Bearings

In general, whenever two parts have

Bearings and Lubrication relative motion, they constitute a bearing
by definition.
Usually lubrication is needed in any
Chapter 10 bearing to reduce friction and remove heat.
Bearings may roll or slide or do both
simultaneously.
Journal (no thrust resistance)
Bearings
Sliding Bearings
Rolling Bearings Thrust (supports axial loads)

Types of Lubricants Viscosity

Oils Viscosity is a measure of fluids resistance to
Flow easily (relatively low viscosity) shear.
Easy to add additives to Viscosity, , for fluids is analagous to shear
Greases modulus, G, for solids
Thicker Units
Cannot be cycled through system Englishlbf-s/in (reyn) generally micro-reyn
2
Solid Films
MetricN-s/m (Pascal-second)
2
Low coefficient of friction generally cP (centipoise): milli-Pascal-second
High temperature resistance
Kinematic Viscosity ()=/ : density
See Figure 10-1 (pp. 625)

Temperature and Pressure

Viscosity Effects on Viscosity

Temperature increases, viscosity

decreases
Pressure increases, viscosity increases

1
Types of Sliding Bearings Types of Lubrication
Journal or sleeve Full Film: bearing surfaces are fully separated by a
film of lubricant, eliminating any contact.
No thrust resistance Hydrostatic
Thrust continuous flow of lubricant to the sliding interface
e.g air hockey, hovercraft
Capable of supporting end loads f=0.002-0.010

air hockey hovercraft

Type of Lubrication Type of Lubrication

Elastohydrodynamic: occurs if the contacting surfaces
Hydrodynamic:


nonconforming as with the gear teeth or cam and follower.
The most effective technique in journal bearings. Small contact patch allows a full hydrodynamic film to form.
The relative velocity of the mating surfaces pumps the Depends on elastic deformation of parts.
lubricant to the gap.
Generally on noncircular parts
Surface wear does not occur
Full-film lubrication occurs if the surface roughness is no

Film thicknesses 0.008-0.020 mm more than of the oil-film thickness.

f=0.002-0.010

Desired Properties
Types of Lubrication of Bearing Materials
Mixed Film Embeddability or indention softness--
Combination of partial lubricant film plus some embedding of particles
asperity contact between the surfaces. Low shear strengthmaterial flow
f=0.004-0.10 Sufficient Compressive and fatigue strength
support load and endure repeated flexing
Boundary
High heat conductivityconduct heat away
Continuous surface contact
Coefficient of thermal expansion similar to
Lubricant smeared over surface
journal and housing
f=0.05-0.20
Corrosion resistanceavoid oxidation
Common materials :Babbits (alloys based on lead and tin), copper alloys,
aluminum, silver

2
Basic Concepts of
Hydrodynamic Lubrication Hydrodynamic Lubrication

See figure 10-3 (pp. 627)

Journal tries to climb bearing wall
Simultaneously, it forces fluid down into
crevice
Pressure increases at interface and
floats journal
Eccentricity of journal e is the
distance between resting cg and
floating cg.

Basic Concepts of Basic Concepts of

Hydrodynamic Lubrication Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Design of hydrodyanmic bearing involves finding a suitable combination
of bearing diameter and/or length that will operate with a suitable viscosity
and reasonable clearance. Bearing Unit Load
W/dL
Higher viscosity

Smaller bearing unit load

Journal floats at lower velocity
lower viscosity and speed are needed to float
Friction increases bearing
Higher rotating speed lowering bearing load beyond floating does not
lower bearing friction
Lower viscosity is needed to float
Once floating, increasing speed increases
friction

Petroffs Equation Petroffs Equation

U
F = A x = A
Assumes ideal case: h
Petroffs equation for no-load torque
No eccentricity (concentric journal and bearing)
No transverse load
No axial lubricant flow
d d U d (dm) cd : Diametral clearance
To = F = A = (dl ) To : Torque to shear oil film
2 2 h 2 h
F: Force to shear oil film
2 d 3lm
To = m: rotational speed of journal
cd (rev/sec)