Francesco Carobolante

Vice President Engineering

Wireless Power Transfer

Overcoming the Technological Hurdles
DISCLAIMER: The information provided in this presentation is for informational purposes only and is not
intended to be, and should not be taken as or construed to be, legal and/or regulatory advice or
recommendations. You should consult a lawyer or other advisor if you want professional assurance that
the information in this presentation, and your interpretation of it, is accurate and/or appropriate to your
particular situation. Any reliance upon any opinion, advice, statement, diagrams or information contained
in this presentation shall be at your sole risk. Qualcomm Incorporated makes no representation, neither
expressly nor impliedly, as to the accuracy, completeness, timeliness or reliability of the materials or any
information contained in this presentation.
Wireless power has a long history

1901: Resonant Magnetic Induction

1902: Wireless Energy Transmission

Wireless Charging Landscape
Coupling of RF energy to a device with
a small receiver antenna with device in
the RF far field
Long Range: Far-field RF
Device is brought within near field of a low
frequency TX antenna. RF energy couples
Convenience

Short to Medium Range: to device with small receive antenna

Near Field Resonance where it is rectified for device charging

Coupling of RF energy when a device with a

Short Range: Inductive Coupling small receive antenna is placed on a charging
surface containing the transmit elements

Zero Range: Conductive Mat Current flows through the pad to a

conductive adapter in the device
General Wireless Power Transfer Model
(multiple receivers)

Harmonic Rectifier &

Filter Regulator

Coupled
Oscillator Harmonic Coils
& Driver Filter
Subsystem

Harmonic Rectifier &

Filter Regulator
Overcoming the Technological Hurdles

Commercial
Use Case Regulatory Standardization Readiness
Overcoming the Technological Hurdles

Commercial
Use Case Regulatory Standardization Readiness
Wireless Power Needs to Support
Simultaneous Charging of Multiple Devices and Types

Preferred Number of Devices Devices Likely to Buy and Use

to Be Simultaneously Charged with Wireless Charging
Mobile Phone 74%
Digital Camera 45%
Laptop 34%
MP3 Music Player 34%
Bluetooth Headset 25%
Smartphone 18%
Handheld Game 13%
Camcorder 12%
Portable 12%
Portable Media 11%
Portable DVD Playe 11%
Mobile Internet 4%
Portable Satellite 3%

Multiple Devices Netbook 2%

UMPC 1%
Single Device
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Source: Qualcomm omnibus survey: Base: US Consumers Who Own Traditional Mobile Phone or Smartphone and Are At Least
Somewhat Interested in the Wireless Charging Concept (n=657 and n=483)
Flexible Coupling
A Truly Universal Solution

NOT specific to device type

No need to specify location
No alignment required
A4WP Technologies Clear the 1st Hurdle
Meets Consumers Use Case Requirements
Delivers Spatial Freedom
X/Y Placement
Benefit: Plenty of Room for up to 3
smartphones or a single tablet
Simultaneously Delivers Z Freedom
Benefit: Users can charge seamlessly in all
environments
Multi-Device Charging
Multi-Device Type Charging
Use Case
Overcoming the Technological Hurdles

Commercial
Use Case Regulatory Standardization Readiness
Human Exposure Limits
FCC1 limit of 1.6 W/kg on 1g SAR2 to prevent tissue heating for f > 100 kHz
ICNIRP3 1998 and 2010 standards for induced current density (J) and induced electric field (E) between 1 Hz
and 10 MHz to prevent nerve stimulation in both central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS)
2010 standard specifies the E limits for both CNS and PNS
1998 standard was based on effects seen in CNS from biological studies but specifies the induced J limits for all tissues
in head and trunk regions
As of today, ICNIRP 2010 standard has not been adopted by regulatory bodies. Hence, human exposure should
be qualified for all exposure quantities in 100 kHz to 10 MHz frequency range:

1 Federal Communications Committee

2 Specific Absorption Rate
3 International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
Exposure Estimation for Embedded Desktop Module
A simulation methodology is necessary to assess RF
exposure with respect to ICNIRP basic restrictions
Numerous wireless power uses cases have been
evaluated by Qualcomm to determine whether the
regulatory requirements can be achieved. A few
examples are as follows:
Next to a tray placed on a table
Next to a nightstand
Working at a desk with embedded TX
Hands on a driving wheel
A hand on driving wheel and the other near a gear shift
Each use case evaluated show results below the
regulatory requirements

6.8 ATrms corresponds to 25 W of power transferred to the load in the embedded system. For the same
load, 37 W of power can be delivered when the worst case reaches the exposure limit.
 Regulatory Emissions Requirements
Radiated emissions assessment per Radiated emissions assessment per
FCC Pt.15/18 US limits CISPR1 11 Intl limits for ISM Equipment
Emission comparison with FCC limits Emission comparison with CISPR 11 limits
80 70
Unrestricted limit at ISM 6.78MHz Unrestricted limit
468kHz, H=60.50
70 at ISM 6.78MHz
Limits @300m Limit @30m 60

60 6.78MHz, H=54.07
50

H-field (dBuA/m)
E-field (dBuV/m)

FCC Pt.15 limit

50 FCC Pt.18 limit
RE of charging at 468kHz 40
RE of charging at 6.78MHz
40
30
30
6.78MHz, E=73.02 20
20 CISPR11 G2B limit@3m
CISPR 11 cooker limit@3m
10 10
RE of charging at 468kHz
468kHz, E=8.3 RE of charging at 6.78MHz
0 0
0.10 1.00 10.00 0.10 1.00 10.00
Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz)

Both the Low frequency solution (468KHz) Low frequency solution (468KHz) for the
and The higher frequency solution desired use case does not meet the CISPR 11
(6.78MHz) for the desired use case meet the requirements
FCC requirements The higher frequency solution (6.78MHz) for
the desired use case meets the CISPR11
1
requirement
Comit International Spcial des Perturbations Radiolectriques
A4WP Technologies Clear the 2nd Hurdle:
Regulatory Requirements
Regulatory
Wireless Power Compliance
Regulatory categorization depends on
frequency of operation and signaling
approach
ISM or other category of equipment
Frequency selection is critical to ensure
compliance with radiated emissions limits
Wireless power compliance with RF
exposure should be assessed using Basic
Restrictions
Dependency on frequency, power, loop
geometry and use case definition
Regulators currently assessing wireless
power and applicability of existing rules
Overcoming the Technological Hurdles

Commercial
Use Case Regulatory Standardization Readiness
Alliance for Wireless Power
A Path to Standardization
Purpose
Enable a global wireless power transfer ecosystem based on a non-radiative, near-field magnetic resonance
approach
Deliver Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) spatial freedom
Vision
Be the primary venue supporting the evolution of wireless power transfer technologies, products and
services based on a non-radiative, near-field magnetic resonance approach
Mission
Global standardization
Certification and testing
Regulatory compliance and policy
Open System
Many Opportunities for Innovation and Differentiation
2.4GHz Comm

ZIN_TX ZIN_TX ZIN_RX ZIN_RX

Z21
Filters
+ + Filter
Amplifier
Rectifier
Drivers
AC Processor
Processor VTX Resonator VRX
Converter
Converters ITX Sense
Sense
Communication - - Communication

Only key interfaces are constrained

Alliance for Wireless Power Ecosystem
Membership 38
Design, Test &
Automotive Carrier Consumer Devices Components Furniture Technology
Certification
A4WP Technologies Clear the 3rd Hurdle:
Standardization Requirements
The technical working committee has
been established
Responsible to develop, maintain and execute
the A4WP Technical Program focused on the
development and maintenance of a Wireless
Power Transfer Technical Specification
The baseline system specification has been
APPROVED and released to the membership
The following committees have
also been established:
Certification Working Committee
Standardization Regulatory Working Committee
Marketing Working Committee
Overcoming the Technological Hurdles

Commercial
Use Case Regulatory Standardization Readiness
Technology Meeting Commercial Readiness

Meeting the needs of the Smartphone is a key driver for the wireless power market to
achieve its potential
74% of questioned Smartphone users are likely to buy and use wireless charging1

Some of the Keys to Smartphone Adoption:

Meeting the use case described earlier
Meeting charge time, touch and battery temperature requirements
Meeting radio coexistence requirements
Ensuring metal objects in or near the field do not have a significant temperature rise

1 Source: Qualcomm omnibus survey

Meeting Charge Time, Battery, and Touch Temperature
Requirements Performance relative WiPower Receiver
Commercially
Available WPT
to a wired charger Multicharger
Solution
Charge power
(% of wired charger 73% 57%
Power)
% of Max outside
96% 81%
case temp. spec.
% of Max touch-
76% Not measured
screen temp. Spec
% of Max battery
76% 82%
temp. Spec.
Time to charge
termination (% of 119% 150%
wired charger time)

A4WP-compatible Technologies Meet Charge Time, Battery, and Touch Temperature

Requirements Based on Commercial Benchmarks
Meeting Radio Coexistence Requirement:
WWAN (GSM, CDMA, LTE, etc.), GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and NFC

Qualcomm has Qualcomm Regulatory Coexistence is

over 25 years team performs addressed at the
experience link budget analysis to implementation level
ensuring radio characterize with OEMs
coexistence degradation due to
noise and isolation/
rejection needed
per design
WWAN Coexistence Reference Specs
TIS1 Specs for OEM Specs for Derived Min TIS
TIS Specs by UE
Applications Phone by Degradation by Due to Interference Source Docs
Vendors or Std
Carriers Accessory by WiPower
CDMA 850 Spec.
Spec. Provided, [1] Spec. Provided, [1] Carrier 1 specs
Provided,[6]

CDMA 1900 Spec.

Spec. Provided, [2] Spec. Provided, [2] Carrier 2 specs
Provided,[6]

GSM 850 Spec. [3] Carrier 3

Spec. Provided, [3] Spec. Provided, [4] Spec. Provided,
Provided,[6] specs

GSM 900 Spec. [4] 3GPP TSG

Spec. Provided, [3] Spec. Provided, [4] Spec. Provided,
Provided,[6] RAN WG4-#52

GSM 1800/1900 Spec.

Spec. Provided, [3] Spec. Provided, [4] Spec. Provided,
Provided,[6]

UMTS 2100 Spec. [5] GSMA SE.43

Spec. Provided, [3] Spec. Provided, [5] Spec. Provided,
Provided,[6] v3.0

GPS [6] XX OEM

Spec. Provided,
accessory specs

WLAN Spec. Provided, based [7] 802.11x

on data rate [7] standard

BT Spec. Provided, [8] [8] BT RF Specs

1 TIS = Total isotropic sensitivity (average over the whole sphere)
 Example of Test Results and Design Guidance
% Delta Margin (dB)
Technology Worst
Platform Highest EISmin (dBm) to Derived Spec.
and Band Position
(assuming 3dBi antenna gain)
CDMA BC0 4 Spec Provided 1.7%
Device 1
CDMA BC 1 7 Spec Provided 0.3%
CDMA BC 0 4 Spec Provided 1.2%
Device 2
CDMA BC1 1 Spec Provided 0.2%
: only one position was checked for Device 2

The radiated performance is device specific. Below highlights the guidance for performance improvement

Noise sources Mitigation solution

Harmonics Low-pass filter at PA output
from Tx Isolation between Tx coil and
(amplifier) WWAN antenna
Harmonics EMI filter between Rx coil and
from Rx rectifier
(rectifier) Isolation between Rx coil and
WWAN antenna
Ensuring Metal Objects in or Near the Field Do Not Have a
Significant Temperature Rise
Expected Variation in Induced Power Losses Across Frequency

Wireless Charging Solutions

Operating in the 100s of KHz
Range Generate ~10x the
Amount of Induced Power in
Foreign Objects as That of
6.78 MHz Systems
A4WP Technologies Clear the 4th Hurdle:
Commercial Readiness Requirements

Evaluation platforms have

demonstrated that the
technology can
Meet the charge time, touch and battery
temperature requirements
Meet radio coexistence requirements
Commercial
Deliver a SPATIAL FREEDOM use case
Readiness
while ensuring objects in or near the
field do not have a significant
temperature rise
Overcoming the Technological Hurdles to Drive
Wireless Power into the Mainstream
Wireless Power Selection Checklist A4WP
Delivers Spatial Freedom (Simultaneously meeting X/Y and Z)
Meets
Use Case Simultaneous charging of multiple devices
Requirements
Simultaneous charging of multiple device types
Meets ICNIRP
Regulatory
Requirements FCC Part 15/18
Meets
Standardization
Requirements
Meets Charge Time, Touch and Battery Temperature Requirements
Commercial
Readiness
Mobile Phone Coexistence
Requirements Minimal temperature rise in foreign objects in or near the field
Overcoming the Hurdles to Drive
Wireless Power into the Mainstream
Mainstream

Commercial
Use Case Regulatory Standardization Readiness
Thank you
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