Materials of Art and Archaeology

Bibliography

Part II. Metals

Norbert S. Baer

Conservation Center
Institute of Fine Arts
New York University

September 1999
 Introduction

Part I. Inorganic Materials (2003).

Part II. Metals (1999).

Part III. Organic Materials (2003).

Part IV. Instrumental Methods (2003).

Part V. Environment (1999).

Part VI. Museology (2003).

Part VII. Dating and Provenance (2003).

Part VIII Library and Archive Materials (2003).

Part IX Stone (1999).

Part X. Dyes and Pigments (2003).

Cumulative Index

May be obtained from:

Conservation Center
Institute of Fine Arts
New York University
14 East 78th Street
New York, New York 10021

September 1999
 PART II: METALS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Casting Technology..........................................................................1

Coins: Analysis.................................................................................2
Coins: General Studies......................................................................3
Coins: Minting..................................................................................3

Copper and Copper Alloys: Analysis................................................3

Copper and Copper Alloys: Conservation........................................5
Copper and Copper Alloys: History and Technology.......................6

Copper-Benzotriazole Corrosion Inhibition.....................................7

Corrosion..........................................................................................8

Electrochemistry...............................................................................9

Gold and Electrum..........................................................................10

Iron and Steel: Analysis..................................................................10

Iron and Steel: Damascene Steel.....................................................11
Iron and Steel: History and Technology.........................................12
Iron and Steel: Metallurgy..............................................................14
Iron and Steel: Cast Iron.................................................................14
Iron and Steel Conservation: Corrosion and General Methods......15
Iron and Steel Conservation: Use of Tannins.................................15

Lead, Tin and Their Alloys: Alloys.................................................16

Lead, Tin and Their Alloys: Lead...................................................16
Lead, Tin and Their Alloys: Tin......................................................16

Mercury...........................................................................................17
Mercury: General............................................................................17
Mercury: Gilding............................................................................17

Metallurgy: General........................................................................17

Microstructure.................................................................................18

Outdoor Metal Sculpture: Conservation.........................................19

Patinas.............................................................................................19

Silver: Analysis...............................................................................20
Silver Coinage: Analysis.................................................................20
Silver: Conservation.......................................................................20
Silver: General................................................................................20
Silver: Technology..........................................................................20

Zinc.................................................................................................21

ii
 Casting Technology
L. Aitchison, A History of Metals, Interscience, New York (1960).
Anon., "Centrifugal Casting: A Versatile Tool for the Pewter
Industry," Tin and its Uses No.110 10-12 (1976).
Anon., Secrets of Green-Sand Casting Reprinted from the 1906
Edition, Lindsay Publications, Bradley, IL (1983).
J. Baldwin, Contemporary Sculpture Techniques, Reinhold, New
York (1967). pp.11-22, 102-106.
P.J. Baus, "Men, Beeswax and Molten Metal: The Art of Lost Wax
Casting," Natural History 74 No. 7 19-24 (1965).
A. Beale, "A Technical Examination of the Sculpture of Honore
Daumier," Daumier Sculpture (1969). pp.9-27.
M. Biddle, "Bell Casting at Winchester," Bulletin of the Historical
Metallurgical Group 1 No.4 13pp. (January, 1965).
E.C. Bunker and J. Ternbach, "A Variation of the `Lost Wax'
Process," Expedition 12 No.3 41-43 (1970).
S. Casson, The Techniques of Early Greek Sculpture, Clarendon
Press, Oxford (1933). pp.148, 154-164.
J.A. Charles, "Heterogeneity in Metals," Archaeometry 15 (Part 1)
105-114 (1973).
S. Choate, Creative Casting, Crown, New York (1966).
C.D. Clarke, Metal Casting of Sculpture, Standard Arts Press,
Butler, Maryland (1948). xi + 170pp.
H.H. Coghlan, Notes on Prehistoric and Early Iron in the Old
World, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1956). pp.71-84.
H.H. Coghlan, "A Note on Prehistoric Casting Moulds," Bulletin of
the Historical Metallurgy Group 2 No.2 73 (1968).
D. DeMenil, Made of Iron, University of St. Thomas Art
Department, Houston (1966). p. 38.
D.T. Easby, Jr., "Pre-Hispanic Metallurgy and Metal Working in the
New World," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
109 No.2 89-98 (1965).
D.T. Easby, Jr., "Early Metallurgy in the New World," Scientific
American 24 No.4 72-78, 81 (1966).
A. Emmerich, Sweat of the Sun and Tears of the Moon, University
of Washington Press, Seattle (1965). pp.160-164.
A.C. Flemings, "The Solidification of Castings," Scientific
American 231 No.6 88-95 (1974).
R.J. Forbes, "Man the Maker," In A History of Technology and
Engineering, Abelard-Schuman, New York (1958).
R.J. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology, Volume IX, E.J. Brill,
Leiden (1964).
R.J. Gettens, "Joining Methods in the Fabrication of Ancient
Chinese Bronze Ceremonial Vessels," In W.J. Young, Editor,
Application of Science in Examination of Works of Art, Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston (1965).
R.J. Gettens, The Freer Chinese Bronzes, Volume II, Smithsonian
Institution, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C pp.57-120, 159-
170 (1967).
E.R. Glazener, Basic Metalwork, Steck, Austin, Texas (1962).
pp.141, 145-147.
V.F. Hansen, J.H. Carlson, K.M. Papouchado and N.A. Nielsen,
"The Liberty Bell: Composition of the Famous Failure," American
Scientist 64 614-619 (1976).
H. Hodges, Technology in the Ancient World, Allen Lane The
Penguin Press, London (1970). viii + 260pp. + illus., maps.
H. Hoffman and P.F. Davidson, Greek Gold, The Brooklyn
Museum, New York (1965). pp.32-33.
W. Hume-Rothecy and G.V. Raynor, The Structure of Metals and
Alloys, Fourth Edition, Institute of Metals, London (1962). 380pp.
D.J. Irving, Sculpture, Material and Process, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York (1970). pp.87-118.
H. Jackson, "Lost Wax Bronze Casting," National Sculpture
Review XXII No.1 23-26; No.2 23-25 (1973).
J. Jensen, "A New Casting Medium for Use in Flexible and Rigid
Molds," Curator 4 76-90 (1961).
R. Ketchum, "Bells and How They are Made," National Antiques
Review III No.11 16-17 (1972).
K. Kluge and K.Lehmann, Die Antiken Grossbronzen, Volume 1,
Berlin (1927). 250pp.
V. Kondic, Metallurgical Principles of Founding, American
Elsevier, New York (1968). x + 286pp.
A.M. Korol'kov, Casting Properties of Metals and Alloys,
Consultants Bureau, New York (1963). 146pp.
W. Lamb, Ancient Greek and Roman Bronzes, Argonant, Chicago
(1969). xliii + 267pp.
K. Lamm, "The Manufacture of Jewellery During the Migration
Period at Melgo in Sweden," Bulletin of the Historical Metallurgy
Group 7 No.2 1-7 (1973).
H. Lechtman, "Appendix to: Further Notes on the Shaft-axe from
Khurab, Makran, by C.C. Lambert-Karlovsky," Iran 7 164-168
(1969).
H. Lechtman and A. Steinberg, "Bronze Joining: A Study in
Ancient Technology," In S. Doeringer, D. Mitten and A. Steinberg,
Editors, Art and Technology, MIT Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts (1970). pp.5-36.
D. Long, "`Cire Perdue' Copper Casting in Pre-Columbian Mexico:
An Experimental Approach," American Antiquity 30 189-192
(1964).
H. Maycon, Metalwork and Enameling, Dover, New York (1971).
xii + 335pp.
D.G. Mitten, "The Earliest Greek Sculptre in the Museum," Boston
Museum Bulletin LXV No.339 4-18 (1967).
G.R. Morton, "Technical Aspects of the Early Iron Industry of
Furness," Bulletin of the Historical Metallurgy Group 3 No.1 6-11
(1969).
N.F. Mott and H. Jones, The Properties of Metals and
Alloys,Dover, New York (1958), pp.152-174.
J.A. Mulholland, A History of Metals in Colonial America,
University of Alabama Press, University, Alabama (1981). xiv +
215pp.
R.M. Organ, "Examination of the Ardagh Chalice - A Case
History," In W.J. Young, Editor, Application of Science in
Examination of Works of Art, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
(1970). pp.238-271.
H.M. Percy, New Materials in Sculpture, Transatlantic Arts, New
York (1966). viii + 152pp.
E.R. Petty, Physical Metallurgy of Engineering Materials,
American Elsevier, New York (1968). xvi + 304pp.
R. Raven-Hart, "The Casting Technique of Certain Greek
Bronzes," Journal of Hellenic Studies 78 87-91 (1958).
J.C. Rich, The Materials and Methods of Sculpture, Oxford
University Press, Oxford (1947). xxi + 416pp.
G.M. Richter, "Ancient Plaster Casts of Greek Metalware,"
American Journal of Archaeology 62 369-377 (1958).
G.M. Richter, "An Aristogeiton from Baiae," American Journal of
Archaeology 74 No.3 296-297 (1970).
B.S. Ridgeway, "The Lady from the Sea: A Greek Bronze in
Turkey," American Journal of Archaeology 71 No.4 329-334
(1967).
B.A. Rogers, The Nature of Metals, Second Edition, American
Society for Metals, Cleveland (1964). x + 324pp.
M. Sekino, "Repair of the Great Buddha Statue at Kamakura,"
Studies in Conservation 10 39-46 (1965).
M. E. Shapiro, Cast and Recast, the Sculpture of Fredrick
Remington, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
(1981). 127pp.
D. Shirley, "The Metropolitan Bronze Horse Proves to be Ancient,"
New York Times, December 24, 1973.
C. Singer, E.J. Holmyer, A.R. Hall and T.I. Williams, A History of
Technology, The Clarendon Press, Oxford (1957). Volumes I-III, V.
C.S. Smith, Sources for the History of the Science of Steel 1532-
1786, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1968). pp.285-288.
A. Steinberg, "Techniques of Working Bronzes," In Master Bronzes
from the Classical World, D.G. Mitten and S. F. Doeringer, Editors,
P. von Zabern, Mainz on Rhine (1967). pp.9-11.
A. Steinberg, "Joining Methods on Large Bronze Statues: Some
Experiments on Ancient Technolgy," In Application of Science in
Examination of Works of Art, W.J. Young, Editor, Boston Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston (1970). pp.103-139.
A. Steinberg, "A Technical Note," In Art and Technology, S.
Doeringer, D. Mitten and A. Steinberg, Editors, MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts (1970). pp.107-108.
K. Strauss, Editor, Applied Science in the Casting of Metals, 1st
Edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1970). viii + 532pp.
Coins: Analysis
R.H. Brill and W.R. Shields, "Lead Isotopes in Ancient Coins," In
Methods of Chemical and Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient
Coinage, E.T. Hall and D.M. Metcalf, Editors, Royal Numismatic
Society, London (1972). pp.279-304.
J.A. Buckley, "An Analysis of Thirty-one Coins from the
Hellenistic Period," Archaeometry 27 No.1 102-107 (1985).
G.F. Carter, "Chemical Compositions of Copper-based Roman
Coins: Augustan Quadrantes, ca.9-4 B.C.," In Archaeological
Chemistry II, G.F. Carter, Editor, American Chemical Society,
Washington, D.C, (1978). pp.347-377.
G.F. Carter, E.R. Calley, J.H. Carlson, G.W. Carriveau, M.J.
Hughes, K. Rengan and C. Segebade, "Comparison of Eight
Roman Orichthalcum Coin Fragments by Seven Methods,"
Archaeometry 25 No.2 201-213 (1983).
l. J. Cline Love, L. Soto and B.T. Reagor, Surface Studies of
Ancient Gold Coins by X-Ray Flourescence, Scanning Electron
Miscroscopy and Scanning Auger Spectroscopy, Applied
Spectroscopy 34 No. 2 131-139 (1980).
J. Condamin and M. Picon, "Changes Suffered by Coins in the
Course of Time and the Influence of These on the Results of
Different Methods of Analysis," In Methods of Chemical and
Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient Coinage, E.T. Hall and D.M.
Metcalf, Editors, Royal Numismatic Society, London (1972).
pp.49-66.
L.P. Goulpeau, P. Lanos and L. Langonet, "The Remanent
Magnetization of Ancient Struck Coins," Archaeometry 29 (Part 2)
175-186 (1987).
E.T. Hall, "A Summing-up from the Point of View of the Scientist,"
In Methods of Chemical and Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient
Coinage, E.T. Hall and D.M. Metcalf, Editors, Royal Numismatic
Society, London (1972). pp.315-320.
K.T.M. Hodge, "Chemical Treatment, Preservation and Analytical
Study of Pavnar Coins," Current Science 40 No.23 618-620
(1971).
G.S. Hoye, "Magnetic Properties of Ancient Coins," Journal of
Archaeological Science 10 43-49 (1983).
J.M. Merrick and D.M. Metcalf, "Milliprobe Analyses of Some
Problematic Burgundian and Other Gold Coins of the Early Middle
Ages," Archaeometry 11 61-65 (1969).
D.M. Metcalf and J.M. Merrick, "Studies in the Composition of
Early Medieval Coins," Numismatic Chronicle 7 167-181 (1967).
D.M. Metcalf and F. Schweizer, "Milliprobe Analysis of Some
Visigothic, Sueric, and Other Gold Coins of the Middle Ages,"
Archaeometry 12 (Part 2) 173-188 (1970).
C. Morrisson, J.-N. Barrandon and C. Brenot, "Composition and
Technology of Ancient and Medieval Coinages: A Reassessment of
Analytical Results," Museum Notes 32 181-207 (1987).
H. Nicolet-Pierre, J.-N. Barrandon and J.-Y. Calvez, "Monnaies
archaiques d'Athnes sous Pisistrate et les Pisistradites (ca.545-
510): Recherches sur la composition mtallique des
Wappenmnzen," Revue numismatique 27 23-44 (1985).
W.A. Oddy, "The Analysis of Gold Coins: A Comparison of Results
Obtained by Non-Destructive Methods," Archaeometry 14 (Part 1)
111-119 (1972).
F. Schweitzer, "Analysis of Ancient Coins Using a Point Source
Linear X-Ray Spectrometer: A Critical Review," In Methods of
Chemical and Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient Coinage, E.T.
Hall and D.M. Metcalf, Editors, Royal Numismatic Society,
London (1972). pp.153-169.
F. Schweizer and A.M. Friedman, "Comparison of Methods of
Analysis of Silver and Gold in Silver Coins," Archaeometry 14
(Part 1) 105-109 (1972).
F.C. Thompson, "Sources of Metal Used for Ancient Coins,"
Cunobelin No.14 27-32 (1968).
P. Tyler, "Analyses of Mid-third-century Roman Antoniniani as
Historical Evidence," In Methods of Chemical and Metallurgical
Investigation of Ancient Coinage, E.T. Hall and D.M. Metcalf,
Editors, Royal Numismatic Society, London (1972). pp.249-260.
See Also: Silver Coinage.
Coins: General Studies
A. Burnett, Coinage in the Roman World, Seaby, London (1987).
168pp.
I. Carradice and M. Price, Coinage in the Greek World, Seaby,
London (1988). 154pp.
G.F. Carter, "Ancient Coins as Records of the Past," Chemistry 39
14-19 (1966).
P.G. Casey, Understanding Ancient Coins, University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman, Oklahoma, and London (1986). 160pp.
M. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge (1974). Two Volumes, xiv + 919pp.
G.F. Hill, Ancient Greek and Roman Coins, Argonaut Press,
Chicago (1964, reprint of 1899). 302pp.
G.K. Jenkins, Ancient Greek Coins, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York
(1972). 310pp.
D.D. Kosambi, "Scientific Numismatics," Scientific American 102-
111 (1965).
C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins, Methuen, London
(1976). xxvi + 390pp.
L.R. Laing, Coins and Archaeology, Schocken Books, New York
(1969). xvi + 336pp.
W.A. Oddy, "Coin Forgers at Work," MASCA Journal 1 No.3 80-81
(1979).
K. Regling, Ancient Numismatics: The Coinage of Ancient Greece
and Rome, Argonaut Inc. Publishers, Chicago (1969). 79pp.
M. Sazonov, "The Method of Counterfeiting Ancient Coins of the
Bosporus by M. Sazonov as Told by Himself," (translation and
commentary by K.V. Golenko) Museum Notes 20 25-28 (1975).
C. Seltman, Greek Coins: A History of Metallic Currency and
Coinage Down to the Fall of the Hellenistic Kingdoms, Second
Edition, Methuen, London (1955). xxvi + 311pp.
Coins: Minting
G.F. Carter, "A Simplified method for Calculating the Original
Number of Dies from Die-Link Statistics," Museum Notes 28 195-
206 (1988).
J.H. Healy, "The Establishment of Die-sequences in Greek `White
Gold and Electrum Coin Series," Numismatic Chronicle 11 (7th
Series) 31-36 (1971).
Copper and Copper Alloys: Analysis
T. Bastian, "Trace Element and Metallographic Studies of
Prehistoric Copper Artifacts in North America: A Review," in J. B.
Griffin, Editor, Lake Superior Copper and the Indians:
Micellaneous Studies of Great Lakes Prehistory, Anthropology
Papers No. 17, Museum of Anthropology, University of
Michingan, Ann Arbor (1961). pp. 150-175.
R. Bowman, A.M. Friedman. J. Lerner and J. Milsted, "A Statistical
Study of the Impurity Occurrences in Copper Ores and Their
Relationship to Ore Types," Archaeometry 17 No.2 157-163
(1975).
C.W. Brewer, "Metallographic Examination of the Two Bronze
Figures from Khmer," ICOM Committee for Conservation 4th
Triennial Meeting, Preprints, ICOM, Paris (1975). pp.25/2/1-
25/2/6.
E.R. Caley, "Chemical Examination of Metal Artifacts from
Afghanistan," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
62 (Part 4) 44-50 (1972).
E.R. Caley, I.S.M. Chang and N.P. Woods, "Gravimetric and
Spectrographic Analysis of Some Ancient Chinese Copper Alloys,"
Ars Orientalis 11 183-194 (1979).
G.F. Carter and T.V. Buttrey, "Chemical Compositions of Copper-
Based Roman Coins, II. Augustus and Tiberius," American
Numismatic Society Museum Notes 22 49-65 (1977).
H.W. Catling and R.E. Jones, "Analyses of Copper and Bronze
Artifacts from the Unexplored Mansion, Knossos," Archaeometry
19 (Part 1) 57-66 (1977).
P.T. Craddock, "The Composition of the Copper Alloys Used by
the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Civilizations, 1. The Greeks
Before the Archaic Period," Journal of Archaeological Science 3
93-113 (1976).
P.T. Craddock, "The Composition of the Copper Alloys Used by
the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Civilizations, 2. The Archaic,
Classical and Hellenistic Greeks," Journal of Archaeological
Science 4 103-123 (1977).
P.T. Craddock, "The Composition of the Copper Alloys Used by
the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Civilizations, 3. The Origins and
Early Uses of Brass," Journal of Archaeological Science 5 No.1 1-
16 (1978).
A.S. Darling and J.H. Healy, "Microprobe Analysis and the Study
of Greek Gold-Silver-Copper Alloys," Nature 231 443-444 (1971).
T. Dono, "Discovery of Metals and Development of the Culture,"
Scientific Papers on Japanese Antiques and Arts Crafts No.19 9-14
(1975).
A.L. Fraikor, et al., "Metallurgical Analysis of a Hopewell Copper
Earspool," American Antiquity 36 No.3 358-361 (1971).
L. Frank, "A Metallographic Study of Certain Pre-Columbian
American Implements," American Antiquity 17 57-59 (1951).
H.M. Friede, "Composition of Pre-European Copper and Copper-
Alloy Artifacts from the Transvaal," Journal of the South African
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 75 No.5 185-191 (1975).
A.M. Friedman, et al., "Copper Artifacts: Correlation with Source
Types of Copper Ores," Science 152 1504-1514 (1966).
S.I. Goad and J. Noakes, "Prehistoric Copper Artifacts in the
Eastern United States," In Archaeological Chemistry II, G.F.
Carter, Editor, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
(1978). pp.335-346.
C. Goedicke and J. Riederer, "Metallanalysen der Kupferobjekte,"
In D. Eisleb, Editor, Altpersanische Kulturen 138 (1975). pp.71-73.
J.F. Healy, "The Composition of Mytilenian Electrum," Congrs
International de Numismatique Paris, 6-11 Juillet 1953 2 529-536
(1957).
R. Maddin, et al., "Distinguishing Artifacts Made of Native
Copper," Journal of Archaeological Science 7 No.3 211-225
(1980).
D.M. Metcalf and J.M. Merrick, "Studies in the Composition of
Early Medieval Coins," Numismatic Chronicle 7 167-181 (1967).
P.R.S. Moorey and F. Schweizer, "Copper and Copper Alloys in
Ancient Iraq, Syria and Palestine: Some New Analyses,"
Archaeometry 14 (Part 2) 177-198 (1972).
E.J. Olsen, "Copper Artifact Analysis with the X-ray
Spectrometer," American Antiquity 28 234-238 (1962).
C.C. Patterson, "Native Copper, Silver and Gold Accessible to
Early Metallurgists," American Antiquity 36 No.3 186-321 (1971).
J. Riederer, "Metallanalysen rmischer Sesterzen," Jahrbuch fr
Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 24 73-98 (1974). Offprint.
J. Riederer and E. Briese, "Metallanalysen rmischer Gebrauchs-
gegenstnde," Jahrbuch des Rmisch-Germanischen
Zentralmuseums Mainz 83-88 (1972).
M. Sawada, "Non-Destructive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of
Ancient Bronze Mirrors Excavated in Japan," Ars Orientalis 11
195-213 (1979).
K.A. Schneider, "Results of Copper Analysis, Tunacunnhee Site,
Dade County, Georgia," unpublished research report,
Geochronology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia (1974).
D.L. Schroeder and K. Ruhl, "Metallurgical Characteristics of
North American Prehistoric Copperwork," American Antiquity 33
162-169 (1968).
F. Schweizer and H. Durand, "Technologische Untersuchung und
Restaurierung einer Griechischen Opferschale aus Bronze,"
Arbeitsbltter fr Restauratoren 11 No.1 Gruppe 2 78-95 (1978).
A.O. Shepherd, "Metallographic Study of Copper Artifacts,"
American Antiquity 2 139-140 (1936).
T. Singh and R.B. Singh," Comparison of Copper Wires Through
Their Trace Element Profile by NAA," Journal of the Indian
Academy of Forensic Science 17 No.1 25-30 (1978). Cited CA 89:
191864e.
R.F. Tylecote, H.A. Ghaznavi and P.J. Boydell, "Partitioning of
Trace Elements Between the Ores, Fluxes, Slags and Metal During
the Smelting of Copper," Journal of Archaeological Science 4 No.4
305-333 (1977).
C.L. Wilson, "A Brief Metallographic Study of Primitive Copper
Work," American Antiquity 1 109-112 (1935).
See Also: Coins: Analysis.
Copper and Copper Alloys: Conservation
Anon., "Incralac-Protective Coating System for Copper Metals in
Exterior Service," International Copper Research Association. 5pp.
S.A. Balezin et al., "Mutual Influence of Stimulators and Inhibitors
on the Corrosion of Copper in Water," Report No.BR 30426,
Defense Research Information Center, Orpington, England (1973).
4pp. Translation of Uch Zap Mosk Gos Pedegog Inst, 210-213
(1969).
K. Barton, Protection Against Atmospheric Corrosion: Theories
and Methods, Translated from the German by J.R. Duncan, John
Wiley and Sons, London (1976). x + 194pp.
N.R. Bharucha, "Clear Polyurethane Lacquer for Copper and
Copper Alloys," Paper Presented at the CDA-ASM Conference on
Copper, Cleveland, Ohio (October 1972). 4pp.
N.R. Bharucha and M.T. Baker, "Clear Lacquers for Copper and
Copper Alloys," Report on research carried out by British Non-
Ferrous Metals Research Association (July 1965). 40pp.
T. Biestek and M. Drys, "Corrosion Products Formed on Copper in
Various Corrosive Environments," Powloki Ochronne 6 No.3 21-
27 (1974).
J.C. Bolger, R.W. Hausslein and H.E. Movler, "A New Theory for
Improving the Adhesion of Polymers to Copper," Final Report to
INCRA, New York (August 1971). 28pp.
H. Brinch-Madsen, "Schwarze Flecken auf Bronzen,"
Arbeitsbltter fr Restauratoren 11 No.1 Gruppe 2 96-102 (1978).
D.S. Byers, "The Restoration and Preservation of Some Objects
from Etowah," American Antiquity 28 No.2 206-216 (1962).
E.J. Caule, "New Protective Inorganic Coatings for Copper
Alloys," Paper presented at the CDA-ASM Conference on Copper,
Cleveland, Ohio (October 1972). 10pp.
Chase Brass and Copper Company, "Development of Clear
Coatings for Protection of Copper Base Alloys," Project report to
the International Copper Research Association (1960-1965). 90pp.
CIBA-GEIGY, Reomet 38: Copper Corrosion Inhibitor and
Passivator (undated).
CIBA-GEIGY, Reomet 41: Copper Corrosion Inhibitor and
Passivator for Aqueous Media (undated).
J. Cronyn and K. Foley, "Numismatics and Conservation: The
Conservator's View," Museum's Journal 79 No.1 2-3 (1979).
DeBell and Richardson, Inc., "The Development of Thermosetting
Clear Coatings for Copper and Its Alloys," Final report to the
International Copper Research Association (1965). 39pp.
D.L. Hamilton, Conservation of Metal Objects from Underwater
Sites; A Study in Methods, Miscellaneous Papers No.4, Texas
Memorial Museum, Austin, 1976. xi + 108pp.
K.S. Indira, S. Gowri and B.A. Shenoi, "Chemical Polishing of
Copper," Metal Finishing 64 No.11 58-60,66 (1966).
H. Jedrzejewska, "A Corroded Egyptian Bronze: Cleaning and
Discoveries," Studies in Conservation 21 No.3 101-114 (1976).
L. Johnston, "The New Way to Brighten Up Those Old Statues is a
Blast," New York Times, April 26, 1978.
P.M. Kamath, S. Stregevsky and C.A. Sprang, "Development of
Applications for Copper Plastics Combinations," Summary report
to International Copper Research Association (1966). 51pp.
A.P. Karavaeva, I.K. Marshakov and S.M. Melnik, "Inhibitors of
Dezincification of Brasses," Zaschita Metallov) Protection of
Metals) 4 No.2 211-213 (1968).
H. Lane, "The Restoration of Thin Metal Vessels Using Glass-Fibre
and Polyester Resin," Studies in Conservation 19 No.4 227-232
(1974).
H. Leidheiser, Jr., The Corrosion of Copper, Tin and Their Alloys,
Wiley, New York (1971). xi + 441pp.
S.Z. Lewin and S.M. Alexander, "The Composition and Structure
of Natural Patinas: Copper and Copper Alloys," Art and
Archaeology Technical Abstracts 6 No.4 199-283 (1967); 7 No.1
277-370 (1968).
V.F. Lucey, "Development Leading to the Present Understanding of
the Mechanism of Pitting Corrosion of Copper," British
CCorrosion Journal No.1 34-41 (1972).
L.E. Merk, "A Study of Reagents Used in the Stripping of
Bronzes," Studies in Conservation 23 No.1 15-22 (1978).
F.R. Ostertag, "Cleaning Bronze Artifacts," Curator 20 No.1 53-57
(1977).
E. Pirie, "Numismatics and Conservation: A Numismatic View,"
Museums Journal 79 No.1 (1979).
J. Riederer, "Corrosion Damage on Bronze Sculptures," Werkstoffe
und Korrosion 23 No.12 1097-1100 (1972). In German.
M. Schmidt, "Observations on Natural Patination of Copper,"
Journal of the Institute of Metals 98 238 (1970).
C. Sease, "Benzotriazole: A Review for Conservators," Studies in
Conservation 23 No.2 76-85 (1978).
T. Stambolov, "Cleaning Metal Art Objects," Chemisch Weekblad
67 No.20 K27-K29 (1972).
G.J. Varoufakis, "Chemical Polishing of Ancient Bronzes,"
Archaeometry 19 (Part 2) 219-221 (1977).
G.J. Varoufakis and E.C. Stathis, "Corrosion of Ancient Bronzes,"
Metallurgia 83 No.499 141-144 (1971).
G. Wever, "Mechanical Cleaning of Two Composite Objects,"
Curator 12 No.3 194-200 (1969).
See Also: Copper Benzotriazole Inhibition and Corrosion.
Copper and Copper Alloys: History and Technology
H. Barker and J. Rawson, "A Chinese Gift Bronze Bear from the
Oppenheim Collection," The British Museum Quarterly 36 Nos.
1/2 53-56 (1971).
M.S. Bisson, "Prehistoric Copper Mining in Nortwest Zambia,"
Archaeology 27 No.4 242-247 (1974).
H. Born, Editor, Archaologische Bronzen, antike Kunst, moderne
Technik, D. Reimer, Berlin (1985). 206pp.
K. Branigan, Aegean Metalwork of the Early and Middle Bronze
Age, Clarendon Press c1974). 216pp.
J.H. Cairns, J. Clough, M.A.P. Dewep and J. Nutting, "The
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Heavily Deformed
Copper," Journal of the Institute of Metals 99 93-97 (1971).
W.T. Chase and U.M. Franklin, "Early Chinese Black Mirrors and
Pattern-etched Weapons," Art Orientalis 11 215-258 (1979).
H.H. Coghlan, "A Bronze Strigil from Greece Examined," Journal
of the Historical Metallurgy Society 11 No.2 86-87 (1977).
P.T. Craddock, "Europe's Earliest Brasses," MASCA Journal 1 4-5
(1978).
K. Faltermeier, "Der Bronze Kopf von Soloi-Rckformung des
Abgusses und Technische Notizen zur Herstellung des Originals,"
Arbeitsbltter fr Restauratoren 11 No.2 Gruppe 2 109-115 (1978).
J. B. Griffin, Editor, Lake Superior Copper and the Indians:
Micellaneous Studies of Great Lakes Prehistory, Anthropology
Papers No. 17, Museum of Anthropology, University of
Michingan, Ann Arbor (1961). 189pp. Reviewed in American
Antiquity 28 No. 2 247 (1962).
A. Hartmann and E. Sangmeister, "The Study of Prehistoric
Metallurgy," Angewandte Chemie (International Edition) 11 No.7
620-628 (1972).
K. Jettmar, "Metallurgy in the Early Steppes," Artibus Asiae 33
Nos. 1/2 5016 (1971).
J.L. McCall and R.D. Buchheit, "Metallographic Studies of
Archaeological Metal Artifacts from South Arabia," Metallography
4 No.3 189-207 (1971).
A.D. McMahon, Copper, A Materials Survey, U.S. Department of
the Interior, Washington, D.C. (1965). xii + 340pp.
W.D. Mitchell, The Art of the Bronze Founder, Especially in Its
Relation to the Casting of Bronze Statuary and Other Sculptural
Work, J. Williams, New York (1916). 47pp.
R.A. Peltzer, Geschichte der Messingindustrie und der
kunstlerischen Arbeiten in Messing (Dinanderies) in Aachen und
den Lndern zwischen Maas und Rhein von der Rmerzeit bis zur
Gegenwart, Cremer, Aachen (1909). microform, 231pp.
S. Sato, T. Otsu and E. Hata, "Embrittling of Copper Alloys During
Annealing," Journal of the Institute of Metals 99 118-124 (1971).
C.S. Smith, Review of Metallurgical Remains of Ancient China by
N. Bernard and T. Sato, and The Cradle of the East: An Enquiry
into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic
and Early Historic China, 5000-1000 B.C. by Ping-Ti Ho,
Technology and Culture 18 80-86 (1977).
M.G. Spratling, "The Debris of Metalworking," In G.J. Wainright,
Gussage All Saints: An Iron Age Settlement in Dorset, Great
Britain Department of the Environment, Archaeological Report
No.10, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (1979). pp. 125-
149.
M.G. Spratling, et al., "An Iron Age Bronze Foundry at Gussage
All Saints, Dorset: Preliminary Assessment of Technology," In
Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on
Archaeometry and Archaeological Prospection, Edinburgh 1976,
E.A. Slater and J.O. Tate, Editors, National Museum of Antiquities
of Scotland, Edinburgh (1980). pp. 268-292.
R.F. Tylecote, "A Contribution to the Metallurgy of 18th and 19th
Century Brass Pins," Post-Medieval Archaeology 6 183-190
(1972).
T.A. Wertime, "The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look,"
Science 182 No.4115 875-887 (1973).
See also: Casting Technology; Inorganic Pigments (Part I) for
copper-based pigments.
Copper-Benzotriazole Corrosion Inhibition
D. Altura and K. Nobe, "Hydrogen Evolution on Copper in H2SO4
Containing Benzotriazole," Corrosion 28 No.9 345-347 (1972).
L. Angely, M. Bonnemay, G. Brondel and G. Peslerbe, "Study of
Benzotriazole Adsorption on Copper," Metaux Corrosion Industrie
No.555 409-413 (1971).
Anon., "Benzotriazole: An Effective Corrosion Inhibitor for
Copper Alloys," Application Data Sheet No.108/9, Copper
Development Association, Inc., New York (1969). 4pp.
N.R. Bharucha, "New Organic Corrosion and Tarnishing Inhibitors
for Copper," Summary of research carried out by BNFMRA for
INCRA (July 1966). 25pp.
H. Brinch-Madsen, "Further Remarks on the Use of Benzotriazole
for Stabilizing Bronze Objects," Studies in Conservation 16 No.3
120-122 (1971).
M.G. Burberry and G.L. Greenfield, "Organic Inhibitors for
Copper," Final Report to International Copper Research
Association by the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research
Association, London (1968). 39pp.
W.T. Chase, Bronze Disease and Its Treatment, Bangkok National
Museum, Bangkok (1975). 77pp.
R.J. Chin, D. Altura and K. Nobe, "Corrosion Inhibition of Iron and
Copper in Chloride Solutions by Benzotriazole," Corrosion 29
No.5 185-187 (1973).
J.B. Cotton, "The Control of Surface Reactions on Copper by
Means of Organic Compounds," (July 1966). 13pp.
J.B. Cotton and I.R. Scholes," Benzotriazole and Related
Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors for Copper," British Corrosion
Journal 2 No.1 1-5 (1967).
M.N. Desai, S.S. Rana and M.H. Gandhi, "Corrosion Inhibitors for
Copper," Anti-Corrosion 17 17-21 (1970).
I. Dugdale and J.B. Cotton, "An Electrochemical Investigation on
the Prevention of Staining of Copper by Benzotriazole," Corrosion
Science 3 69-74 (1963).
F.W. Fink, E.L. White, W.K. Boyd and F.H. Haynie, "Corrosion
Control of Galvanically Incompatible Metals in Sea Water,"
Materials Protection and Performance 10 No.7 17-22 (1971).
V. Greene, "The Use of Benzotriazole in Conservation," ICOM
Committee for Conservation 4th Triennial Meeting, Preprints,
ICOM, Paris (1975). pp. 25/6/1-25/6/10.
M.G. Kendall, "Corrosion Resistance of Electroplated Copper with
Codeposited Benzotriazole," Final Report, International Copper
Research Association (August 1967). 28pp.
C.J. Korpics, "Aromatic Triazoles as Corrosion Inhibitors of
Copper and Copper Alloys," Paper presented at the CDA-ASM
Conference on Copper (October 1972). 13pp.
R.S. Lindstrom, "Protective Coatings for Copper Metals," Final
report to INCRA, New York (1972). 81pp.
F. Mansfeld and T. Smith, "Benzotriazole as Corrosion Inhibitor for
Copper II. Acid NaCl Solutions," Corrosion 29 No.3 105-107
(1973).
F. Mansfield, T. Smith and E.P. Parry, "Benzotriazole as Corrosion
Inhibitor for Copper," Corrosion 27 289-294 (1971).
T.B. Marsden, "Enhancing the Corrosion Resistance of Copper and
Its Alloys - a Review," British Corrosion Journal 7 No.6 251-255
(1972).
P.D. Miller and W.K. Boyd, "A Survey of Corrosion Inhibitors and
Related Additives to Improve the Corrosion Resistance and Heat
Transfer of Copper and Its Alloys," Final Report, sponsored by
International Copper Research Association, New York (1969).
58pp.
N. Morito and W. Suetaka, "Structure of Benzotriazole Salt Coating
on Copper in View of Infrared and Visible Ultraviolet Reflection
Spectra," Journal of Japan Institute of Metals 35 No.12 1165-1170
(1971).
W.A. Oddy, "Toxicity of Benzotriazole," Studies in Conservation
19 No.3 188-189 (1974).
G.W. Poling, "Reflection Infra-Red Studies of Films Formed by
Benzotriazole on Cu," Corrosion Science 10 No.5 359-370 (1970).
G.W. Poling and I.C.G. Ogle, "Role of the Intervening Oxide Layer
in Copper Corrosion Inhibition," Annual report to INCRA, New
York (1972). 20pp.
R.F. Roberts, "X-Ray Photoelection Spectroscopic Characterization
of Copper Oxide Surfaces Treated with Benzotriazole," Journal of
Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 4 273-291 (1974).

T.K. Ross and M.R. Berry, "Benzotriazole as an Inhibitor of the
Corrosion of Cu in Flowing H2SO4," Corrosion Science 11 No.4
273-274 (1971).
W.H. Safranek, "Chemical and Electrochemical Colored Finishes
for Copper and Copper Alloys," Draft of report to be issued by the
Copper Development Association (December 1966). 30pp.
G. Trabanelli, F. Zucchi, G.P. Bolognesi and G. Brunoro, "The Use
of Photopotentials in the Study of Corrosion, Inhibition and
Passivation Properties," Corrosion Traitments, Protection, Finition
19 No.8 439-444 (1971).
R. Walker, "The Use of Benzotriazole as a Corrosion Inhibitor for
Copper," Anti-Corrosion 17 No.9 9-10; 12-15 (1970).
R. Walker, "Benzotriazole as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Immersed
Copper," Corrosion 29 No.7 290-296 (1973).
R. Walker, "Benzotriazole as a Corrosion Inhibitor," Metal
Finishing 71 No.9 63-66 (1973).
C.I. Whitman, "Precoated Copper and Copper Alloys - A Progress
Report," Sheet Metal Industries 45 No.492 275-281 (1968).
I.A. Whittaker, "A Survey on the Stress Corrosion of Copper Based
Alloys," Study sponsored by the International Copper Research
Association (September 1965). 54pp.
See Also: Copper and Corrosion.
Corrosion
L.M. Applegate, Cathodic Protection, McGraw Hill, New York
(1960). 229pp.
ASTM, Metal Corrosion in the Atmosphere, American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia (1968). 391pp.
ASTM, Localized Corrosion - Cause of Metal Failure, STP 516,
ASTM, Philadelphia (1972). 322pp.
ASTM, Erosion, Wear and Interfaces with Corrosion, STP 567
ASTM, Philadelphis (1974). 335pp.
R.D. Barer and B.F. Peters, Why Metals Fail, Gordon and Breach,
New York (1970). pp.12-16.
J.H. Bateman, Materials of Construction, Pitman, New York
(1950). pp.548-555.
J.A. Belk and A.L. Davies, Editors, Electron Microscopy and
Microanalysis of Metals, Elsevier, New York (1968). pp.210-219.
D.M. Berger, "How Corrosion Theory Relates to Protective
Coatings," Metal Finishing 75 No.6 42-45 (1977).
J.R. Cairns and P.T. Gilbert, The Technology of Heavy Non-
Ferrous Metals and Alloys, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1967).
D. Cushing, "Principles of Corrosion Applicable to Ancient Metals
and Methods of Identifying Corrosion Products," In Application of
Science in the Examination of Works of Art: Proceedings of the
Seminar: September 7-16, 1965, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
(1967). pp.53-65.
D. Cushing, "Corrosion and Corrosion Products of Ancient Non-
Ferrous Metals," In Application of Science in the Examination of
Works of Art: Proceedings of the Seminar: September 15-18, 1958,
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (1959). pp.109-131.
D. Doeringer, D.G. Mitten, A. Steinberg, Editors, Art and
Technology: A Symposium on Classical Bronzes, Fogg Art
Museum and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1970). Part I,
pp.57-94.
U. Evans, The Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals: Scientific
Principles and Practical Application, Arnold, London (1960).
1094pp.
U.R. Evans, An Introduction to Metallic Corrosion, Arnold,
London (1981). 302pp.
M.G. Fontana and R.W. Staehle, Editors, Advances in Corrosion
Science and Technology, Plenum Press, New York (1970). Volume
1, x + 374pp.
P.J.E. Forsyth, The Physical Basis of Metal Fatigue, American
Elsevier, New York (1969), Chapter 6.
R.J. Gettens, "Mineral Alteration Products on Ancient Metal
Objects," In G. Thompson, Editor, Recent Advances in
Conservation, IIC, London (1963). pp.89-92, Plate I.
R.C. Gifkins, Optical Microscopy of Metals, American Elsevier,
New York (1970). pp.113-116.
G.A. Greathouse and C.J. Wessel, Deterioration of Materials,
Reinhold, New York (1954). xvii + 835pp.
J.L. Gregg, Arsenical and Argentiferous Copper, Chemical Catalog
Company, New York (1934). pp. -154.
R.H. Heidersbach, Jr., and E.D. Verink, Jr., "The Dezincification of
Alpha and Beta Brasses," Corrosion 28 No.11 397-418 (1972).
M. Henthorne, Corrosion: Causes and Control, Cartech, Reading,
Pennsylvania (1972). Reprint from Chemical Engineering. 72pp.
M. Hours and F. Michel, "Scientific Methods in the Study of the
Metallurgy of Antiquity at the Louvre," In Application of Science
in Examination of Works of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
(1973). pp.67-72.
R. Hultgren, Fundamentals of Physical Metallurgy, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1958). 395pp.
E. Jackson, Bibliography of Books on Corrosion and Protection of
Metals (3rd Edition), Institution of Corrosion Science and
Technology, London (1988). 125pp.
S. Keene, Editor, Corrosion Inhibitors in Conservation, United
Kingdom Institution for Conservation, London (1985). 44pp.
H. Leidheiser, Jr., The Corrosion of Copper, Tin and Their Alloys,
Wiley, New York (1970). xi + 411pp.
S.Z. Lewin, "A New Approach to Establishing the Authenticity of
Patinas on Copper-base Artifacts," In Application of Science in
Examination of Works of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
(1973). pp.62-67.
T. Lyman, Editor, Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, American Society
for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio (1964). Series, 11 Volumes.
W.A. Oddy, "The Corrosion of Metals on Display," In
Conservation in Archaeology and Applied Arts, IIC, London
(1975). pp.235-237.
W.A. Oddy, "An Unsuspected Danger in Display," Museum
Journal 23 27-28 (1973).
R.M. Organ, "The Examination and Treatment of Bronze
Antiquities," In Recent Advances in Conservation (1963). pp. 104-
110.
R.M. Organ, "The Reclamation of the Wholly-Mineralized Silver in
the Ur Lyre," In Application of Science in the Examination of
Works of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (1967). pp.126-144.
M.J.N. Pourbaix, Lectures on Electrochemical Corrosion,
Translated by J.A.S. Green, Plenum Press, New York (1973). xxii +
336pp.
H.B. Pulsifer, Inspection of Metals, American Society for Metals,
Cleveland, Ohio (1943). pp.144-153.
E. Rabald, Corrosion Guide, Second Edition, American Elsevier,
New York (1968). xxxiv + 900pp.
R.J. Raudebaugh, Non-ferrous Physical Metallurgy, Pitman, New
York (1952). xii + 345pp.
O.L. Riggs, Anodic Protection. Theory and Practice in the
Prevention of Corrosion, Kerr-McGee, Oklahoma City (1981).
284pp.
R.L. Sands and C.R. Shakespeare, Powder Metallurgy, George
Newnes, London (1966). pp.124-126.
B.R. Schlenker, Introduction to Materials Science, Wiley, New
York (1970). pp.58-65.
J.C. Scully, The Fundamentals of Corrosion, Pergamon (1966). xi
+ 194pp.
A. Shrager, Elementary Metallurgy and Metallography, Third
Revised Edition, Dover, New York (1969). x + 406pp.
K.F. Skidmore and H. Schwartzbart, "Corrosion and
Dezincification of Brasses in Water," Journal of Testing and
Evaluation 4 No.6 426-433 (1976).
C.S. Smith, "Interpretation of Microstructures of Metallic
Artifacts," In Application of Science in Examination of Works of
Art: Proceedings of the Seminar, September 7-16, 1965, Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston (1967). pp.20-52.
C.S. Smith, "An Examination of the Arsenic-Rich Coating on a
Bronze Bull from Horoztepe," In Application of Science in
Examination of Works of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
(1973). pp.96-102.
C.S. Smith, "Some Speculation on the Corrosion of Ancient
Metals," Archaeometry 18 114-116 (1976).
W.L. Smith, "Corrosion," Chemistry 49 No.1 14-16; No.5 7-9;
No.8 10-12 (1976).
T. Stambolov, The Corrosion and Conservation of Metallic
Antiquities and Works of Art, Central Research Laboratory,
Amsterdam (1967). 196pp.
R.F. Tylecote, Metallurgy in Archaeology, E. Arnold, London
(1962). xvi + 368pp.
A.E. Werner, "Two Problems in the Conservation of Antiquities:
Corroded Lead and Brittle Silver," In Application of Science in the
Examination of Works of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
(1967). p. 96-104.
E.M. Wise, Gold: Recovery, Properties and Application, D. Van
Nostrand, Princeton (1964). pp.180-203.
See Also: Copper Benzotriazole Corrosion Inhibition; Materials
Damage: Metals (Part V).
Electrochemistry
R.P. Buck, "Ion Selective Electrodes," Analytical Chemistry 50
No.5 17R-29R (1978).
M.L. Deanhardt, J.W. Dillard, K.W. Hanck and W.L. Switzer,
"Determination of Pb and Cd in Pottery Using Anodic Stripping
Voltammetry," Journal of Chemical Education 54 No.1 55-57
(1977).
P. Delahay, New Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry,
Interscience, New York (1954). 437pp.
R.A. Durst, Editor, Ion-Selective Electrodes, National Bureau of
Standards Special Publication 314 (1969). 452pp.
I. Fatt, Polarographic Oxygen Sensors, CRC Press, Cleveland,
Ohio (1976).
A.M. Graabaek and O.J. Jensen, "Trace Analysis of Heavy Metals,"
Industrial Research/Development September (1979). pp.124-127.
W.R. Heineman and P.T. Kissinger, "Analytical Electrochemistry:
Methodology and Applications of Dynamic Techniques,"
Analytical Chemistry 50 No.5 166R-175R (1978).
D.N. Hume, "Polarographic Theory, Instrumentation and
Methodology," Analytical Chemistry 34 172R (1962).
M.T. Kelly and D.J. Fisher, "Instrumental Methods of Derivative
Polarography," Analytical Chemistry 30 929 (1958).
I.M. Kolthoff and J.J. Lingane, Polarography, Second Edition,
Interscience, New York (1952).
P. Lauren, "Electric Cells from Mesopotamia?," Chemistry 47
No.11 6-9 (1974).
S.Z. Lewin, "Electroanalytical Instrumentation," Journal of
Chemical Education 39 No.4-No.7 (1962). Combined Offprint.
G. Popp, "Electro-Organic Synthesis -- Renaissance of an Old
Technique," Eastman Organic Chemical Bulletin 45 No.3 1-8
(1973).
D.K. Roe, "Analytical Electrochemistry: Theory and
Instrumentation of Dynamic Techniques," Analytical Chemistry 50
No.5 9R-16R (1978).
J.T. Stock, "Amperometric, Biopotentiometric and Coulometric
Titrations," Analytical Chemistry 50 No.5 1R-9R (1978).
C.C. Westcott, "Selection and Care of pH Electrodes," American
Laboratory 10 No.8 71-73 (1978).
Gold and Electrum

R.W. Ageton, "Gold," Mineral Facts and Problems: 1970, United
States Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C pp.573-585.
K. Blakemore, The Book of Gold, Stein and Day, New York
(1971). 224pp.
E.R. Caley, "Gold and its Alloys," In Analysis of Ancient Metals,
Macmillan, New York (1964), Chapter 3.
S. Choate with B.C. DeMay, Creative Gold and Silver Smithing,
Crown, New York (1970). 298pp.
J. Cherry, Goldsmiths University of Toronto Press, Toronto (1992).
72pp.
A.S. Darling and J.F. Healey, "Micro-probe Analysis and the Study
of Greek Gold-Silver-Copper Alloys," Nature 231 443-444 (1971).
C.R. Dodwell, "Gold Metallurgy in the Twelfth Century: The De
Diversis Artibus of Theophilus the Monk," Gold Bulletin 4 (July)
51-55 (1971).
C.B. Donnan, "A Precolumbian Smelter from Northern Peru,"
Archaeology 26 No.4 289-297 (1973).
J. Emmerling," Die Bearbeitung des Munzfundes von Kella in der
Restaurierungswerkstatt," Alt-Thringen 10 251-255 (1968/1969).
G. Eogan, The Accomplished Art: Gold and Gold-Working in
Britain & Ireland (c. 2300-650BC), Oxbow Books, Oxford (1994).
199pp.
Gold Information Center, "Gold: A Look at its History and Rarity,"
Typescript, 7pp.
J.W. Grossman, "An Ancient Gold Worker's Tool Kit: The Earliest
Metal Technology in Peru," Archaeology 25 No.4 270-275 (1972).
G. Gruschke-Eichendorff, "Der Mainzer Goldschmuck (Giesela-
Schmuck) und seine Restaurierung," Neue Museumskunde 13
No.2 123-134 (1970).
M.J. Hughes and W.A. Oddy, "Reappraisal of the Specific Gravity
Method for the Analysis of Gold Alloys," Archaeometry 12 (Part 1)
1-11 (1970).
L.B. Hunt, "The Early History of Gold Plating," Gold Bulletin 6
No.1 16-27 (1973).
T.G.H. James, "Gold Technology in Ancient Egypt," Gold Bulletin
5 No.2 38-42 (1972).
H. Kowalski and P. Reimers, "War Friedrich II von Hohenstaufen
ein Falschmnzer?, BAM-Information No.2 36-38 (1972).
J.L. McCall and R.D. Buchheit, "Metallographic Study of
Archaeological Artifacts," Proceedings of the Annual Technical
Meeting of the International Metallographical Society, 3rd 1970
(1971). pp.99-104.
J.M. Ogden, Platinum Group Metal Inclusions in Ancient Gold
Artifacts," Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 11 No.2 53-
72 (1977).
C.C. Patterson, "Native Copper, Silver, and Gold Accessible to
Early Metallurgists," American Antiquity 36 No.3 286-321 (1971).
P. Reimers, G.J. Lutz and C. Segebade, "The Non-Destructive
Determination Gold, Silver and Copper by Photon Activation
Analysis of Coins and Art Objects," Archaeometry 19 (Part 2) 167-
172 (1977).
E. Rubenow, "Rntgenfluoreszenzanalyse Archologischer
Goldfunde," Jahresschrift mitteldeutsche Vorgeschicte (Halle) 52
327-336 (1968).
F.R. Tylecote," The Composition of Metal Artifacts: A Guide to
Provenance?," Antiquity 44 No.173 19-25 (1970).
C.J. Willis, "All that Glitters...," Letter to the Editor with Editor's
Note, Chemical and Engineering News July 14, 1975 p.5.
E.M. Wise, Gold: Recovery, Properties and Applications, D. Van
Nostrand, New York (1964). 367pp.
See also the journal: Gold Bulletin; Coins: Analysis.
Iron and Steel: Analysis
P.W. Brown and J.R. Clifton, "Nondestructive Techniques for
Evaluating Metallic Artifacts of Historical Interest," APT Bulletin 8
No.4 3-21 (1976).
R.M. Ehrenreich, "The Analysis of the Danebury Ironwork," In B.
Cunliffe, Danebury: an Iron Age Hillfort in Hampshire, Vol. 3,
London (1988).
R.M. Ehrenreich and D. Strahan, "The Effects of Boiling on the
Quenched Steel Structure of Martensite," In J. Black, Editor,
Recent Advances in the Conservation and Analysis of Artifiacts:
Jubilee Conservation Papers, Summer Schools Press, London
(1987). pp. 125-130.
E. Eichen, J. Tabock and K.R. Kinsman, "An Electron Microprobe
Technique for Detecting Low Carbon Concentrations in Iron,"
Metallography 5 No.2 151-162 (1972).
J.W. Haldane, "A Study of the Chemical Composition of
Pre-Roman Ironwork from Somerset," Bulletin of the Historical
Metallurgy Group 4 No.2 53-66 (1970).
W. Haldane, "A Study of the Chemical Composition of Pre-Roman
Ironwork from Somerset," Bulletin of the Historical Metallurgy
Group 4 No.2 53-66 (1970).
G. Harbottle, R. Cresswell and R.W. Stoenner, "Carbon-14 Dating
of Iron Blooms from Kodlunarn Island," In W. Fitzhugh, Editor,
The Archaeology of the Frobisher Voyages, Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington, D.C. (1992).
R.E.M. Hedges and C.J. Salter, "Source Determination of Iron
Currency Bars through Analysis of the Slag Inclusions,"
Archaeometry 21 (Part 2) 161-175 (1979).
R.W.K. Honeycombe, Steels: Microstructure and Properties,
Second Edition, Halsted Press, New York (1996). viii + 324pp.
A. Kaloyeros and R.M. Ehrenreich, "The Distribution of
Phosphorus in Romano-British Ironwork," In Materials Issues in
Art and Archaeology II, Volume 185, Materials Research Society,
Pittsburgh (1991). pp. 725-730.
R. Knox, "Detection of Iron Carbide Structure in the Oxide
Remains of Ancient Steel," Archaeometry 6, 43-45 (1963).
J.N. McGrath, "A Preliminary Report on the Metallographic
Examination of Four Fragmentary Early Iron Age Sword Blades
from Llyn Cerrig Back, Anglesey," Bulletin of the Historical
Metallurgy Group 2 No.2, 78-80 (1968).
J. Piaskowski, "Metallographic Examinations of Ancient Iron
Objects," In A.K. Gosh, Editor, Perspectives in Paleo-
Anthropology, Calcutta (1974).
B.G. Scott, "Notes on the Development of Metallographic Studies
of Ancient Iron," Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 8
No.2 88-91 (1974).
M.F. Smith, Chemical Analysis of Steel (A Bibliography with
Abstracts). Report for 1964-May 1977, NTIS/PS-77/0418 Report
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J.A. Smythe, "Ancient Sussex Iron Blooms: A Metallographic
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R. Pleiner, Iron Working in Ancient Greece, National Technical
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M.T. Richardson, Practical Blacksmithing Vol. 4, Richardson, New
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P. Riden, "Eighteenth Century Blast Furnaces: A New Checklist,"
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C. Salter and R.M. Ehrenreich, "Iron Age Iron Metallurgy in
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H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry,
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M. Simmons and F. Turley, Southwestern Colonial Ironwork: The
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A.G. Sisco, Raumur's Memoirs on Steel and Iron, University of
Chicago Press, Chicago (1956). xxxiv + 395pp + Plates.
C.S. Smith, Editor, Sources for the History of the Science of Steel
1532-1786, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1968). xv +
357pp.
G. Sperl, Ueber die Typologie urzeitlicher, frhgeschichtlicher und
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E. Straker, Wealden Iron, G. Bell and Sons, London (1931). xiv +
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N. van der Merwe and D.H. Avery, "Science and Magic in African
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J.S. Wacher, "Roman Iron Beams," Britannia 2 200-202 (1971).
J.C. Waldbaum, "The First Archaeological Appearance of Iron and
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T.S. Wheeler, J.D. Muhly and R. Maddin, "A Steel Tool of the
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J.R. White, "X-ray Fluorescent Analysis of an Early Ohio Blast
Furnace Slag," Ohio Journal of Science 77 186-188 (1977).
J.R. White, "Archaeological and Chemical Evidence for the
Earliest American Use of Raw Coal as a Fuel in Ironmaking,"
Journal of Archaeological Science 5 No.4 391-393 (1978).
J.H. Whiteley, "The Effect of Cold-work on the Divorce of
Pearlite," Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1 353-360 (1918).
A.R. Williams, "Roman Arms and Armour: A Technical Note,"
Journal of Archaeological Science 4 No.1 77-87 (1977).
A.R. Williams and K.R. Maxwell-Hyslop, "Ancient Steel from
Egypt," Journal of Archaeological Science 3 No.4 283-305 (1976).
A.E. Wraith, "The Performance of an Experimental Charcoal Fired
Crucible Furnace," Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 12
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E.J. Wynne and R.F. Tylecote, "An Experimental Investigation into
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Iron and Steel: Metallurgy
F.G. Berry and R.W.K. Honeycombe, "The Isothermal
Decomposition of Austenite in Fe-Mo-C Alloys," Metallurgical
Transitions (December 1970). 8pp. Reprint.
British Cast Iron Research Association, Typical Microstructures of
Cast Iron (1951). 55pp.
W.H. Dennis, "Iron and Steel," In A Hundred Years of Metallurgy,
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A.H. Hiorns, Steel and Iron, Macmillan, London (1903). xiii +
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B. Stoughton, The Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, fourth edition,
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See also bibliographies: Iron and Steel: Cast Iron and Iron and
Steel: Conservation.
Iron and Steel: Cast Iron
Anon., "The 1905 Catalogue of Iron Store Fronts Designed and
Manufactured by Geo. L. Mesker & Co., Architectural Iron Works
Evansville, Indiana," Bulletin, The Association for Preservation
Technology 98 No.4 3-40 (1977).
Friends of Cast Iron Architecture, Bibliography, Typescript
Revision of Earlier Bibliography by D.M. Kahn (1973). 3pp.
M. Gayle and E.V. Gillon, Jr., Cast-Iron Architecture in New York,
Dover Publications, New York (1974). xvii + 190pp.
G.K. Geerling, "Cast Iron," In Metal Crafts in Architecture,
Bonanza Books, New York (1957). pp.101-138.
J. Gloag and D. Bridgewater, A History of Cast Iron in
Architecture, Allen and Unwin, London (1948). xx + 395pp.
P.W. Hawkes, "Paints for Architectural Cast Iron," APT Bulletion
11 No.1 17-45 (1979).
H.R. Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,
Penguin Books, Baltimore (1958). xxix + 498pp. + 192pp. of
Plates.
H.R. Hitchcock, "Early Cast Iron Facades," Architectural Review
109 113-116 (1951).
A.L. Huxtable, "Harper and Brothers Building, 1854, New York,
New York," Progressive Architecture 38 153-154 (1957).
A.L. Huxtable, "The Haughwout Store," Progressive Architecture
39 133-136 (1958).
R. Lister, Decorative Cast Ironwork in Great Britain, G. Bell,
London (1960). 258pp.
E.G. Robertson and J. Robertson, Cast Iron Decoration, A World
Survey, Thames and Hudson, 336pp.
J.V. Sewell, "Notes on Cast-Iron Figure Sculpture of China:
Consideration of a Recently Acquired Head," Museum Studies
No.3 6-20 (1968).
See also bibliographies: Iron and Steel and Iron and Steel:
Conservation.
Iron and Steel Conservation:
Corrosion and General Methods
A.P. Bond, "Mechanisms of Intergranular Corrosion in Ferritic
Stainless Steels," Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of
AIME 245 2127-2134 (1969).
B. Gladstone, "Rust Removers: Some Dissolve It, Others Convert
It to a New Coating," New York Times April 25, 1976.
Unpaginated Clipping.
A. Hammer, "Konservierung gu- und schmiedeeiserner
gegenstnde," Arbeitsbltter fr Restauratoren 4 No.2 Gruppe 1
24-29 (1971).
N. North, M. Owens and C. Pearson, "Thermal Stability of Cast
and Wrought Marine Iron," Studies in Conservation 21 No.4 192-
197 (1976).
N.A. North and C. Pearson, "Thermal Decomposition of FeOCl
and Marine Cast Iron Corrosion Products," Studies in Conservation
22 No.3 146-157 (1977).
K. Passinen and P.E. Ahlers, Corrosion of Acid-proof Steel in ClO2-
Solutions. Translation from Paperi ja Puu 48 No.9 549-560 (1966).
36pp.
C. Pearson, "The Preservation of Iron Cannon After 200 Years
Under the Sea," Studies in Conservation 17 No.3 91-110 (1972).
J. Riederer, "Bibliographie zur Eisenkonservierung," Berliner
Beitrge zur Archometrie 2 129-139 (1977).
M. Smith, Restoring the Decorative Designs of Old Ironwork,
New York Times 4 February (1982).
P. Stumpf, "Elektrolytische Entsalzung - Immer Noch Aktuell!,"
Arbeitsbltter fr Restauratoren 10 No.1 Gruppe 1 90-102 (1977).
M.F. Taylor, E. Holmes and P.J. Boden, "Effect of Grain
Boundaries in Iron Upon Oxidation and Subsequent Atmospheric
Corrosion," Corrosion Science 9 683-687 (1969).
A.C. Western, "The Conservation of Excavated Iron Objects,"
Studies in Conservation 17 No.2 83-87 (1972).
J.R. White, "Cleaning Heavily Encrusted Iron Artifacts by
Calcination and Induced Spalling," Curator 19 No.4 311-315
(1976).
Iron and Steel Conservation: Use of Tannins
S. Adrian, "Tannin Solutions for Corrosion Prevention," Holland
Shipbuild 11 66-67 (1962).
K. Barton, "The Protection of Cleaned Iron Objects," Museums
Journal 60 284-288 (1961).
P. Baur, "Tannin und die Roststabilisierung," Metallreinigung und
Vorbehandlung 13 41-46 (1964).
J. Emmerling, "Eisenkonservierung mit Tannin," Arbeitsbltter fr
Restauratoren 2 (1968).
T.W. Farrer, L. Biek and F. Wormwell, "Role of Tannates and
Phosphates in the Preservation of Ancient Buried Fe Objects,"
Journal of Applied Chemistry 3 80-84 (1953).
H.W.M. Hodges, "Problems and Ethics in the Conservation of
Metal Objects," Conservation in Archaeology and the Applied Arts,
Preprints of the contributions to the Stockholm Congress, 2-6 June,
1975, IIC, London (1975).
E. Knowles, "Tannins in Corrosion," Paint, Oil and Color Journal
131 793-4 (1957).
E. Knowles and T. White," The Protections of Metals with
Tannins," Journal of the Oil and Colour Chemists Association 41
10-23 (1958).
J.B. Pelikan, "Die Konservierung Vllig Drchkorrodierter
Eisenfunde," Museumskunde 137-58 (1963).
J.B. Pelikan, "Conservation of Iron with Tannin," Studies in
Conservation 11 109-115 (1966).
G. Stephan, "Tannin und Kondensationproduckte der Salicylsure
als Bestandteile fr Rostschutzgrundanstriche," Farbe und Lack 68
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See also bibliographies: Iron and Steel and Iron and Steel: Cast
Iron.
Lead, Tin and Their Alloys: Alloys
J.H. Carlson, "X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Pewter: English and
Scottish Measures," Archaeometry 19 (Part 2) 147-155 (1977).
E. Englefield, A Treatise on Pewter and Its Manufacture, Priory
Press, London (1933). 85pp.
J.D. Feyko, "An Early Pewter Bottle," Tin and Its Uses No.116 12
(1978).
J. Hatcher and T.C. Barker, A History of British Pewter, Longman,
London (1974). 363pp.
G. Miles and S. Pollard, Editors, Lead and Tin: Studies in
Conservation Technology, Occasional Papers 3, United Kingdom
Institute for Conservation, London (1985). 63pp.
B.F. Muller, "Modern Pewter Manufacture," Tin and Its Uses
No.117 10-11 (1978).
Lead, Tin and Their Alloys: Lead
Anon., Corrosion Resistance of Lead in Chemical Applications,
Lead Industries Association, New York (1967). 6pp.
R.H. Brill, "Lead and Oxygen Isotopes in Ancient Objects,"
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, A. 269
143-164 (1970).
C.J. Eiseman, "The Porticello Shipwreck: Lead Isotope Data,"
MASCA Journal 1 18 (1978).
R.M. Farquhar and I.R. Fletcher, "Lead Isotope Identification of
Sources of Galena from Some Prehistoric Indian Sites in Ontario,
Canada," Science 207 640-643 (1980).
N.H. Gale and S. Sts-Fertner, "Lead Isotope Composition of
Egyptian Artifactrs," MASCA Journal 1 19-21 (1978).
R. Heidersbach, C.W. Brown, R.W. Thibeau and A. Goldfarb,
"Roman Spectroscopy of Passive Films Formed on Metal Surfaces
in Corrosive Environments," NTIS Report AD-A060-902/4WM
17pp.
A. Herculano de Carvalho, "Chemical Analysis of Lead Tubes of
the Roman Era," Anales Quim. 70 No.12 1184-1185 (1974).
B. Keisch, "Dating Works of Art Through Their Natural
Radioactivity: Improvements and Applications," Science 160 413-
415 (1968).
B. Keisch and R.C. Callahan, "Lead Isotope Ratios in Artists' Lead
White: A Progress Report," Archaeometry 18 (Part 2) 181-193
(1976).
B. Keisch, R.L. Feller, A.S. Levine and R.R. Edwards, "Dating and
Authenticating Works of Art by Measurement of Natural Alpha
Emitters," Science 155 1238-1242 (1967).
K.M. Linduff, "The Incidence of Lead in Late Shang and Early
Chou Ritual Vessels," Expedition 19 No.3 7-16 (1977).
A. Mackie, A. Townshend and H.A. Waldron, "Lead
Concentrations in Bones from Roman York," Journal of
Archaeological Science 2 235-237 (1975).
K.M. Reese, "Chinese Rediscover Old Means of Protecting
Books," Chemical and Engineering News July 31, 1978, p.44.
F.E. Rogers, "Chemistry in Art: Radiochemistry and Forgery,"
Journal of Chemical Education 49 418 (1972).
T.G. Siccama and W.H. Smith, "Lead Accumulation in a Northern
Hardwood Forest," Environmental Science & Technology 12 No.5
593-594 (1978).
R.L. Zimdahl and R.K. Skogerlove, "Behavior of Lead in Soil,"
Environmental Science & Technology 11 No.12 1202-1207
(1977).
NOTE: Leadscan, f/k/a Lead Abstracts abstracts the current
technical and historical literature dealing with lead and its
compounds.
Lead, Tin and Their Alloys: Tin
I.L. Barnes, W.R. Shields, T.J. Murphy and R.H. Brill, "Isotopic
Analysis of Laurion Lead Ores," Archaeological Chemistry, C.S.
Beck, Editor, American Chemical Society (1974). pp.1-10.
R.W. Berg, "About Tin Disease," Meddelelser om Konservering 2
No.6 189-192 (1975).
A.D. Franklin, J.S. Olin and T.A. Wertime, Editors, The Search for
Ancient Tin, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (1978).
63pp.
A. Hammer, "Die Restaurierung eines Zinnsarkophags aus dem
Jahre 1711," Arbeitsbltter fr Restauratoren 11 No.1 Gruppe 1
124-129 (1978).
K.T.M. Hegde, "Sources of Ancient Tin in India," In The Search for
Ancient Tin, Chapter 5.
R. Maddin, T. Stech Wheele and J.D. Muhly, "Tin in the Ancient
Near East: Old Questions and New Finds," Expedition 19 No.2 35-
47 (1977).
J.D. Muhly, "Tin Trade Routes of the Bronze Age," American
Scientist 61 No.4 404-413 (1973).
J.D. Muhly, "New Evidence for Sources of and Trade in Bronze
Age Tin," In The Search for Ancient Tin, Chapter 6.
G. Rapp, Jr., "Trace Elements as a Guide to the Geographical
Source of Tin Ore: Smelting Experiments," In The Search for
Ancient Tin, Chapter 9.
I.R. Selimkhanov, "Ancient Tin Objects of the Caucasus and the
Results of Their Analyses," In The Search for Ancient Tin, Chapter
8.
R.F. Tylecote, "Early Tin Ingots and Tinstone from Western Europe
and the Mediterranean," In The Search for Ancient Tin, Chapter 7.
See also the journal: Tin and Its Uses.
Mercury
L.M. Azzaria, "A Method of Determining Traces of Mercury in
Geological Materials," Geological Survey of Canada, Papers
No.66-54 13-26 (1967).
A. Cockburn, R.A. Barraco, T. A. Reyman, and W. Peck, "Autopsy
of an Egyptian Mummy," Science 187 No.4182 1155-1160 (1975).
W.R. Hatch and W.L. Ott, "Determination of Submicrogram
Quantities of Mercury by Atomic Absorption Spectro-photometry,"
Analytical Chemistry 40 No.14 2085-2087 (1968).
M.I. Karayannis, M. Vassilaki-Grimani, and A.P. Grimanis,
"Determination of Trace Elements in Old Venetian Paper Samples
by Neutron Activation Analysis," Chimika Chronika (New Series)
3 Nos.1-3 21-27 (1974).
M. Lesigang-Buchtela, "Dnnschictchromatographie
Anorganischen Ionen," Mikrochimika Acta No.3 408-414 (1966).
J. Op de Beeck and J. Hoste, "Simultaneous Determination of
Silver, Gold, and Mercury in High-Purity Lead by Neutron
Activation Analysis," Analytica Chimica Acta 35 No.4 427-440
(1966).
H. Pao-Hsuan and C. Yun-Mei, "Microdetection of Inorganic Ions
with Resinous Reagents," Hua Hsueh Tung Pao No.5 48-49
(1965). In Chinese. See AATA 6 No.1 (6)-A4-20 (1966).
E.G. Rasmussen, "Antimony, Arsenic, Bromine, and Mercury in
Enamel from Human Teeth," Scandinavian Journal of Dental
Research 82 No.8 562-565 (1974).
Y. Sasaki and K. Yoshioka, "Determination of Traces of Mercury
by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy," Soda To Enso 18 No.214
430-435 (1967). In Japanese. Cited AATA 7-1384 (1969).
T. Shih-T'I, M. Ch'Iang, and Y. Hsih-Chin, "Photometric
Determination of Small Quantities of Mercury with
4,4'-Dinitrodiazoaminobenzene," Hua Hsueh Hsueh Pao 32 No.1
82-88 (1966). In Chinese. See AATA 6 No.2 (6)-A4-44 (1966).
H. Watanabe, "Detection of Heavy Metal Ions by Means of Ion
Exchange Papers," Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 86 No.5 513-515
(1975). In Japanese. See AATA 6 No.1 (6)-A4-30 (1966).
Mercury: General
F. Chow, "Ma-Wang-Tui: A Treasure Trove from the Western Han
Dynasty," Artibus Asiae 35 Nos.1/2 5-24 (1973). See also abstract
AATA 11 No.2 11-504 (1974).
R.P. Eganhouse, D.R. Young, and J.N. Johnson, "Geochemistry of
Mercury in Palos Verdes Sediments," Environmental Science and
Technology 12 No.10 1151-1157 (1978).
J.C. Nagpall, "Analysis of Some Moghul Wall Painting Material,"
In Conservation of Cultural Property in India - Proceedings of the
Second Seminar (1967). pp.80-81.
K. Nishikawa and T. Nakasato, "The Manufacturing Technique and
Restoration of the Model of a Human Head Owned by the Medical
School, the University of Tokyo," Science for Conservation No.16
45-54 (1977). In Japanese. See Abstract AATA 14 No.2 14-928
(1977).
B.N. Tandon, "Composition and Technique of a Miniature Painting
of Malwa School, Dated 1640 A.D.," Conservation of Cultural
Property in India - Proceedings of the Fourth Seminar, O.P.
Agrawal, Editor (1969). pp.32-35.
Mercury: Gilding
W.T. Chase, "The Technical Examination of Two Sasanian Silver
Plates," Ars Orientalis 7 75-93 (1968).
P.T. Craddock, "The Composition of the Copper Alloys Used by
the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Civilizations. 2. The Archaic,
Classical and Hellenistic Greeks," Journal of Archaeological
Science 4 No.2 103-123 (1977).
P.A. Lins and W.A. Oddy, "The Origins of Mercury Gilding,"
Journal of Archaeological Science 2 365-373 (1975).
M. Sakanoue, "Radioactive Analysis of the Gilding of the Great
Buddha of the Todaiji Temple, and of the Lead Tile of the Ishikawa
Gate, Kanazawa Castle," Kokogaku-To-Shizen Kagaku No.7 9-17
(1974). In Japanese. See AATA 12 No.1 12-560 (1975).
Metallurgy: General
V. Biringuccio, The Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio: The
Classic Sixteenth-Century Treatise on metals and Metallurgy,
Translated from the Italian with an introduction and notes by C.S.
Smith and M.T. Gnudi, Dover, New York (1990). xxvi + 177pp.
C. R. Blick, Editor, Early Metallurgical Sites in Great Britain BC
2000 to AD 1500, Institute of Metals, London (1991). 108pp.
D.J. Davies and L.A. Oelmann, Metallurgical Processes and
Production Technology, Pitman, London (1985). ix + 230pp.
J.F. Healy, Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World,
Thames and Hudson, London (1978).
J.P. Marechal, "Methods of Ore Roasting and the Furnaces Used,"
In Furnaces and Smelting Technology in Antiquity, P.T. Craddock
and M.J. Hughes, Editors, British Museum Occasional Paper
No.48, London (1985).
P. Northover, "The Metallurgy of the Wilburton Hoards," Oxford
Journal of Archaeology 1 No.1 69-109 (1982).
E.M. Nosek, "The Polish Smelting Experiments in Furnaces with
Slag Pits," In Furnaces and Smelting Technology in Antiquity, P.T.
Craddock and M.J. Hughes, Editors, British Museum Occasional
Paper No.48, London (1985).
C.C. Patterson, "Native Copper, Silver and Gold Accessible to
Early Metallurgists," American Antiquity 36 No.3 186-321 (1971).
J. Percy, Metallurgy: The Art of Extracting Metals from Their Ores,
and Adapting Them to Various Purposes of Manufacture, London
(1864).
R. Raymond, Out of the Fiery Furnace: The Impact of Metals on
the History of Mankind, Pennsylvania State University Press,
University Park, PA (1986). 274 pp.
E.C. Rollason, Metallurgy for Engineers, 4th Edition, Edward
Arnold, Melbourne, Australia (1974, c.1973). vi + 448pp.
F.A. Ruddock, "Metal-working at Bagendon and Finds of Metal,
Clay, Stone, Flint and Glass," In E.M. Clifford, Bagendon: A Belgic
Oppidum, W. Heffer, Cambridge (1962, c.1961).
E.I. Savage and C.S. Smith, "The Techniques of the Japanese
Tsuba-Maker," Ars Orientalis 11 291-328 (1979).
R. Theophilus, On Divers Arts, Translation and Notes by J.G.
Hawthorne and C.S. Smith, Dover, NY (1979). xxv + 216pp.
R.F. Tylecote, Metallurgy in Archaeology, E. Arnold, London
(1962). xvi + 368pp.
R.F. Tylecote, The Prehistory of Metallurgy in the British Isles,
Institute of Metals, Brookfield, VT (1986). 257pp.
R.F. Tylecote, The Early History of Metallurgy in Europe,
Longman, London (1987). 391pp.
R.F. Tylecote, A History of Metallurgy, 2nd Edition, Institute of
Materials, London (1992, previous edition 1976). xii + 205pp.
M. Vidale, R.M. Micheli, M. Vanzetti and A. Vanzetti, "Nuovi
indizi sulle attivit di trasformazione die metallie nel sito
protohistorico di Rotzo," Archaeologia Veneta 11 15-43 (1988).
Microstructure
S. Amelinckx, The Direct Observation of Dislocation in Crystals,
Academic Press, New York (1964). x + 487pp.
A.R. Bailey, The Role of Microstructure in Metals, Third Edition,
Metallurgical Services, Betchworth, England (1982). 70pp.
N.S. Baer and S.Z. Lewin, "Calcite Etch Pit Shapes: Acidic
Etchants," Festschrift 50 Jahre Wild Heerbrugg 1921-1971
Mikroskopie, Wild Heerbrugg Limited, Heerbrugg, Switzerland
(1971). pp.11-17.
J.H. Cairns and P.T. Gilbert, The Technology of Heavy Non-
Ferrous Metals and Alloys: Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Lead, Chemical
Rubber Co., Cleveland (1967). viii + 319pp.
A.H. Cottrell, "The Nature of Metals," Scientific American 217
(September) 90-100 (1967).
J.W. Cuthbertson, "Bronzes," In E.S. Hedges, Editor, Tin and Its
Alloys, London (1960).
D.J. Davies and L.A. Oelmann, The Structure, Properties and Heat
treatment of Metals, London (1983).
R.J. Fleet, "The Use of Specific Heat in the Non-Destructive
Analysis of Silver/Copper Alloy Coins," Archaeometry 17 (Part 1)
101-106 (1975).
D.R. Gabe, Principles of Metal Surface Treatment and Protection,
Oxford, New York (1972). 181pp.
R.A. Higgins, Engineering Metallurgy: 1. Applied Physical
Metallurgy, 5th Edition, R.E. Krieger Publications Company,
Malabar, FL (1983).
R.A. Higgins, Engineering Metallurgy: 2. Metallurgical Process
Technology, 5th Edition, R.E. Krieger Publications Company,
Malabar, FL (1984).
I. Kovcs and L. Zsoldos, Dislocations and Plastic Deformation,
Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York (1973). xii + 343pp.
G. Lambert, Editor, Typical Microstructure of Cast Metals, Second
Edition, Institute of Brittish Foundrymen, London (1966). 274pp.
Leco Corporation, Metallography Principles and Procedures, Leco,
St. Joseph, Michigan (1977). 70pp.
J.O. Lord, Alloy Systems: An Introductory Text, Pitman, New York
(1949). xix + 380pp.
G. Mossing, Ternary Systems: An Introduction to the Theory of
Three Component Systems, Translated by B.A. Rogers, Dover
Publications, New York (1960). Unabridged and Unaltered from
Original 1944 Publication. 173pp.
Metals Handbook, vol.7, Eighth Edition, Metals Park, Ohio (1972).
G.C. Moreland, R. Johnson and M. Goodway, "An Improved
Technique for the Preparation of Polished Metallurgical Sections,"
Metallography 8 253-255 (1975).
F.R.N. Nabarro, Theory of Dislocations, Clarendon Press, Oxford
(1967). xvii + 821pp.
T. Nutting and R.G. Baker, The Microstructure of Metals, London
(1965).
W.B. Pearson, The Crystal Chemistry and Physics of Metals and
Alloys, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1972). xix + 806pp.
D. Peckner, Editor, The Strengthening of Metals, Reinhold, New
York (1964). vi + 250pp.
H.B. Pulsifer, Inspection of Metals, ASTM, Cleveland (1941).
180pp.
F.N. Rhines, Phase Diagrams in Metallurgy: Their Development
and Application, McGraw-Hill, New York (1956). 340pp.
W. Rostoker and J.R. Dvorak, Interpretation of Metallographic
Structures, Second Edition, Academic Press, New York (1977). xii
+ 250pp.
R.E. Smallman, Modern Physical Metallurgy, Second Edition,
Butterworths, Washington, D.C. (1963). xii + 387pp.
C.S. Smith, "Metallurgical Footnotes to the History of Art,"
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 116 97-135
(1972).
C.S. Smith, "Some Elementary Principles of Polycrystalline
Microstructure," Metallurgical Reviews 9 1-48 (1964).
C.S. Smith, "Grains, Phases and Interfaces: An Interpretation of
Microstructure," Metals Technology 15 1-37 (1948).
M.C. Smith, Principles of Physical Metallurgy, Harper, New York
(1956). 417pp.
M.C. Smith, Alloy Series in Physical Metallurgy, Harper, New
York (1956). ix + 338pp.
J.M. Thomas, "The Chemistry of Deformed and Imperfect
Crystals," Endeavor 29 No.108 149-155 (1970).
I. Vanders and P.F. Kerr, Mineral Recognition, Wiley, New York
(1967). pp.27-34.
Outdoor Metal Sculpture: Conservation
Anon., "Preservation in the Park," The Walters Art Gallery Bulletin
29 No.4 2-3 (1977).
S. Friedmann-Kluge, "Skulpturen aus Eisenwerkstoffen und
Aluminum im Frien, Pflege-Korrosion-Herstellung," Berliner
Beitrge zur Archeometrie 2 111-128 (1977).
J. Lehmann, Korozja Zabytkow Z Miedzi: I Jej Stopow W
Ekspozycji Zewnetrznej (Corrosion of Historical Monuments
Made of Copper and Its Alloys in Out-of-Doors Exposure),
Warsaw (1972). English summary: pp.108-117; Bibliography:
pp.95-107.
M. Marabelli, Conservazione e Restauro Dei Metalli D'Arte,
Conservazione del Patrimonio Culturale 4 (Series), Academia
Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome (1995). 198pp.
J. Riederer, "Corrosion Damage on Bronze Sculptures," ICOM
Conference Papers, Madrid (1972). Offprint.
J. Riederer, "Korrosionsschden an Bronzedenkmlern der
Mnchner Residenz," Deutsche Kunst und Denkmalpflege 30 49-
56 (1972).
J. Riederer, "Die Pflege der Bronzeskulpturen im Freien," Berliner
Beitrge zur Archometrie 2 96-104 (1977).
K. Ringle, "Spit'n' (Walnut) Polish Giving New Lustre to Area's
Statuary," Washington Post 20 July (1984). p. B1.
P.D. Weil, "The Use of Glass Bead Peening to Clean Large-Scale
Out-Door Bronze Sculpture," Bulletin AIC 15 No.1 51-58 (1974).
P.D. Weil, "Conservation of Outdoor Bronze Sculpture," National
Sculpture Review 25 26-30 (1976).
J. Wilton-Ely and V. Wilton-Ely, Translators, The Horses of San
Marco, Venice, Olivetti, publishers of this edition for the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1979).
See also: Copper and Copper Alloys; Outdoor Sculpture: Statue of
Liberty (Part VI).
Patinas
V. Alunno-Rossetti and M. Marabelli, "Analyses of the Patinas of a
Gilded Horse of St. Mark's Basilica in Venica: Corrosion
Mechanisms and Conservation Problems," Studies in Conservation
21 No.4 161-170 (1976).
M. Edge, The Art of Patinas for Bronze, Springfield Press (1990).
120pp.
R.J. Gettens, "Patina: Noble and Vile," Art Technology Symposium
Classical Bronzes 1967 57-72 (1970).
R. Hughes, et al., The Colouring, Bronzing and Patination of
Metals, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York (1991). 372pp.
A.W. Smith, "Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Ratios of
Malachite from the Patinas of Ancient Bronze Objects,"
Archaeometry 20 (Part 2) 123-133 (1978).
C.H. Thornton, A.A. Hershman and R. Eborall, "The Structure of
Copper Surfaces and Films," Report No.S296/14 to INCRA, New
York (1972). 29pp.
Silver: Analysis
P. Meyers and E.V. Sayre, "The Determination of Trace Elements in
Ancient Silver Objects by Thermal Neutron Activation Analysis. A
Preliminary Report," Bulletin of the American Group - The
International Institute for Conservation of Historical and Artistic
Works 11 No.2 29-33 (1971).
R.M. Myers and J.F. Hanlan, "The Compositional Analysis of
French-Canadian Church Silver," Bulletin of the National Gallery
of Canada 21 22-33 (1975).
J. Trudel, "tude sur une Statue en Argent de Salomon Marion,"
Bulletin of the National Gallery of Canada 21 3-21 (1973).
Silver Coinage: Analysis
J.N. Barrandon, J.P. Callu and C. Brenot, "The Analysis of
Constantinian Coins (A.D. 313-40) by Non-Destructive
Californium 252 Activation Analyses," Archaeometry 19 (Part 2)
173-186 (1977).
H. Bluyssen and P.B. Smith, "Determination of Silver Content of
Greek Coins by Neutron Analysis," Archaeometry 5 113-118
(1962).
G.F. Carter, "Reproducibility of X-ray Fluorescence Analyses of
Septimius Severus Denarii," Archaeometry 19 (Part 1) 67-73
(1977).
R.J. Fleet, "The Use of Specific Heat in the Non-Destructive
Analysis of Silver/Copper Alloy Coins," Archaeometry 17 (Part 1)
101-106 (1975).
R.J. Fleet, "The Application of Specific Heat in the Detection of
Debasement in Ancient Silver/Copper Alloy Coins," Archaeometry
18 (Part 1) 117-120 (1976).
J.S. Forbes and D.M. Dalladay, "Composition of English Silver
Coins (870-1300)," British Numismatic Journal 10 82-87 (1960-
61).
W. Gentner, O. Mller and G.A. Wagner, "Silver Sources of
Archaic Greek Coinage," Die Naturwissenschaften 65 No.6 273-
284 (1978).
D. Gibbons and D. Lawson, "Investigation of the Silver Content of
Roman Coinage by Neutron Activation Analysis," National Bureau
of Standards Special Publication 1, No.312 226-229 (1969).
A.A. Gordus, "Neutron Activation Analysis of Streaks from Coins
and Metallic Works of Art," In Application of Science in
Examination of Works of Art, W.J. Young, Editor, Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston (1970). pp. 9-17.
A.A. Gordus, "Neutron Activation Analysis of Coins and Coin
Streaks," Symposium on the Analysis of Ancient and Medieval
Coins, Royal Numismatic Society, London (1970).
R.J. Hopper, "The Laurion Mines: A Reconsideration," Annual of
the British School at Athens 63 293-327 (1968).
M.J. Hughes and W.A. Oddy, "A Reappraisal of the Specific
Gravity Method for the Analysis of Gold Alloys," Archaeometry
12 (Part 1) 1-11 (1970).
D.M. Metcalf and F. Schweitzer, "Metal Contents of the Silver
Pennies of William II and Henry I (1087-1135)," Archaeometry 13
(Part 2) 177-190 (1971).
F. Schweizer and A.M. Friedman, "Comparison of Methods of
Analysis of Silver and Gold in Silver Coins," Archaeometry 14
(Part 1) 105-109 (1972).
R. Thiele, U.A. Khin and U. Kyaw, "Neutron Activation Analysis
of Ancient Burmese Silver Coins with a Low Flux
Americum/Beryllium Neutron Source," Archaeometry 14 (Part 2)
199-219 (1972).
See Also: Case Studies: Asyut Hoard (Part VII).; Coins: Analysis.
Silver: Conservation
Anon., "Silver-Care Products," Consumer Reports February 1978
pp.104-107.
E. Foltz, "Restaurierung und Rekonstruktion eines Silbergefsses
von St. Adrien," Arbeitsbltter fr Restauratoren 10 No.2 Gruppe 3
20-26 (1977).
T. Stambolov, "Removal of Corrosion on an Eighteenth Century
Silver Bowl," Studies in Conservation 11 37-44 (1966).
A.E. Werner, "Einige Problems bei der Konservierung antiken
Silbers," Arbeitsbltter fr Restauratoren No.1 Gruppe 3 4-10
(1969).
Silver: General
A. Butts and C.D. Coxe, Silver: Economics, Metallurgy and Use,
D. Van Nostrand, New York, x + 488pp.
K.S. Painter, "Gold and Silver in the Roman World," In Aspects of
Early Metallurgy, W.A. Oddy, Editor, British Museum, London
(1980). pp.135-151.
Silver: Technology
W.T. Chase, "The Technical Examination of Two Sassanian Silver
Plates," Ars Orientalis 7 75-93 (1968).
J.A. Charles, "The First Sheffield Plate,' Antiquity 42 No.168 278-
286 (1968).
D.F. Gibbons and K.C. Ruhl, "The Metallurgical Technique of the
Silver `Plate with Figures,' Gupta Period," Ars Orientalis 11 177-
182 (1979).
D.F. Gibbons, K.C. Ruhl and D.G. Shepherd, "Techniques of
Silversmithing in Hormizd II Plate," Ars Orientalis 11 163-176
(1979).
D. Hansen, K.C. Lefferts and S.M. Alexander, "A Proto-Elamite
Silver Figurine in the Metropolitan Museum of Art," Metropolitan
Museum Journal 3 5-26 (1970).
J.S. Forbes, "Hallmarking in Gold and Silver," Chemistry in Britain
7 No.3 98-102 (1971).
R.N. Frye, "Historical Notes on Sassanian and Byzantine Silver,"
Bulletin of the Asia Institute of Pahlavi University, No.1 36-42
(1969). (See AATA 8-1942).
D.A. Kounas, Editor, Studies on the Ancient Silver Mines at
Laurion, Coronado Press, Lawrence, Kansas (1972).
C.C. Patterson, "Native Copper, Silver and Gold Accessible to
Early Metallurgists," American Antiquity 36 No.3 286-321 (1971).
G.A. Wagner, W. Gentner, H. Gropengiesser and N.H. Gale, "Early
Bronze Age Lead-Silver Mining and Metallugry in the Aegean:
The Ancient Workings on Siphnos," In Scientific Studies in Early
Mining and Extractive Metallurgy, British Museum Occasional
Paper No.20, P.D. Craddock, Editor, British Museum Research
Laboratory, London (1980).
Zinc
J.K. Almond, "Zinc Production at Tindale Fell, Cumbria,: Journal
of the Historical Metallurgy Society 11 No.1 30-38 (1977).
A.C. Downs, Jr., "The Introduction of American Zinc Paints, ca.
1850," APT Bulletin 6 No.2 36-37 (1974).
A.C. Downs, Jr., "Zinc for Paint and Architectural Use in the 19th
Century," APT Bulletin 8 No.4 80-99 (1976).
M. Farnsworth and C.H. Kline, Zinc Chemicals, Zinc Institute,
New York (1973). 243pp.
S.Z. Lewin and S.M. Alexander, "The Composition and Structure
of Natural Patinas, II. Zinc and Zinc Alloys," AATA 7 No.2 149-
172 (1968).
NOTE: Zincscan, f/k/a Zinc Abstracts abstracts the current
technical and historical literature dealing with zinc and its
compounds.

For References on Brasses, see Copper and Copper Alloys.