Tomford, William W'
IDNLM: 1. Bone Transplantation' 2' Muscles-transplantation'
3. Transplantation, Homologous. wE 190M9851
RDl28.M88 1993
362.1'783-dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 92-496r6
CIP
98 '76 54 321
Freeze-Drying of Tissues
D. Michael Strong and Allen P. MacKenzie
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
181
182 FREEZE-DRYING
Temperature Pressure
('c) mmHg mbar
0 4.579 4 ,5 7 9 4,579 6.105
-5 3 .0 1 3 3 ,0 1 3 3,013 4.O17
-10 1 .9 5 0 1 ,9 5 0 1,950 2.600
-15 '1.241 1 ,2 4 1 1,241 1.655
-20 o .7 7 6 776 776 1.035
-25 o.476 476 476 0.635
-30 0.2859 286 286 0.3812
-35 0 .1 6 8 1 168 168 o.2241
-40 0.0966 9 6 .6 96.6 0.1288
-45 0.0541 54.1 54.1 0.0721
-50 0.0296 29.6 29.6 0.0395
-55 0 .0 1 5 7 15.7 15.7 0.0209
-60 0.0081 8 .1 8.1 0.0108
-65 0.00403 4 .O 4.O 0.0054
-70 0 .0 0 1 9 1 .9 ' t.9 0.0026
-80 0.0004 o.4 o.4 0.0005
-90 0.00007 o.o7 o.o7 0.0001
-100 0.00001 0.01 0.01 0.000013
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("C)
Temperature
FlG. 5.1. A part of the pressure-temperature diagramfor pure water. Vapor
pressuresof ice and liquidwater are representedas functionsof tempera-
turesfrom -100"C to 0"C and from 0'C to 100"C,respectively. The melting
point of pure ice is shown as a functionof hydrostaticpressure.The "triple
point" representsthe stablecoexistenceof ice,liquidwater,and water vapor
in the absenceof air.
FREEZE-DRYING 189
ative (84). This effectis partially due to the fact that the donor
had beeninfected shortly beforedeath (HIV antibody-negative,
antigen-positive)and thus had a low viral burden. Second,HIV
is more susceptibleto drying and other disinfectantsthan are
other viruses(90). HIV hasbeenshown to survivefreeze-drying
if presentin higherconcentrations,asin tissuesfrom donorswho
havedied of AIDS (14).
QUALITY CONTROL
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FREEZE-DRYING 203
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
RBFERENCES