Diabetes is one of the rising risk oriented diseases which is spread globally, where every eight

seconds one life is claimed or at every 30 seconds a limb is lost. Most of the developed countries
are making their national concern in fighting against it.The excessive glucose in the blood stream
is characterized as Diabetes. There are three types of diabetes, Type 1 called as juvenile diabetes,
and Type 2 referred as adult onset diabetes and Gestational occurs in the pregnancy period
without any pre history. Type 1 diabetes is usually a hereditary disease with peak occurrence
around the age of 14 years. This is an autoimmune disease, and represents only 10% of all cases
of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes occurs in the adulthood above the age of 14, when genetically
predisposed to the disease incurs some unknown environmental assault that initiates the auto-
immune system to attack their own -cells. In the diabetic patient when the -cells are destroyed,
the body ability to produce insulin decreases. This severely limits its ability to regulate glucose
and results in the onset of diabetes. Because of the immune response, the body cannot regenerate
new -cells nor can transplants succeed. In such condition the patient need to be artificially
infused with the insulin. The normal range of blood glucose concentration should be is 70140
mg/dl and need to be maintained within narrow limits throughout the day.
Diabetes mellitus projections are so wide spread, a quarter billion people across the globe
will be diabetic by the year 2025. As per the data collected for all age groups the incidence of
diabetes mellitus worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The diabetic
population in the world is expected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. India
ranked number one as the country with the highest number of diabetes patients in 1995, at 31.7
million in 2000, with a projected 57.2 million in 2025, and 79.4 million in 2030. According to
the study of SITE (Screening IndiasTwin Epidemic) 62% of the diabetic patients in Delhi having
uncontrolled Diabetes and rest are having controlled Diabetes. This report is generated by
Aventis Pharma Limited (Sanofi-Aventis Group (2010)).
To develop any devices to maintain and regulate such disease requires a detailed study on
the patient mathematical model. Designing a good control system also needs adequate
knowledge of plant model. The patient model can be mathematically modeled by several
equations. Mathematical Biosciences is such a subject which includes the study of the
application of mathematical modeling and mathematical techniques to get a clear insight into the
problems of the systems. In a mathematical model broad computational resources are required to
analyze the complex system behavior not only through the analytic solution but even through
experimentation and by adjusting the parameters of the system and then observing the
differences in the results of the experimented mathematical model.
Glucose-Insulin regulatory system in the humans is the most complicated and crucial
physiological control systems. Under various real life parameters several glucose-insulin
regulatory system have been proposed in terms of mathematical models. The main parameters
considered for developing such models are the biological hormonal effect that causes the
Glucose homeostasis for regulation. The validations of these models are possible through the
available clinical data and previously experimented models. The models can be categorized as
the Compartment models which are used to describe the transport of material within the
biological systems. A compartment model contains a number of compartments, each of the
compartments contains well mixed material and represents an ecological system with the
material like energy. Compartment models also arise in physiology, where the material could be
oxygen that is transported with the blood between different organs in the body. In the regulation
process the materials are glucose and insulin and the compartment is the blood.
To get a thorough insight of complex physiological situations, large number of
mathematical models have been developed. A variety of mathematical techniques have been
employed to solve these models. These include techniques for solution of differential, difference,
integral, delay-differential and integro differential equations as well as techniques of linear, non-
linear, dynamic and stochastic programming, calculus of variations and so on. With help of
understanding the developed existing mathematical model several new models can be developed
relating to real life situations. Since the situation in life sciences are quite complex, we should
have an insight into a situation before formulating the new mathematical model. In mathematical
modeling formulate the model and its consequences can be deduced by using mathematical
techniques and the result can be compared with the observations. The discrepancies between the
hypothetical conclusion and observations will lead to the further improvement. Because of
irregular lifestyle of people now a day the incidence of diabetes is increasing rapidly.
Improvements are difficult to achieve without mathematical models. A good model must
behave properly in the context of the intended optimization. This means it does not correspond to
reality or represent a 1:1 process. A clear difference is made between real-models and virtual-
models, which are based on a mathematical algorithm. The translation from real-systems to
virtual-models is realized by computational modeling in silico. These virtual-models describe a
system by variables as well as equations that establish relationships between the variables. The
simulation time depends on the computing power and the complexity of the model.
Virtual-models (mathematical models) of the glucose-insulin-metabolism have been
developed for the diabetes treatment and research. It can help to better understand the dynamic
metabolism of the human body and testing devices during the development phase for the
treatment of diabetes. With simulations of such systems the cost and undesirable developments
as well as lengthy development times can be minimized. Modeling the glucose-insulin
interaction requires an understanding of the physiological and metabolic processes that
determine the observable behavior. Chemical reactions and transport processes form an
integrated network when modeling the glucose-insulin interaction in human body. A number of
mathematical models of the insulin-dependent (type-I) diabetes mellitus have been previously
reported in the literature (Puckett, 1992; Cobelli 1983; Bergman, 1973; Leaning 1991).

Modified Minimal Model: The modified minimal model [38] is based on the minimal
model (MM) from Richard N. Bergmann [39], [40]. The MM includes three ordinary
differential equations (ODE) to describe the plasma glucose, the plasma insulin, and the
remote insulin concentration in a healthy subject. Fisher's modifications were made by
taking out the pancreatic insulin secretion term and instead adding an exogenous insulin
infusion term. The second extension was a exogenous glucose infusion term in the
glucose dynamics equation. Both extensions have been made to represent a type 1
diabetic patient.

Hovorka Model: The Hovorka Model as described in [41] consists of three subsystems.
The first describes the glucose kinetics, which contains two ODEs (glucose uptake,
distribution and disposal). The second one is the insulin subsystem which is used for
insulin infusions (insulin uptake, distribution and disposal). The last one describes the
insulin actions (insulin action on glucose transport, endogenous production and disposal).
In addition to this model there is an associated meal model, which is needed for meal
intakes.
 Parker Model: The Parker Model [42] is a further development and is more detailed.
The glucose sub system includes six differential equations (the original includes eleven)
to describe the liver, kidney, heart/lung, periphery and the brain. The insulin system is
quite similar. The arterial blood serves as the necessary input for insulin, glucose, and
meals servings. The venous blood is the output. This applies for each compartment.
Sturis Model: The Sturis model [43] is comprised of six ODEs and five nonlinear
equations. Three of the ODEs describe the plasma glucose, the plasma insulin, and the
interstitial insulin concentration. The other three differential equations are used for time
delays of plasma insulin to reduce the hepatic glucose production. The five nonlinear
equations describe the insulin secretion of the beta cells, the glucose consumption (brain,
muscles and fat cells), and the physiologically related delays.
Fabietti Model: The Fabietti model [2] is also based on the MM [39], [40]. The model
comprises two main sub systems. One for the glucose kinetics which is split in two
compartments for blood glucose and intestinal glucose concentrations, and the second
one for the insulin kinetics, which is split in three compartments. The first compartment
represents an insulin infusion on a subcutaneous route, the second and the third
compartment describe the plasma insulin and the remote insulin concentrations. These are
also a related meal model as in the Hovorka model .

Objectives
The goal of this study is
1.0 1. To model the interaction between glucose and insulin in the body.

2. To use the model to discuss a clinical test for the detection of various forms of diabetes.