INTRODUCTION

FIRST OF ALL, WE WOULD LIKE TO TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS

OUR SPECIAL THANKS TO ALLAH S.W.T FOR HIS BLESSING AND STRENGTH
RENDERED TO US TO COMPLETE OUR ASSIGNMENT TASK.

WE WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS OUR DEEPEST APPRECIATION AND SINCERE

GRATITUDE TO OUR ADVISER AND OUR LECTURER ,NIK HAZLAN FOR HIS
UNFAILING HELP, SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE THOUGH OUT THE STUDY.

FINALLY, OUR DEEPEST AND APPRECIATION GOES TO THE ENTIRE

LECTURER IN DEPARTMENT IN WOOD INDUSTRY. ALSO THANKS TO OUR
PARENTS AND FRIENDS FOR THEIR SUPPORTS AND GUIDANCE. MAY ALLAH
BLESS YOU.

WE ALL LOVE YOU, NIK HAZLAN. THANKS FOR EVERYTHING

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 OUR GROUP MEMBER

NAME : MUHAMMAD HAFIZUDDIN BIN MUHAMMAD SABRI

MATRIC NO : 2009806218

AGE : 19

BIRTH PLACE :HOSPITAL QUEEN ELIZABETH,SABAH

ADDRESS : NO 27 JALAN SJ 5/2 TAMAN SETIA JASA 28000 TEMERLOH PAHANG

STUDY AT :

 TADIKA PASTI KEDAH.

 SK METHODISH TANJONG MALIM, PERAK
 SK KG. AWAH,MARAN
 SMK PAYA PULAI, TEMERLOH
 MRSM ALOR GAJAH, MELAKA
 SMK PAYA PULAI, TEMERLOH.

RESULT :

 UPSR- 3A 2B
 PMR- 7A 1B 1D
 SPM- 4A 2B 3C 1D

SPEECH:

WOOD IS GOOD…
.

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 NAME : SYAIFUL HANIF BIN MOHD SAHMAN

MATRIC NO : 2009427248

AGE : 18

BIRTH PLACE : HOSPITAL TANJUNG KARANG

STUDY AT :

 TADIKA KEMAS BATU7 IJOK

 SK IJOK
 SAM JERAM
 SM TEKNIK SEPANG

RESULT :

 UPSR- 4A 1B
 PMR- 4A 4B 1C
 SPM- 4A 2B 3C 1D

SPEECH:

BELAJAR SENG TENAN- TENAN.

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NAME : MUHAMMAD SYAZWAN BIN ROSLI

MATRIC NO : 2009468316

AGE : 19

BIRTH PLACE : HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR

ADDRESS : NO34, JALAN VELOX 7, TAMAN VELOX, 48000 RAWANG SELANGOR

STUDY AT :

 TADIKA PASTI BANDAR BARU SELAYANG

 SK BANDAR BARU SELAYANG
 SK TAMAN DESA 1, RAWANG
 SK TAMAN DESA 2, RAWANG
 SMA SUNGAI BESAR, SABAK BERNAM.
 SMK TAMAN DESA, RAWANG.
 SM TEKNIK GOMBAK

RESULT :

 UPSR- 1A 3B 1C
 PMR- 2A 5B 1C
 SPM- 2A 5B 1C 1D 1E

SPEECH:

AKU BUDAK BAEK LOR....

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NAME : AHMAD AIMAN BIN CHE ABD MANAN

MATRIC NO : 2009813968

AGE : 18

BIRTH PLACE : HOSPITAL BESAR TERENGGANU

ADDRESS : 8253 KAMPUNG DUYUNG, SEBERANG TAKIR, 21300, KUALA TERENGGANU

STUDY AT :

 TADIKA KEMAS, KUALA TERENGGANU.

 SK BUKIT TOK BENG, KUALA TERENGGANU.
 SMK IBRAHIM FITRI, KUALA TERENGGANU.
 SM TEKNIK WAKAF TEMBUSU, KUALA TERENGGANU.

RESULT :

 UPSR- 2A 1B 1C 1D
 PMR- 2A 2B 3C 1D
 SPM- 4A 2B 2C 1E

SPEECH:

I LOVE WOOD…

DEFINITION OF FOREST AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES

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FOREST

 Is a biological community of plants and animals existing in a complex interaction with

the non-living environment, which includes such factors as the soil ,climate ,and
physiography. A forest is best defined as an ecosystem assemblage of ecosystem
dominated by trees and other woody vegetation.
 A forest is any area with a lot of trees. There are forests all over the world. The type of
forest varies depending on the location of the forest: for example, there are tropical rain
forests, coniferous forests, and deciduous forests.
 Forests occur naturally, but they can be affected positively and negatively by human
behavior. If a forest is carefully replanted and allowed to grow, it can exist in balance. If
the forest is cut down faster than it can grow back, then it will be used up quickly.
 Forests serve as home to many of the organisms that live on the land. Forests are also
very important because they are major contributors to recycling and cleaning the world
supply of oxygen. Forests also provide wood, which is useful both as a construction
material and as a fuel source.

RESOURCES RENEWABLE

 Renewable resource if it is replaced by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster

than its rate of consumption by humans. Solar radiation, tides, winds and hydroelectricity
are perpetual resources that are in no danger of a lack of long-term availability.
Renewable resources may also mean commodities such as wood, paper, and leather, if
harvesting is performed in a sustainable manner.

FOREST ARE RENEWABLE RESOURCES

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 Some forests are renewable, that is, trees can be replanted and grown to maturity in place
of those that are cut down.
Others are not renewable, like rainforests that have taken thousands of years to grow.

Timber, which is a common term for trees, is renewable. In other words, if you cut one
tree down, you can plant one in its place. In Forestry, we call that rotation. Most Forest lands in
the South of the USA, are on what we call a 35 year rotation. The timber will be selectively
harvested up to 35 years of age, then cut and replanted.

Some timber is a renewable resource, like plantation forests, which are planted and then
cut down to make paper. It is sometimes called a sustainable resource, so long as we keep
planting and growing trees at the same rate as we cut them down.

Rainforest timber, like mahogany and teak, is NOT a renewable resource. Some
rainforest trees have taken hundreds of years to grow. There is no way we can replace them.

Trees are a renewable resource. This is a bit more complicated. In parts of the world,
there has been so much deforestation, such as in the Amazon, that it will be very difficult for
natural growth ever to replenish the supply. The destruction of forests and the habitat they
require go hand in hand. Ecological changes, particularly the expansion of desert regions, may
slowly erode the supply of certain commercially available wood used for construction and fuel.

It's the same with trees. Trees are only a renewable resource if every time you cut down a
tree to make wood-chips, or cereal cartons or wooden throw-away chopsticks, you plant another
similar tree which grows to maturity at the same rate that you are cutting trees down.

DEFINITION OF DEFORESTATION

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 Is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land use such as arable land, pasture,
urban area urban use, logged area or wasteland. Generally the removal or destruction of
significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced
biodiversity. In many countries, massive deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and
geography.

Deforestation defined broadly can include not only conversion to non-forest, but also
degradation that reduces forest quality - the density and structure of the trees, the ecosystem
services ecological services supplied, the biomass of plants and animals, the species diversity
and the genetic diversity. By narrow definition of deforestation is: the removal of forest cover to
an extent that allows for alternative land use. Definitions can also be grouped as those which
refer to changes in land cover and those which refer to changes in land use. ''Land cover''
measurements often use a percent of cover to determine deforestation. This type of definition has
the advantage in that large areas can be easily measured, for example from satellite photos. A
forest cover removal of 90% may still be considered forest in some cases. Under this definition
areas that may have few values of a natural forest such as plantations and even urban or suburban
areas may be considered forest.

''Land use'' definitions measure deforestation by a change in land use. This definition may
conside areas to be forest that are not commonly considered as such. An area can be lacking trees
but still considered a forest. It may be a land designated for afforestation or an area designated
administratively as forest.

COUSES OF DEFORESTATION

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 1. Human made calamities - such as fire outbreaks are very common sources of forest
depletion. Easily but remarkably, the forests can become denuded in no time through
huge flames which can either be accidentally done or purposefully started. Some farmers
wipe off an entire crop through fire and replant again after a few days. Little do they
know that these forest fires emit much carbon dioxide which is very toxic to the
atmosphere. Perhaps more education can help them understand why such activities are
not permitted.
2. Illegal logging - is also another way that leads to the destruction of plant life. Since there
is a need for woods to be used in building houses or in manufacturing furniture, the
demand for more trees to be felled is also increased.
3. Industrialization - Urbanization occurs when vast forest areas are turned into cities.
Although this helps the economy grow, we should be reminded of the degree of
destruction it can bring. No matter how much we will be needing lands for bigger
buildings, the necessity of having a cleaner earth should be given greater attention and
concern first.
4. Conversion of forests to agricultural landmarks - Due to the population increase, the
demand of food supply is also amplified. Thus, the call for establishing wider agricultural
areas came to rise. However, with this prospect in mind, forest areas have been
compromised and have given in to the birth of newer and heavier obligations such that of
feeding the entire population.
5. Oil exploitation - Disturb our untouched resources. The human consumption of oil has
grown ever since and thus resulted to the need for massive supply of oil. The search for
oil has truly distorted the image of our unscathed land territories.

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION

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1. Loss of diversity - Some forests are rich in biological diversity. Deforestation can cause
the destruction of the habitats that support this biological diversity, thus causing
population shifts and extinctions.Numerous countries have developed Biodiversity
Action Plans to limit clearcutting and slash and burn agricultural practices as deleterious
to wildlife, particularly when endangered species are present.

2. Soil erosion - Deforestation generally increases rates of soil erosion, by increasing the
amount of runoff and reducing the protection of the soil from tree litter. This can be an
advantage in excessively leached tropical rain forest soils. Forestry operations themselves
also increase erosion through the development of roads and the use of mechanized
equipment. China's Loess Plateau was cleared of forest millennia ago. Since then it has
been eroding, creating dramatic incised valleys, and providing the sediment that gives the
Yellow River its yellow color and that causes the flooding of the river in the lower
reaches (hence the river's nickname 'China's sorrow'). Removal of trees does not always
increase erosion rates. In certain regions of southwest US, shrubs and trees have been
encroaching on grassland. The trees themselves enhance the loss of grass between tree
canopies. The bare intercanopy areas become highly erodible. The US Forest Service, in
Bandelier National Monument for example, is studying how to restore the former
ecosystem, and reduce erosion, by removing the trees.

3. Landslides – Tree roots bind together , and if soil is sufficiently shallow they act to keep

The soil in place by also binding with underlying bedrock . tree removal on steep slopes
with shallow soil thus increases rhe risk of landslides ,which can treaten people flash
people.

A flash flood is a rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas(washes) , rivers and

streams , cause by the intense rainfall associated with a thunderstorm or multiple training
thunderstorm .Flash flood can also occur when ice dams block the normal course of a
river or when a man made structure such as a dam collapse.

CONTROLLING DEFORESTATION

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  Farming - New methods are being developed to farm more food crops on less farm land,
such as high-yield hybrid crops, greenhouse, autonomous building gardens, and
hydroponics. The reduced farm land is then dependent on massive chemical inputs to
maintain necessary yields. In cyclic agriculture, cattle are grazed on farm land that is
resting and rejuvenating. Cyclic agriculture actually increases the fertility of the soil.
Selective over farming can also increase the nutrients by releasing such nutrients from the
previously inert subsoil. The constant release of nutrients from the constant exposure of
subsoil by slow and gentle erosion is a process that has been ongoing for billions of
years.
 Distinguish environmental necessities from luxuries- the latter are the ones that are
nice to have but are actually costless. Necessities are the basic things we must have in
order to survive. Combat ecological change through knowing what can be eliminated and
what should be retained. All that threatens nature, safety of the people, and health should
be disregarded.
 Simple ways - saving paper, fixing car fumes, and lessening energy consumption could
always be ways to help nature minimize the floating carbon dioxide in the air.

DEFINITION OF REFORESTATION

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 Reforestation is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been
depleted . Reforestation can be used to improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution
and dust from the air, rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems, mitigate global warming since
forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and harvest for resources,
particularly timber.

The term reforestation is similar to afforestation, the process of restoring and recreating areas of
woodlands or forest that may have existed long ago but were deforested or otherwise removed at
some point in the past.

OBJECTIVES OF REFORESTATION

 To restore deforested areas to productive forests;

 To restore the fertility and environmental function of the deforested areas;
 To provide employment to the local people and therefore raise their income level;
 To ensure a future sustainable supply of timber from the areas so deforested both for
domestic and industrial use;
 To emphasize the role of forestry in the rural community development.

FUNCTION OF REFORESTATION

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1. MANAGEMENT OF REFORESTATION - Reforestation of large areas can be done
through the use of measuring rope (for accurate plant spacing) and dibbers, (or wheeled
augers for planting the larger trees) for making the hole in which a seedling or plant can
be inserted. Indigenous soil inoculants can optionally be used to increase survival rates in
hardy environments. A debatable issue in managed reforestation is whether or not the
succeeding forest will have the same biodiversity as the original forest. If the forest is
replaced with only one species of tree and all other vegetation is prevented from growing
back, a monoculture forest similar to agricultural crops would be the result. However,
most reforestation involves the planting of different seedlots of seedlings taken from the
area often of multiple species. Another important factor is the natural regeneration of a
wide variety of plant and animal species that can occur on a clearcut. In some areas the
suppression of forest fires for hundreds of years has resulted in large single aged and
single specied forest stands. The logging of small clearcuts and or prescribed burning,
actually increases the biodiversity in these areas by creating a greater variety of treestand
ages and species.

2. REFORESTATION FOR HARVESTING - Reforestation need not be only used for

recovery of accidentally destroyed forests. In some countries, such as Finland, the forests

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 are managed by the wood products and pulp and paper industry. In such an arrangement,
like other crops, trees are replanted wherever they are cut. In such circumstances, the
industry can cut the trees in a way to allow easier reforestation. In Canada, the wood
product and pulp and paper industry systematically replaces many of the trees it cuts,
employing large numbers of summer workers for treeplanting work. In just 20 years, a
teak plantation in Costa Rica can produce up to about 400 m³ of wood per hectare. As the
natural teak forests of Asia become more scarce or difficult to obtain, the prices
commanded by plantation-grown teak grow higher every year. Other species such as
mahogany grow slower than teak in Tropical America but are also extremely valuable.
Faster growers include pine, eucalyptus, and gmelina Reforestation, if several native
species are used, can provide other benefits in addition to financial returns, including
restoration of the soil, rejuvenation of local flora and fauna, and the capturing and
sequestering of 38 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare per year. The reestablishment of
forests is not just simple tree planting. Forests are made up of a diversity of species and
they build dead organic matter into soils over time.A major tree-planting program in a
place like this would enhance the local climate and reduce the demands of burning large
amounts of fossil fuels for cooling in the summer.

3. REFORESTATION FOR CLIMATECHANGE MITIGATION - Forests absorb

carbon dioxide through their photosynthesis cycle, and by using this idea, increasing

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 forests with reforestation and discouraging deforestation will help mitigate global
warming. Forest ecosystems are especially important to the global carbon cycle in two
ways. First, they are responsible for moving around three billion tons of anthropogenic
carbon every year. This amounts to about 30% of all carbon dioxide emissions from
fossil fuels. Second, forest ecosystems are terrestrial carbon sinks in that they store large
amounts of carbon which accounts for as much as double the amount of carbon in the
atmosphere. Canadell and Raupach (2008) believe that there are four major strategies
available to mitigate carbon emissions through forestry activities: increase the amount of
forested land through a reforestation process; increase the carbon density of existing
forests at a stand and landscape scale; expand the use of forest products that will
sustainably replace fossil-fuel emissions; and reduce carbon emissions that are caused
from deforestation and degradation

CYCLES OF REFORESTATION

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CURRENT STATUS OF REFORESTATION AND DEFORESTATION IN MALAYSIA

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  Reforestation - There are currently, in the Forest Department, 3 forest research stations, 3
forest nurseries and 11 forest plantation areas in Sarawak . The Department concentrates
reforestation effort on areas affected by shifting cultivation, particularly within the
Permanent Forest Estate. The tree species planted has, in the past, been mainly exotic
fast-growing tree species with a few indigenous species. The emphasis has, since 1993,
been shifted to planting indigenous tree species such as Engkabang jantong (Shorea
macrophylla), Kapur (Dryobalanops spp.), and others. A tree planting programme was
implemented under the 7th Malaysia Plan. The project involves the participation of the
local people who are interested to plant trees in their own land.

 Deforestation - 63.6% or about 20,890,000 hectares of Malaysia is forested. Of this,

18.3% or roughly 3,820,000 hectares is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse
form of forest.
Change in Forest Cover : Between 1990 and 2000, Malaysia lost an average of
78,500 hectares of forest per year. The amounts to an average annual deforestation rate of
0.35%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change increased by 85.1% to 0.65%
per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, Malaysia lost 6.6% of its forest cover, or
around 1,486,000 hectares. Measuring the total rate of habitat conversion (defined as
change in forest area plus change in woodland area minus net plantation expansion) for
the 1990-2005 interval, Malaysia lost 5.4% of its forest and woodland habitat.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Malaysia has some 1671 known species of
amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World
Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 13.9% are endemic, meaning they exist in no
other country, and 9.3% are threatened. Malaysia is home to at least 15500 species of
vascular plants, of which 23.2% are endemic. 4.1% of Malaysia is protected under IUCN
categories I-V.

CONCLUSION

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 Forests were put on Earth to help maintain a delicate balance between all of nature’s elements.
By destroying forests through ranching, logging, farming, industrial practice, etc., we are putting this
delicate balance in jeopardy. It’s difficult if not almost impossible to prevent deforestation. In
Conclusion, regulated deforestation can supply us with lumber without completely destroying the
forests, but deforestation which is geared economically can permanently destroy our ecosystem. If
deforestation is used wisely, possibilities of positive effects take place. Some of these are jobs would be
created, the Malaysian economy would be strengthened, expanding agriculture would provide much
needed resources. Proper deforestation also increases foreign exchange.

Reforestation is to restore deforested areas to productive forests,restore the fertility and

environmental function of the deforested areas, provide employment to the local people and
therefore raise their income level,ensure a future sustainable supply of timber from the areas so
deforested both for domestic and industrial use and emphasize the role of forestry in the rural
community development.

REFERENCES

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1. Note Forest Resource Management, by Encik Nik Hazlan Bin Nik Hashim,2010.

2. WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM.MY

3. WWW.MTC.COM.MY

4. webmaster@forestry.sarawak.gov.my

5. ABCTEACH.COM

6. ‘FOREST’ MAGAZINES

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