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GEOLOGYANDGEOHERITAGECONSERVATIONWITHIN
LANGKAWIGEOPARK,MALAYSIA
Published:Mar05,2008

MohdShafeeaLeman1,IbrahimKomoo1,KamalRoslanMohamed1,CheAzizAli1,TanotUnjah1,KasimOthman2&MohdHizamriMohdYasin2
1InstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopmentLESTARI,UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia,43600Bangi,Selangor,MALAYSIA.
2ForestryDepartmentofPeninsularMalaysia,JalanSultanSalahudin,50660KualaLumpur,MALAYSIA.

Abstract:TheLangkawiGeoparkismadeupof99tropicalislandsoffthenorthwesterncoastofPeninsularMalaysiacoveringanareaofabout478square
kilometer.Theserockytropicallegendaryislandsarerichingeodiversity,manyofwhichhavescientificvalueofnationalandregionalsignificant.Langkawi
Geoparkhighlightstheregion'smostcompletePalaeozoicgeologicalhistoryandoutstandingbeautyoftropicalislandkarstlandscape.ThePalaeozoicrocksof
LangkawiGeoparkcontainamongotherstheoldeststrataintheregion,completePalaeozoicsuccessionfromCambriantoPermian,andbestsedimentologicaland
palaeontologicalevidencesaffiliatingLangkawiandthesurroundingregionwithGondwanaland.LangkawiGeoparkportraysarichmixturesofsurfacewater,
groundwaterandoceanwaveoriginatedkarsticlandscapeincludingsomerareformationofislandsandhills,ridgesandpinnaclesgorges,wangsanddolinelakes
caves,tunnelsandtheirdiversecavedepositlandformsandseanotches,seacaves,seatunnels,seaarchesandseastacks.LangkawiGeoparkgeoheritagesitesare
mostlyprotectedwithintheMalaysianholisticnatureconservationconceptofGeoforestParkwhererockconservationisequallytreatedasbiologicalconservation
andothernatureconservationcomponents.ThreegeoforestparksofLangkawiaretheMachinchangCambrian,KilimKarstandDayangBuntingMarbleGeoforest
Parks,eachofwhichhighlightingitsownuniquegeologyandgeologicallandscape.OthersmallerconservationareasaretheRecreationalForestandState
PermanentForestReserves,whichhostedseveralprotectedgeoheritagesitesandgeologicalmonumentsoutsidethegeoforestparks.

Keyword:geoheritagesite,Palaeozoicgeologicalhistory,tropicalislandkarst,geoforestpark,RecreationalForest,Langkawi,Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

LangkawiGeoparkisMalaysia'sandSoutheastAsia'sfirstestablishedgeoparklocatedinthefarnorthwesterncornerofPeninsularMalaysia,adjacenttotheThai
border(Figure1).LocatedintheStateofKedah,theLangkawiGeoparkisuniqueasitcomprises99islandsthatformedthelegendaryLangkawiArchipelago.The
totallandareaofLangkawiGeoparkisabout478squarekilometers.ThisgeoparkisaccessiblebyseafromKualaPerlis,KualaKedahandPenangFerryTerminals
andbyairfromKualaLumpur,Penang,SingaporeandseveralotherInternationalAirports.

Uponapproachingtheislands,viaseaorair,onewouldbemesmerizedbythebeautyofLangkawi'shighlydiversescenicandcolourfulnaturallandscapes.These
naturallandscapesoftenreflectdiversegeodiversityandcomplexgeologicalhistoryoftheislands.Inacountrythatislargelyaffectedbyintensetropical
weathering,theabundanceofgeologicalexposuresandlandscapesshouldberegardedasarareblessing.Apartfromit'srichgeodiversity,Langkawialsoblessed
withrichfloraandfauna,anddiverselocalcultures.ThesehavemadeLangkawioneoftheleadingecotourismhubintheregion.Withstrongsupportfromthe
MalaysianFederalandKedahStateGovernments,theLangkawiDevelopmentAuthority(LADA)hasplacedmuchefforttomakeLangkawianenvironmentally
sustainabletouristdestinationcapitalizingonitswealthofnaturediversityandrecreationalpotential.TherealizationofLangkawiGeoparkon31stMay2006isa
testimonytothiseffortandnowLangkawishouldprogressfurthertoclaimitsstakeaspremierecotourismdestinationinthispartoftheworld.

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GEOLOGYOFLANGKAWI

ThegeologyofLangkawiislandstodayisaresultofaverylongdepositionalhistoryunderthevarioussedimentologicalregimesandpalaeoenvironmental
conditions,followedbythetectonicandmagmaticeventsandfinallybysurfaceprocessesthatetchedthepresentbeautifullandscape.Theearlyepisodeof
LangkawiformationwasrelatedtothelongdepositionaleventsthattookplacealongthemarginofGondwanaland.DuringthePalaeozoicandMesozoiceras,
Langkawiundergonedynamicgeologicalevents,mostofwhichcorrespondstoeventsthatleadtowardstheGondwanadispersionandAsianaccretion.

Ingeneral,rocksofLangkawiIslandscanbeeasilydividedintofoursedimentaryrockformationsandonegraniteformation(Figure2).Thesesedimentaryrock
formations,inascendingorder,aretheMachinchang,Setul,SingaandChupingFormations.Langkawisedimentarysequenceisgenerallyyoungingtotheeast,but
thesequencewasinterruptedbythepresenceofKisapThrustFaultintheeasternpartofLangkawi.Thewestwardtransportdirectionofthisfaulthasbroughtolder
Setul(andpossiblyMachinchang)Formation(s)fromtheeasttooverlayyoungerChupingandSingaFormationinthecentralaxisofLangkawiIslands.Triassic
GunungRayagraniteintrudedoldersedimentaryrockformationsandturnedthempartiallyintovarioustypesofcontactmetamorphicrocks.Spatialdistributionof
allLangkawirockformationsisshowninFigure2andthecrosssectionacrossLangkawiIslandsisshownFigure3.

SinceLateTrisassictime,notmuchgeologicalrecordsareknownforLangkawi.TropicalweatheringuponrocksofLangkawimighthavetakenplacesinceEarly
Jurassicandcontinuesuntilthepresentday.ThisweatheringprocessplayedveryimportantroleinproducingbeautifullandscapesofLangkawitoday.Ofspecial
interestistheprolongedweatheringonlimestoneandmarblelandscapethatinvolvederosionanddissolutionbysurface,undergroundaswellasseawater.Asa
result,Langkawihasoneofthemostbeautifulanduniqueislandkarstlandscapesandkarstfeatures.Theworld'sraremangroveonlimestonebedrocksandhuman
dependencyonthemangroveenvironmentmakeLangkawiGeoparkevenmoreunique.YoungestgeologicalunitinLangkawiistheunconsolidatedrecentsandand
claydepositedinnarrowvalleysandcoastalplains.

MachinchangFormation(EarlytoLateCambrian)
TheMachinchangFormationistheoldestrockformationinLangkawiIslandandinMalaysia,namedbyJones(1961)aftertheMachinchangMountainsinthe
northwestofLangkawiIsland(Figure2).TheLateCambrianagefortheupperpartoftheformationwasinterpretedfromthepresenceofthecountry'soldestfossil
faunaofbrachiopodandtrilobitesdescribedbyLeman(1997)fromPulauJemuruk.TheMachinchangFormationispredominantlymadeoffinetomediumgrained
sandstonewithsubordinatecoarsegrainedsandstone,conglomerateandshaleaccumulatingatotalthicknessofupto2830m.TheMachinchangsandstonewas
interpretedasadeltaicdepositbyJones(1981),deltaictoshallowmarinedepositbyLee(1983,2006)andfluvialtodeltaicandopenmarinedepositbyAbdullahet
al(1997).TheformationisprobablyequivalenttotheTarutaoFormationofSouthThailand(Lee1983)andisoverlainconformablybytheSetulFormationatTeluk
KubangBadak.

SetulFormation(EarlyOrdoviciantoMiddleDevonian)
TheSetulFormationistheoldestlimestoneformationinMalaysiaandtheneighbouringregion.ItiswidelydistributedintheeasternpartofLangkawiIslandsas
wellasinPerlisStateandSatunProvinceofThailand.TheSetulformationwasnamedbyJones(1961)aftertheSatunProvinceinSouthernThaiforwhichthelocal
MalaysiancalledSetul.TheageoftheSetulFormationrangesfromEarlyOrdoviciantoMiddleDevonian,interpretedfromtheageofvariousfossilhorizonswithin
theformation.ThelowerboundaryoftheformationisexposedatTelukKubangBadakwhiletheupperboundarycanbeseeninthenorthPulauLanggun,whereit
wasoverlainbytheLateDevonianredbedofSingaFormation.SetulFormationispredominantlymadeupofthintothicklybeddeddarkgreylimestone,with
severalinterfingeringbandsofdetritalrocks.Jones(1981)describedfourmembersoftheformationnamelytheLowerLimestoneMember,LowerDetritalMember,
UpperLimestoneMemberandtheUpperDetritalMemberatLanggunIsland.

SingaFormation
TheSingaFormationwasnamedbyJones(1961)afterthePulauSingaBesarforthepredominantlydarkcolouredshaleandsiltstonewidelydistributedinthe
southwesternpartoftheLangkawiIslands.Thetotalthicknessoftheformationisestimatedat2100m.ItslowerboundaryisconformablyoverlaintheSetul
FormationinthenorthernpartofPulauLanggunwhileitsupperboundariesatPulauSingaBesarandPulauSingaKechilareconformablyoverlainbytheChuping
limestone.TheageoftheSingaFormationisLateDevoniantolateEarlyPermian.TheSingaFormationcontainsvarioushorizonsofglacialmarinediamictites
(Stauffer&Mantajit1981,Stauffer&Lee1986,Leman2000)representedbythicklybeddedtomassivedarkgraytoblacksiltstoneandmudstone,containing
sporadicclastsofvariousorigin,size,shapeanddegreeofroundnessincludingaforeignonebillionyearsoldigneousrocktronjehmite.Theformationalsoyields
varioushorizonsofcoldwaterbrachiopodfauna(Shietal.1987,Leman2003a).TheSingaFormationcanbedividedintofourmembersi.e.theRebak,Kentut,Ular
andSelangmembers,fromoldesttoyoungest.

ChupingFormation
TheChupingFormationwasnamedbyJones(1961)aftertheChupingHillinPerlisStateforthethicklybeddedtomassivelightgraycrystallinedolomiticlimestone
exposedinPerlisandLangkawiIslands(Figure2).InLangkawiIslands,however,asignificantportionoftheformationiscomposedofthinlybeddeddarkgray
bioclasticlimestone,particularlyinthelowerpartoftheformation(Leman2003b).ThetotalthicknessoftheChupingFormationinLangkawiislandsisestimatedat
750900m.TheageoftheformationislateEarlyPermiantopossiblylateTriassic,butonlyEarlytoMiddlePermianfossilsareknowninLangkawiIslands.The
entireupperhalfoftheformationhadundergoneacertaindegreeofmetamorphismandisthereforedevoidoffossils.Thebasalpartoftheformationshows
transitionalpassagebedbetweensiltstoneofSingaFormationtolimestonebedofSetulFormation.TheupperboundaryoftheChupingFormationisnotexposedor
faultedandoverthrusrtedbyolderSetulFormation.

Granite
Largeandsmalligneousstocksandbossesarefoundscattered,particularlyinthecentralpartofLangkawiIslands.Outofthesetherearetwolargerigneousstocks
namelytheGunungRayaandBukitSawarstocks.OtherbodiesincludingtheKuah,TubaandDayangBuntingstocksarecomparativelysmallerthanthesetwo.The
LangkawiigneousbodieshavebeencollectivelynamedastheGunungRayaGranite,whichhasbeendatedbyBignell&Snelling(1977)asLateTriassic.Granites
ofLangkawiarepredominantlymadeofporphyriticgraniteswithsomecoarseandfinegrainedequigranulargranitesandraredykeandsillformingpegmatite
andaplite.ThegranitesofLangkawiintrudeseveraltypesofhostrocks,transformedthemintovarioustypesofmetamorphicrocks,andbringingalongwiththem
somemineralssuchastourmaline,ilmenite,zirconandgarnet.

GEOHERITAGEOFLANGKAWI

Langkawipossessesrichgeodiversityintermsofrocks,minerals,fossils,geologicalstructures,geomorphologicalandlandscapefeatures,withheritagevalueof
nationalandregionalsignificant.GeoheritageofLangkawimostlyoccurredwithinrockycoasts,cliffs,peaksandwaterfallsaswellasincaves.Somehighly
significantexposureshavebeenclassifiedasgeoheritagesites,containingoneormoregeodiversitiesofhighheritagevalue.Therearemorethan90geoheritagesites
identifiedthroughouttheLangkawiGeopark,someofwhichhavebeenproposedintotheNationalGeologicalHeritageLists.Despiteofitsrichgeodiversity,
LangkawiGeoparkwillonlyhighlighttwomajorgeologicalattractions,thatare:
completePalaeozoicgeologicalrecords(Figure4),incorporatingoldestrocksandfossilsintheregion,bestpreservedsedimentarystructuresandfossils,best
sedimentologicalandpalaeontologicalevidencesforaffiliationwithGondwanaland.
mostbeautifulislandkarstlandscapeintheregionfeaturinguniquehills,ridges,islandsandpinnacles,beautifulcaves,tunnelsandarchesandthemagnificentrare
mangroveassociationwithlimestonebedrock.

GEOHERITAGECONSERVATION

MostofLangkawigeoheritagesitesareconfinedwithindifferentclassesofforestreservesandthusareprotectedunderprovidedconservationactofForestry
DepartmentofPeninsularMalaysia(LemanandKomoo2006).ConservationstrategyforgeoheritagesitesoutsidethejurisdictionoftheForestryDepartmentisstill
underitsearlyplanningstage.AsforthosealreadyfallwithinPermanentReservedForest(PRF)andRecreationalForest,LangkawiGeoparkadoptedtheconcepts
ofprotectedgeositeandgeologicalmonumentintroducedbyKomoo(2003),andtheconceptofgeoforestparkintroducedbyIsmailetal.(2004).Atpresent,
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LangkawiGeoparkrecognized3geoforestparks,3geologicalmonumentsandatleast30protectedgeositesintheentireLangkawiIslands(Figure5).Thecurrent
listsofgeologicalmonumentsandprotectedgeositesare,however,subjectedtofuturechangesrecommendedbyLangkawiGeoparkScientificCommitteeand
approvedbyLangkawiGeoparkConservationCommittee.

GeoforestPark
Geoforestparkisessentiallychoseninareawheremostoftherocksarepermanentlyorseasonallyexposed,hencethecoverageofthethreegeoforestparksin
Langkawishowsthatnearly40percentoftheislandsarehalfbarren.ThisalsoindicateswhymostofLangkawigeheritagesitesfallwithinthesegeoforestparks.
AccordingtoIsmailetal.(2004,2005),geoforestparkisaspecialconservationareaswithinPRFswithoutstandinggeologicalandbiologicalresourceswhere
protectionandwiseutilizationoftheseresourcesaregearedtowardssustainablerecreation,promotingmultidisciplinaryresearchandenrichingcommunity
awarenessaboutthenaturalintegrationofvariousforestresources.ThreegeoforestparksofLangkawiare:MachinchangCambrianGeoforestParkwhichhighlights
region'soldestsandstonethatbearsbeautifullypreservedsedimentarystructuresandoldestfossilsoftheregion.CompetentMachinchangCambriansandstone
producedoutstandingandbeautifullandscapesofmountainpeaks,cliffs,waterfalls,remnantislandsandrockybeaches,whiledetailedsculptureonsomeofthe
rocksproducedamazingtafoniandothererosionalfeatures.

KilimKarstGeoforestParkfeaturesbreathtakinglandscapeofnearlyverticalkarstichills,ridgesandislandswithpinnaclesofvariousshapesandsizesformedon
thinlybeddedflattoverygentlydippinglimestoneofSetulFormation.Kilimkarstichillsbearmanybeautifulcave,whilekarsticcoastlinesareprovidedwithmuch
morevariedandcolourfulkarsticfeaturesincludingseanotches,seatunnels,seacaves,seaarches,seastacksandremnantislands.ThelimestoneofKilimisalso
veryrichinfossils,particularlythoseatPulauLanggun.Theregion'shighest(23mabovem.s.l.)Holocene(circa7000m.a.)sealevelwasalsorecordedwithinthis
geoforestpark(Harunetal.1999).

DayangBuntingMarbleGeoforestParkexhibitskarstlandscapesdevelopedmostlyonmarbleofChupingFormation.Thisgeoforestparkhasfinecavefeatures
developedinGuaPasirDagang,beautifulseaarchesandcavesatPulauLimaandPulauDua,seastacksandotherwaverelatedfeatures.ThefamousTasikDayang
Bunting(orLakeofPregnantMaiden)isthebiggestnaturalfreshwaterlakeinLangkawiIslands,andisthoughttobeofdolineorigin.

GeologicalMonuments
Geologicalmonumentisalargesitewithseveralimportantgeoheritagesandoutstandinglandscapes.Severalgeologicalmonumentshavebeenidentifiedwithinthe
LangkawiGeopark.Theyare:PulauUlarGeologicalMonument,offthecoastofTelukBaruandPortoMalaihasuniquesnakelikeappearanceformedbyseveral
undulatinghillswithwideancientwaveerosionplatforminbetween.Theislandalsocontainsmanydropstonesofglacialmarineorigin,slumpfoldsanddensetrace
fossils.PulauSingaKechilGeologicalMonument,offthenortherncoastofPulauSingaBesarpotraysapanoramiclimestonecolumnofChupingFormationrested
onmuddyrocksofSingaFormationwithtransitionalboundaryinbetweenthem.PulauLanggunandPulauTanjungDendangGeologicalMonument,islocatedin
thenortheasterncornerofLangkawiArchipelago.Thefirsthasmanyimportantgeositesespeciallyonstratigraphicsectionsandfossilswhilethelatterhasageosite
onextraordinarilyhighancientsealevelandseveralcoastalkarsticfeaturesincludingseaarchesandseacaves.

LangkawiProtectedGeosites
LangkawiArchipelagohasatleast90significantgeositesinsideandoutsidethesegeoforestparksgeologicalmonuments.Someofthesegeositescontainspecial
rocksandminerals(likethatofPantaiPasirHitamorBlackSandBeach,whichisrichinblackmineralcalledtourmalin),whileotherscontainspecialsedimentary
structureslikethosedropstonesofPulauTepor(indicatinganancientpositionofLangkawiIslands,whichisveryclosetoGondwanaland).KilimandSungaiItau
geositescontainwellpreservedfossils(datedsomeofthedropstonehorizonsandproventheGondwanalandlinkages),whileKampungTubaandKampungMasjid
geositesinPulauTubacontainuniquelyfoldedgranitesills.Atthemoment,30ofthesegeositeshavebeenidentifiedasamongthemosthighlysignificantinterms
oftheirscientificvalueandclassifiedunderprotectedgeoheritagesites.Someofthesegeoheritagesitesfallwithinthegeoforestpark,recreationalparkandother
nonclassifiedPRFsandthusareprotectedundertheForestryActbylaws.Mechanismforprotectionofthoseoutsidetheseforestreserveswillbesoughtinthe
futureastheLangkawiGeoparkprogresstohigherlevelofindependency.

SUMMARY

LangkawiGeoparkpossessesmanygeoheritagesitesofnationalandregionalsignificantthatshouldbeconservedforpurposesofpubliceducationandfuture
research.Mostofthesegeoheritagesitesarecomplementingtotheislands'bestandcompleteevidenceofPalaeozoicgeologicalrecords.Othersaremostlyrelatedto
thebeautifulformationoftropicalislandkarstlandscape,inaugurallyoneofthebestofitskindintheworld.Mostofthesegeoheritagesitesareconservedalong
withothernatureconservationentitynamelygeoforestpark,aconceptthatwasfirstintroducedinLangkawi.Othergeoheritagesitesareconservedunderthe
geologicalmonumentsandprotectedgeosites.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TheLangkawiGeoparkisjointeffortbetweentheMalaysianGeologicalHeritageGroupwhichisbasedintheInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment
LESTARIUKM,LangkawiDevelopmentAuthority(LADA)andForestryDepartmentofPeninsularMalaysia.

REFERENCES

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Captionforfigures

Figure1.PositionoflangkawiGeoparkinthenorthwesterncornerofPeninsularMalaysia.

Figure2.GeologicalmapofLangkawishowingthedistributionofvariousrockformations.

Figure3.GeologicalcrosssectionsshowingthegeneraltrendofsedimentarydepositionandtheroleofKisapThrustFaultandgraniteintrusiontowardsthefinal
distributionofvariousrockformationsintheislandsmodifiedafterJones(1981).

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Figure4.SummaryonimportantPalaeozoicgeologicalhistoryofLangkawiIslands

Figure5.DistributionofLangkawigeoforestparks,geologicalmonumentsandsomeoftheprotectedgeositeswithinLangkawiGeopark.

GLOBALGEOPARKSNETWORK|WWW.GLOBAGEOPARK.ORGALLRIGHTSRESERVED

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