CEE 332

4.6-4.7, 4.12 Members made of different materials, stress

concentrations, eccentric loading
Consider a beam made of two different materials

flexible

Plane sections still remain plane and perpendicular, but the stress
distribution is bi-linear. Hence, the neutral axis does not coincide
with the centroid of the cross section.

Assume that plane cross sections

remain plane and perpendicular ... 1
= y y measured
(same as before) ... from N.A.

Equilibrium ... (same as before) ... y dA = M dA = 0

csa csa

Constitutive ... 1 = E1 , 2 = E2

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1
Put it all together ...
1 = E1 = E1 y


csa
dA = 0

1 My
2 = E2 = E 2 y =
I

1 1
M= E
csa
1 y2

dA + E2 y 2
csa

dA
1 2

Solution using the Transformed Section Method

Define the modular ratio: n = E2 / E1 , therefore E2 = n E1. Then,

1
M = E1 I * where I * = y dA + n y 2 dA
2

csa csa
1 2

1
M = E1 I * where I * = y dA + n y 2 dA
2

csa csa
1 2

Flexible

Flexible

If E2 > E1 If E2 < E1
n>1 n<1

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Analysis procedure for cross sections that

are symmetric about the y axis:

1) Select a material to be #1 and the other to be #2.

2) Compute n = E2 / E1 .
3) Construct a replacement c.s. by multiplying material #2s z
dimension (width) by n.
4) Determine the centroid and I* for the transformed c.s.
5) Determine stresses, deflections, etc., for the transformed c.s.
The stresses in material #1 are 1 = My/I*
The stresses in material #2 are 2 = n My/I*

Important: Only the z-dimension can be changed in developing a replacement

cross section. Reason is that bending is linearly related to E, and to cross
section thickness. Hence, the product EI is the same for the original and
transformed cross sections. Increase of y dimension gives a cubic increase in I.

Example PROBLEM 4.42 The 612-in. timber beam has been

strengthened by bolting to it the steel reinforcement shown. The
modulus of elasticity for wood is 1.8106 psi and for steel, 29106
psi. Knowing that the beam is bent about a horizontal axis by a
couple of moment M = 450 kip in., determine the maximum stress
in (a) the wood, (b) the steel.

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Applications to reinforced concrete (see book for details)

Concrete is very weak in tension: (ult)tension (ult)compression /10.

Thus, reinforces concrete members are often designed assuming
zero tensile strength. The problem then is that the location of the
N.A. is unknown.