EEE 533 ASSIGNMENT

GROUP 10

ITUMA VICTORIA CHINWENDU ENG1202945 (Group leader)

AKPOMUETATA OGHENEFEJIRO .M ENG1202932

EREZI DELIGHT EMALERETA ENG1202958

OSASERE USIEKHAGUERE ENG1203044

AKPOMIEMIE OVIE ENG1202858

DANIEL IMOENI OGBAMIKHUMI ENG1203006

ISHAKA ONORIODE ENG1202979

1 Short circuit on no load of a synchronous machine

The problem of short-circuit on a synchronous machine whose cross-sectional

view is shown in Fig. 1 will again be considered. The following assumptions
will be made:

Fig 1. Cross-sectional view of salient pole synchronous machine

- A
r
m
ature resistance is negligible.
- All the three phases are short-circuited simultaneously (symmetrical 3
phase shortcircuit).
- Before the short-circuit, the machine is operating under no-load (open-
circuit) condition.

Since the flux linkages of each stator phase (caused by the direct-axis flux
set up by the field current) cannot change instantaneously, dc off-set currents
appear in all the three phases. These currents are proportional to the flux
linkages of each phase at the instant of short-circuit, i.e. these are proportional
to the cosine of the angle between the phase axis and d-axis. For example, if the
d-axis is oriented along the a phase axis at the instant of short-circuit, the dc off-
set current in phase a has a certain positive value while negative dc off-set
currents of half this value would appear in phases b and c.

For short circuit at this instant the wave forms of short circuit currents in the
three phases are shown in Fig. 2 which also indicates the dc off-set currents in
dotted
Fig 2: Short circuit current waveform in the three phases of a synchronous generator
line. If the dc off-set currents are removed from the short circuit currents, we are
left with the symmetrical short circuit current which is the same in all the three
phases but for a phase difference of 120.

The symmetrical short-circuit current (in each phase) is 90 lagging

current, constituting the d-axis current, the q-axis current being zero (see Fig.
3). It establishes a demagnetizing armature reaction along the d-axis. By the
theorem of constant flux linkages the flux Of linking the field winding and
damper winding (in Fig. 1 damper bars* form coils as 11, 22 and 33 whose
axis is along the d-axis) must be maintained by appearance of induced
(unidirectional) currents on the field winding (over and above the normal
excitation current) and damper winding. As a result the air-gap emf, Er initially
equals Ef = VOC (no-load voltage). The short-circuit current is then (Er =
Ef)/X1, a very large value. The phasor diagram under these conditions is drawn
in Fig. 3
Fig 3: phasor diagram upon initiation of 3-phase fault (Armature reaction
flux is cancelled by flux set up by the additional field current and
the damper winding current)

The induced currents in the damper and field windings decay at rates
determined by their respective time-constants. The damper winding comprising
a few thick bars has a much lower time-constant than that for the field winding
and its induced current is the first to vanish. As the induced current of the
damper winding decays, the net d-axis flux and therefore the air-gap emf (Er)
reduces and the symmetrical short-circuit current decays accordingly as shown
in Fig. 4. This initial period of decay of the short-circuit current is called the
subtrasient period in which the current decay is governed mainly* * by the
damper winding time-constant.

As time progresses the induced field current continues to decay governed

by its own time-constant. As a consequence the net d-axis flux continues to
decay and so does the symmetrical short-circuit current till the steady-state
short-circuit current (Ef/Xd) is established after the induced current in the field
winding has died out. This period of the short-circuit transient is called the
transient period as indicated in Fig. 4
Figure 4 shows the complete waveform of the symmetrical short-circuit current
in a synchronous machine. This plot can be obtained from the oscillogram of the
short-circuit current in one of the phases after the dc off-set value has been
subtracted from it. The three periodssubstransient, transient and steady-
stateare indicated on the current envelope. The decaying envelope is clearly
indicative of the fact that

Fig 4: symmetrical short circuit current in synchronous generator

the equivalent d-axis reactance offered by the machine continuously increases

as time progresses and finally settles to the steady value Xd when the armature
reaction demagnetizing effect becomes fully effective. Extrapolation of the
subtransient, transient and steady-state current envelopes identifies the ordinates
Oa, Ob, and Oc on the current coordinate. The machine presents three different
reactances, during the short circuit, as defined below:

ii

iii

iv

The variation of the rms SC current with time can be expressed as below
following the physical arguments presented earlier

v
The effect of the dc off-set current on the symmetrical SC current can be
accounted for by means of a suitable multiplying factor which depends upon the
number of cycles that have elapsed after the short-circuit.

2. ShortCircuit under Loaded Conditions

The method of calculating short-circuit currents during the subtransient

and transient periods will be presented here. The circuit models of the machine
to be used in computing subtransient and transient currents are given in Fig 5(a)
and (b) wherein in place of excitation emf, voltages behind subtransient and
transient reactances are used. These are given as:

Fig 5

vi
vii

where Vo is the machine terminal voltage and /0 is the machine current prior to
occurrence of the fault.

The subtransient and transient currents during short circuit are given by

viii
 ix

Of course the steady-state short circuit current is given by

where Ef is the excitation emf and Xd, the steady-state d-axis reactance.