Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
FINAL ASSIGNMENT
Proposed by:
ANANDIKA NEVADA
Student Number: 045214032
To
THE PERFORMANCE OF
3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN
AS WIND TURBINE
FINAL ASSIGNMENT
Proposed by:
ANANDIKA NEVADA
Student Number: 045214032
To
i
APPROVAL PAGE
THE PERFORMANCE OF
3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN
AS WIND TURBINE
Arranged by:
Name: Anandika Nevada
Student Number: 045214032
Approved by:
FINAL ASSIGNMENT
THE PERFORMANCE OF
3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN
AS WIND TURBINE
Board Examiners
ABSTRACT
This research aims to utilize fan blade from a fan to generate electricity.
The research was done with laboratory scale experiment, with a wind tunnel
which generates wind between 0 m/s to 6.6 m/s, and variety of electronic load of
12 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2.4 , 2 , 1.7 , 1.5 , 1.3 and 1.2 .
From this research, peak efficiency of 24% was obtained with wind speed
of 4.6 m/s. The highest electricity power generated was 4.5 W with wind speed
of 6.6 m/s and load of 6 .
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan memanfaatkan bilah kipas dari kipas angin untuk
menghasilkan listrik.
Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan percobaan skala laboratorium, dengan
menggunakan terowongan angin yang menghasilkan kecepatan angin antara 0 m/s
hingga 6.6 m/s, dan beban listrik bervariasi 12 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2.4 , 2 ,
1.7 , 1.5 , 1.3 and 1.2 .
Dari penelitian ini, diperoleh efisiensi puncak sebesar 24% terjadi pada
kecepatan angin 4.6 m/s. Daya listrik terbesar yang mampu dibangkitkan adalah
4.5 W pada kecepatan angin 6.6 m/s, dan beban 6 .
iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
v
STATEMENT OF NOVELTY
STATEMENT OF NOVELTY
I hereby declare and acknowledge this Final Assignment had never been written
by any person in any writing published personally or institutionally in any form,
except writings that are cited in references.
Anandika Nevada
vi
DIGITAL DOCUMENT USAGE RIGHTS AGREEMENT
Anandika Nevada
vii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Tanggal 3 Maret 2011
Yang Menyatakan
Anandika Nevada
viii
PREFACE
PREFACE
The writer would like to give praise to Jesus Christ for His greatness, thus
the writer was able to complete this Final Assignment, and my deepest gratitude
to:
All staff in the Faculty of Science and Technology not mention here, for any
miscellaneous support.
My Parents, Wenny Christianto and Ong Djoen Siong, for financial and
spiritual support, last but not least great love and care.
My foster sisters, Yulianti Beatriks Jani, Helena Jewaru, Ratna Sari Dewi,
Dina Fitria Sari, and Zita Aninda Putri Kristianti, for care and support.
ix
Brothers and sisters of Community of SantEgidio, for spiritual support and
care.
Finally the writer hopes that this Final Assignment may be use as reference
for wind-energy amateurs to professionals, and academician from high school to
university.
x
CONTENT
CONTENT
xi
3.2.1. Pre-experimental Procedure ............................................................. 8
3.2.1.1. Apparatus Building................................................................. 8
3.2.1.2. Blade Testing .......................................................................... 10
3.2.1.3. Dynamometer Installation ...................................................... 10
3.2.1.4. Electronic Load Device Circuitry Design............................... 12
3.2.1.5. Understanding The Measuring Device ................................... 14
3.2.1.6. Understanding the Wind Inside The Wind Tunnel................. 15
3.2.1.7. Arranging and Installing Devices ........................................... 17
3.2.1.8. Condition Creating.................................................................. 18
3.2.2. Experimental Procedure ................................................................... 19
3.2.2.1. Mechanical Efficiency Data Taking Procedure...................... 19
3.2.2.2. Overall Efficiency Taking Procedure ..................................... 20
3.2.3. Post-experimental Procedure ........................................................... 21
3.2.3.1. Data Calculation ..................................................................... 21
3.2.3.2. Plotting and Reviewing........................................................... 22
CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL, RESULT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW
4.1. Result and Data Calculation.................................................................... 23
4.1.1. Mechanical Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan.................... 23
4.1.2. Overall Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan .......................... 23
4.2. Observational Review ............................................................................. 25
4.3. Performance Review ............................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND CONSIDERATION
5.1. Conclusion............................................................................................... 32
5.2. Consideration .......................................................................................... 32
REFERENCES.................................................................................................. 33
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A. BEAUFORT SCALE ....................................................... 35
xii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
NUMENCLATURE
NUMENCLATURE
EW = Work (J)
F = Force (N)
I = Electrical current (A)
P = Power (Watt)
N = Amount of rotation
n = Speed of rotation (RPM or Rotation per minute)
R = Resistance ()
Ri = Resistance used at data no.i
RT = Total resistance ()
r = Radius (m)
s = Distance (m)
t = Time (s)
V = Volume (m) or Voltage (V)
v = Velocity (m/s)
z = Height (m)
xv
Subscribe:
B = Blade
E = Electrical
G = Gas or wind
S = Shaft
X = Brake
Numbering, Units and symbols:
Numberings are written with dot (.) as decimal point and comma (,) as 1000
separator. Units are written entirely in metrical unit. Mathematical symbols
are written with () as divide symbol, and (:) as ratio symbol.
xvi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Wind turbine is one of the cheapest and the easiest way to extract energy
from nature. Wind Turbine does not require much material or special material, yet
with the simplest design wind turbine may be a good complementary to save
natural resource usage. The blades can be made even from common household
fan.
1
2
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORIES
2.1. Wind
The sun provides a continuous ray to the rotating earth, thus heating the air,
the sea and the land at different strength depending on many geographical factors
and locations. (The Diagram Group, 2006)
The process of receiving and losing heat at a different rate causes the
temperature and density of air to change. This was followed by pressure changes.
Pressure change creates high-pressure zone and low-pressure change, which
causes mass of air movements, from high-pressure zone to low-pressure zone.
This mass of air movements is called as wind (Aguado and Burt, 2008).
Since wind is defined as moving mass of air, therefore we can conclude that
wind is a form of kinetic energy (American Wind Energy Association, 2009),
which means calculable by using formula:
2
E K = 12 mG vG (2.2)
3
4
2
E K = 12 mG vG
= 12 ( G VG ) vG
2
= 12 ( G AB x ) vG
2
(2.3)
= 12 ( G AB v t ) vG
2
= 12 G AB vG t
3
The power of the wind can be calculated by using the formula (Hughes,
2000):
EK
PG =
t
A v t
1 3
= 2 G B G (2.4)
t
= 2 G AB v G
1 3
Wind Turbine is an instrument that converts kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical energy in the shaft. The mechanical energy is later used to turn
generator which converted the mechanical energy into electrical energy (Hansen,
2008).
5
Kinetic energy in the wind creates force that pushes the blades of a wind
turbine. The forces that act on the blades create torque and cause the shaft to turn
(Figure 2.2). Therefore the formula of torque can be stated as (Crowell, 2010):
= rS F (2.5)
EW = F ds (2.6)
Therefore the amount of work done by blades over shaft can be calculated
substituting distance with circular distance. Therefore the formula becomes:
EW = F ( 2 rS N ) (2.7)
EW
PS = (2.8)
t
6
Therefore we can write the power of blade use to turn the shaft with the
formula (Evans, 2007):
F ( 2 rS N )
PS =
t
2 N
= (F rS ) (2.9)
t
=
With the known power of the wind act upon the blade and power of the
rotating shaft, efficiency can be calculated by using formula of:
PS
M = (2.10)
PG
Since wind turbine cannot stop wind totally, therefore efficiency is limited.
Theoretically maximum limit on wind turbine is denoted as Betz Limit, which has
the formula of (Hansen, 2008):
16
= 0.593 (2.11)
27
Figure 2.1: Efficiency vs. TSR of some common wind turbine (Somerton, 2004).
7
rB
TSR = (2.12)
vG
PE = I V (2.13)
PE
T = (2.14)
PG
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHOD
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHOD
Before the experiments are done, equipments used are built to suit the
experiment condition, reviewed and tested to match the experiment goals.
Right angled holed iron beam was used to make the construction as seen in
Figure 3.1. This was to ensure easiness in modification of the experimental
apparatus structure in the future.
8
9
The bearing was placed in the wooden plank and was held down by pipe
clamp. The pipe clamp was pined down to a wooden plank by using nut and bolt,
layered by a ring as seen in Figure 3.2.
10
Blade that will be tested is a blade taken off from an anonymous 3-blade
propeller type common household fan with diameter of 39 cm.
The wind blade was able to rotate, thus answering the capabilities of 3-blade
propeller type common house hold fan as a wind energy capturing device.
Despite of the ability to rotate, there was a noticeable slight off-center of the
wind blade.
After being installed the brake was adjusted by rotating the hexagonal nut to
loosen or tighten the roller against the cylindrical break. This was done to produce
rotational resistance whilst maintaining the blade ability to rotate.
Figure 3.4 is shows the cylindrical break from inside. The cylindrical break
was pushed downward against the shaft by the roller above.
12
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ... +
RT R1 R2 R3 Ri
1 (3.1)
1 1 1 1
RT = + + + ... +
R1 R2 R3 Ri
13
With the use of similar resistance value, therefore we can write the equation
as:
1
1
RT = amount of Resistor
R
1
amount of Resistor
= (3.2)
R
R
=
amount of Resistor
With the above equation, we can rewrite the electrical load resistance as:
12
Ri = (3.3)
amount of Resistor
Table 3.2 shows all measuring devices, modes, used for the entire data
taking with resolution and accuracy of the device respectively.
(0.03 m/s+
Testo 425 Wind speed in
0.01 m/s 5% of mv)
Digital Anemometer m/s
1 Digit of resolution
Heles UX-37 TR
20 DCA 10 mA (0.02%1Digit)
Digital multi-meter
The anemometer used for measuring wind speed does not use moveable
parts, but a sensitive electronic component. The anemometer is sensitive to small
air flow around the probe. This was seen when the cap was removed from the
probe.
To use non-contact rpm mode, the rotational part must be pasted with
reflective strip. Before the correct measurement can begin, the red light must be
perpendicular aligned and as close as possible to the metallic strip to ensure
rotational detection to avoid misreading.
15
Tachometer available for use does not provide rad/s measuring mode,
therefore the entire data will be converted using formula:
n
= 2 (3.4)
60
The wind tunnel used for stimulating wind condition is a 1.2 m 1.2 m
2.5 m wind tunnel with openings at both sides (Figure 3.6). A 1 m turbine is used
to generate wind by means of sucking rather than blowing.
16
Since wind tunnel used for experiment was a simple wind tunnel which
have no air speed control device incorporated, increasing and decreasing wind
speed was done by moving the wind generator, closer or further from the tunnel.
Figure 3.7 shows wind generator was placed very close to the wind tunnel,
causing maximum air flow, which in turn produced maximum wind speed.
Notice that the wind tunnel is not isolated from the surrounding
environment (Figure 3.6). The wind flowing inside the wind tunnel is subjected to
interference by air movements outside the wind tunnel.
17
To minimize error during data taking due to interference from outside wind,
a wind vane was installed near the wind tunnel to detect major air movements.
Thus, whenever major air movements were detected, data taking will be aborted
until air movements were stabilize.
The blade will be tested by the given conditions. The conditions are divided
into two categories:
1. Fixed Condition:
Since the location of the experiments is 170 m above sea level, therefore the
density of air calculated with Formula (2.1) will be:
2. Variable Condition
Pre-experiment with the experiment device mounted shows that the wind
tunnel was only able to produce wind maximum 6.75 m/s. Since there are
limitations of the wind tunnel set, therefore wind speed use throughout the
experiments will be between 0 m/s to 6.5 m/s with increment of 0.25 m/s.
Data taking to test for overall efficiency will be given variety of electrical
10 resistance value as stated in Table 3.1, with each wind speed.
19
Experiments are done to extract data, which later calculated and analyst to
fulfill the research goals.
The first experiment goal was to extract data of the 3-blade propeller type
fan with variety wind speed. The data will then be calculated to obtain mechanical
efficiency.
1. Fixed data
Fixed data is the data collected once and is used for the entire analyst
procedure. These data includes:
rB (Radius of Blade)
rS (Radius of Shaft)
2. Variable data
Variable data is the data collected at certain condition. These data includes:
(Rotation speed)
Since wind tunnel was used and data taking was done within the wind
tunnel, wind fluctuation is very high. Therefore wind speed used for data taking
was average wind speed measured for one minutes.
With the wind speed fluctuation, the rotational speed was affected directly.
To maximize data validity, rotational speed for data taking was a one minute
average rotational speed.
20
Since the break used for this experiment was a contact-type break, the
vibration in rotational force reading occurred during testing. Despite of the
vibration, reading was still possible by estimating reading in the middle of
between the highest and the lowest peak.
The second experiment goal was to extract data of the 3-blade propeller type
fan with variable wind speed and electrical resistance. The data will then be
calculated to obtain overall efficiency.
1. Fixed data
Fixed data is the data collected once and is used for the entire analyst
procedure. These data include only rB (Radius of Blade).
2. Variable data
Variable data is the data collected at certain condition. These data includes:
V (Voltage generated)
I (Current generated)
After the experiments, data are calculated, and the result will be analyst to
fulfill research objectives.
1. PG (Power of Wind)
2. PS (Power of Shaft)
PS = (FS rS ) (3.6)
3. PE (Power of Electricity)
4. M (Mechanical Efficiency)
5. T (Overall Efficiency)
Since this the data of this research is quantitative data, analysis will be done
with the aid of graphic, which will represent calculated data.
Plotting will be done with the aid of Microsofts Excel 2003 by comparing
the data of:
Wind Speed and Power of Electricity. With Wind Speed as abscissa and
Power of Electricity as ordinate, the data will be plotted as Shaft Power and
Electrical Power Graphic.
Wind Speed and Overall Efficiency. With Wind Speed as abscissa and
Overall Efficiency as ordinate, the data will be plotted as Mechanical and
Overall Efficiency Graphic (Compare to Wind Speed).
CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL, RESULT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL, RESULT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW
Result of experiment was data that were arranged and calculated in table to
ease reading.
Data taken for this experiment produce a flawed result due to inconstant
breaking and high slippage in higher rotation within the device which causes error
in reading tangential force acting on the shaft. This experiment was discontinued.
23
24
Table 4.1d: Overall Efficiency Data Using 1.7 and 1.5 Resistance
1.7 1.5
vg Pg
(m/s) (W) n I Pe n I Pe
V (V) TSR V (V) TSR
(rpm) (A) (W) (%) (rpm) (A) (W) (%)
1.80 0.430 83.7 0.11 0.04 0.950 0.0044 1.02% 83.3 0.10 0.04 0.945 0.0040 0.93%
2.03 0.617 117.1 0.19 0.08 1.178 0.0152 2.46% 115.5 0.18 0.08 1.162 0.0144 2.33%
2.29 0.886 138.0 0.28 0.13 1.231 0.0364 4.11% 137.8 0.25 0.13 1.229 0.0325 3.67%
2.55 1.223 178.0 0.40 0.16 1.425 0.0640 5.23% 171.8 0.36 0.16 1.376 0.0576 4.71%
2.64 1.357 214.5 0.55 0.21 1.659 0.1155 8.51% 207.0 0.49 0.21 1.601 0.1029 7.58%
2.99 1.972 272.1 0.82 0.26 1.858 0.2132 10.81% 271.3 0.76 0.28 1.853 0.2128 10.79%
3.21 2.440 320.0 1.02 0.31 2.036 0.3162 12.96% 313.7 1.01 0.31 1.996 0.3131 12.83%
3.43 2.977 383.8 1.29 0.42 2.285 0.5418 18.20% 380.8 1.28 0.42 2.267 0.5376 18.06%
3.64 3.558 457.4 1.48 0.48 2.566 0.7104 19.97% 430.8 1.33 0.49 2.417 0.6517 18.32%
4.09 5.047 487.1 1.51 0.56 2.432 0.8456 16.75% 485.9 1.48 0.57 2.426 0.8436 16.72%
4.24 5.623 512.0 1.48 0.65 2.466 0.9620 17.11% 499.3 1.29 0.70 2.405 0.9030 16.06%
4.64 7.369 581.2 1.62 0.49 2.558 0.7938 10.77% 569.5 1.51 0.50 2.506 0.7550 10.25%
4.84 8.364 601.9 1.74 0.77 2.539 1.3398 16.02% 570.0 1.62 0.78 2.405 1.2636 15.11%
5.07 9.613 652.8 1.88 0.84 2.629 1.5792 16.43% 630.8 1.74 0.86 2.541 1.4964 15.57%
5.28 10.858 708.3 2.25 0.92 2.739 2.0700 19.06% 705.7 2.12 0.92 2.729 1.9504 17.96%
5.60 12.954 760.8 2.60 0.90 2.774 2.3400 18.06% 747.5 2.39 0.92 2.726 2.1988 16.97%
5.84 14.692 727.5 2.08 1.04 2.544 2.1632 14.72% 706.8 1.89 1.06 2.471 2.0034 13.64%
6.01 16.013 691.0 1.94 0.98 2.348 1.9012 11.87% 668.0 1.76 1.01 2.270 1.7776 11.10%
6.32 18.621 810.0 2.26 1.13 2.617 2.5538 13.71% 793.0 2.09 1.18 2.562 2.4662 13.24%
6.58 21.015 921.1 2.58 1.28 2.859 3.3024 15.71% 870.8 2.36 1.32 2.702 3.1152 14.82%
Table 4.1e: Overall Efficiency Data Using 1.3 and 1.2 Resistance
1.3 1.2
vg Pg
(m/s) (W) n I Pe n I Pe
V (V) TSR V (V) TSR
(rpm) (A) (W) (%) (rpm) (A) (W) (%)
1.80 0.430 82.7 0.09 0.05 0.938 0.0045 1.05% 80.3 0.08 0.05 0.911 0.0040 0.93%
2.03 0.617 113.9 0.19 0.09 1.146 0.0171 2.77% 112.9 0.15 0.09 1.136 0.0135 2.19%
2.29 0.886 134.0 0.25 0.13 1.195 0.0325 3.67% 130.3 0.23 0.14 1.162 0.0322 3.63%
2.55 1.223 167.2 0.34 0.16 1.339 0.0544 4.45% 166.0 0.32 0.16 1.329 0.0512 4.19%
2.64 1.357 199.1 0.48 0.21 1.540 0.1008 7.43% 197.8 0.43 0.21 1.530 0.0903 6.65%
2.99 1.972 268.2 0.71 0.29 1.832 0.2059 10.44% 259.9 0.69 0.30 1.775 0.2070 10.50%
3.21 2.440 307.8 0.96 0.32 1.958 0.3072 12.59% 291.9 0.90 0.32 1.857 0.2880 11.80%
3.43 2.977 377.4 1.10 0.44 2.247 0.4840 16.26% 365.6 1.05 0.44 2.177 0.4620 15.52%
3.64 3.558 424.9 1.27 0.50 2.384 0.6350 17.85% 413.2 1.25 0.51 2.318 0.6375 17.92%
4.09 5.047 482.1 1.45 0.58 2.407 0.8410 16.66% 472.9 1.37 0.59 2.361 0.8083 16.02%
4.24 5.623 482.6 1.15 0.70 2.324 0.8050 14.32% 476.6 1.06 0.70 2.295 0.7420 13.20%
4.64 7.369 563.7 1.38 0.51 2.481 0.7038 9.55% 563.4 1.30 0.53 2.479 0.6890 9.35%
4.84 8.364 563.3 1.51 0.80 2.377 1.2080 14.44% 560.4 1.44 0.82 2.364 1.1808 14.12%
5.07 9.613 613.3 1.62 0.88 2.470 1.4256 14.83% 610.8 1.54 0.90 2.460 1.3860 14.42%
5.28 10.858 688.6 1.92 0.94 2.663 1.8048 16.62% 666.3 1.79 0.96 2.577 1.7184 15.83%
5.60 12.954 733.7 2.31 0.92 2.675 2.1252 16.41% 731.0 2.28 0.94 2.666 2.1432 16.54%
5.84 14.692 693.3 1.74 1.08 2.424 1.8792 12.79% 692.1 1.65 1.12 2.420 1.8480 12.58%
6.01 16.013 661.4 1.62 1.02 2.247 1.6524 10.32% 634.0 1.49 1.03 2.154 1.5347 9.58%
6.32 18.621 778.7 1.92 1.20 2.516 2.3040 12.37% 762.6 1.76 1.20 2.464 2.1120 11.34%
6.58 21.015 891.0 2.18 1.34 2.765 2.9212 13.90% 829.8 2.02 1.36 2.575 2.7472 13.07%
1400
1200
1000
800
n (rpm)
Removed
Result
Corrected
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v g (m/s)
Figure 4.1: Wind Speed versus Blade Rotational Speed Correlation Graph
After making slight data correction by erasing certain data, curvature of the
trend correlation lines move very slightly upward. This indicates that the data
error cause by wind speed measurements is tolerable for further analysis.
27
12
4 6
4
3
P E (W)
2.4
3
2
1.7
1.5
2 1.3
1.2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400
n (rpm)
Figure 4.2: Electrical Power versus Rotational Speed Correlation Graph (Resistance Aspect)
6
1.80 m/s
2.03 m/s
2.29 m/s
5 2.55 m/s
2.64 m/s
2.99 m/s
4 3.21 m/s
3.43 m/s
3.64 m/s
P E (W)
4.09 m/s
3
4.24 m/s
4.64 m/s
4.84 m/s
2 5.07 m/s
5.28 m/s
5.60 m/s
1 5.84 m/s
6.01 m/s
6.32 m/s
6.58 m/s
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400
n (rpm)
Figure 4.3: Electrical Power versus Rotational Speed Correlation Graph (Wind Speed
Aspect)
28
Seeing from wind speed aspect in Figure 4.3, as electrical load increases,
rotational speed tends to fall. The capability of generator to produce power
depends on electrical load. The more electrical load, the more torque needed to
turn the generator.
By reviewing Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3, it was seen that the generator
produce electricity at a given wind speed increase at electrical load of 6 then
decrease as more load are applied. This is cause by armature effect of generator.
As most wind turbine efficiency are compare to TSR and since this
experiment failed to measure mechanical efficiency like other experiments
perform by wind-energy professionals. The performance of this wind turbine
cannot be compared globally. It is noticeable that TSR of the wind turbine with
electrical load could not begin with 0, as higher wind speed was needed to start
the blade rotation.
60%
50%
12
40% 6
4
3
(%)
2.4
30%
2
1.7
1.5
20% 1.3
1.2
10%
0%
0 1 2 3 4 5
TSR
Peak efficiency achieved was 23.5% at TSR of 4.6. Since TSR is mostly
used to compare wind turbines performance scientifically, therefore TSR
comparison is unusable in common daily life
Figure 4.5 compares efficiency with wind speed instead of TSR. Beaufort
scale is included to the graph to minimize the need of anemometer, as
anemometer is limited in availability to wind-energy amateur. A complete table of
Beaufort scale can be viewed in Table A.1.
60%
50%
12
6
40%
4
Moderate breeze
Gentle Breeze
3
Light Breeze
Light Air
2.4
(%)
Calm
30% 2
1.7
1.5
1.3
20%
1.2
Betz Limit
10%
0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v G (m/s)
12
6
Moderate breeze
4
Gentle Breeze
3
Light Breeze
3
Light Air
P (W)
Calm
2.4
2
1.7
2
1.5
1.3
1.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v G (m/s)
Graphic of Figure 4.6 shows that electrical power produced was 4.5 W at
maximum available wind speed of 6.6 m/s, using 6 resistance of electrical
load. At heavier electrical load of 1.2 , the generator was still able to generate
2.5 W of electrical power.
31
By reviewing the electrical power produced, with moderate breeze this wind
turbine produced enough power to light a small electronic device.
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND CONSIDERATION
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND CONSIDERATION
5.1. Conclusion
2. The blade of 3-blade propeller type common household fan can produce
electricity with peak efficiency of 24% at wind speed of 4.6 m/s (Gentle
Breeze).
5.2. Consideration
32
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Aguado, E. and Burt, J.E. (2001). Understanding Weather & Climate.2nd Edition.
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
N.N. (2003). Wind Energy Teachers Guide. American Wind Energy Association.
33
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A. BEAUFORT SCALE
35