.F OODSCIENCE.

. L A B R E P O R T.

Title Page:

Course Name: Food science

Title of Experiment: Finding Concentration by Titration of the Unknown Solutions of Acid
Date of Experiment: 13 January 2017, 17 January 2017
Group Member: Ploy Kanokpon Nagavajara
Mint Pakjira Chartpumrujee
Jiratchot tunkunpa
Tanrak Phohom

Introduction:

Acid and Base is one of the ways to describe matter in the world. The word acid
comes from acidus, which means sour in Latin. The word alkali or base comes from the word
al-qili, which means the ashes of a type of plant that was used to make soap (Acids and
Bases, 2017).Acid, like its name, usually has the sour taste. In water, acid substances
would give off Hydrogen ion or Hydronium ion, which separated from the rest of the
molecule. If there is acidic soil that grows a specific kind of flower or food, the characteristic
of acidic could possibly change the color of that flower or food into blue color too. Some
example of acid substances that is in daily life are Hydrochloric Acid (digest food in the
stomach), or Citric Acid that has in citrus fruits.For Base, it has the bitter taste. In water, base
substances would give off Hydroxide ions, which separated from the rest of the molecule.
Like its name, soaps are base. Not just soap, many cleaning products are also base too. As
the cleaning product, one could see that base substances would usually give the slippery
texture and great at getting rid of oil surface. Some example of acid substances that is in
daily life are Sodium Bicarbonate (baking soda), and Sodium Hydroxide(soap). Both strong
acid and base could be harmful to skin, so being around strong acid and base needs a
special attention. The pH scale is the scale that determines whether the substance is acidic
or base. The pH scale measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions, which has 1-14 scale,
but sometimes some substances could go beyond that(negative or more than 14). Closer to
1 has the higher concentration of hydrogen ions than closer to 14, thus acid has higher
concentration of hydrogen ions than base so its scale would be about 1-6, and base scale
would be about 8-14. Having the pH of 7 means that it is neither base or acid, it is neutral.
Both base substances and acidic substances react to each other. When acid and base are
combined, it gives off water and salt(any kind), this process is called neutralization. The point
that occurs when one is putting acid and base until the solution reaches neutralization is
called the equivalence point. After combining the two substances and reached the
equivalence point, neutralization would occur and the pH of the solution would be about 7.
One method that uses to determine the concentration of base or acid solution is titration
method. Titration is the method that is usually used to identify both acidic and base solution
concentration by neutralizing the solution. After combining acid and base substances
together until reaches equivalence point, the neutralization could be recognize by using an
indicator. The measurements of amount of acid that is mix with base solution would be the
key to determine the concentration of base solution. In the other hand, the measurements of
amount of base that is mix with acid solution would be the key to determine the
concentration of the acid solution too. Phenolphthalein is a very common indicator that is
used in the process of titration. A phenolphthalein is one of the indicators, it has the
characteristic of being pink in alkaline solutions. If the solution is more base, so the color
would be more bright pink, but if it has very light pink it means that it would be a little base,
which is very close to neutral.
For this experiment, the requirement of this experiment is to find out which of the two
vinegar solutions has higher concentration of being acid by using titration method. In this
experiment, the two solutions are given with couple of drops of phenolphthalein. In this
experiment, the base that is use is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and the acid that was used is
vinegar or acetate acid (CH3COOH).To determine the concentration of vinegar with titration
method, we need to measured the amount of Sodium Hydroxide (base) that is put into the
vinegar (acid) solution (by dropping base from a burret) that would make the solution closest
to neutral, which phenolphthalein that dropped would shows the color of very light pink.
Adding more NaOH would make the solution more pink, even turns to the shade of purpleish
pink.In the solution that put more NaOH in means that it took more base to make the acid
neutral, thus the vinegar there must be more concentrated. The result is that we put more
Sodium Hydroxide into vinegar sample 2, so sample two has higher concentration of acid.

Purpose:

The purpose of this experiment is to identify which solution has the higher concentration of
acid by measuring the amount of base added to the acid that would neutralize the solution.

Materials:

Equipment
1. Lab Safety Protection: Goggles, Golves, and Lab Coats
2. Erlenmeyer flasks
3. 2 Burets
4. Two Ring Stands
5. Indicator Strips

Chemical
1. Acetic acid(Vinegar)
2. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
3. Indicator (Phenolphthalein)

Methods:

1. Put on lab coat, gloves, and safety goggles (to be worn throughout the whole
experiment)
2. Obtain one 50-mL buret on a ring stand that is filled with NaOH (sodium
hydroxide).
3. Obtain two Erlenmeyer flasks filled with 15 mL different concentrations of
vinegar.
 4. Add 3-5 drops of the indicator phenolphthalein to the vinegar. Place the flask
under the tip of the buret containing NaOH.
5. Slowly add the NaOH to the vinegar. A pink color appears where the base first
contacts the acid. Swirl the flask until the color disappears.
6. Add the base, drop by drop, while swirling after each drop, until the base
turns the solution to a pale pink (not a bright pink) that does not disappear.
7. Record the volume of the base NaOH used from the buret.
8. Repeat procedure with the other three flasks.
9. Average for each concentration the amount of base required.

Data and Observation:

Data Table
The Amount of Sodium Hydroxide and The pH of Solution
Solution 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2

F1DDCF FF91AF Baker- FF91AF Baker- FF91AF Baker-

Champagne Miller Pink Miller Pink Miller Pink
Color Pink (light pink) (light pink) (light pink)
(very light
pink)

Amount of 11.9 12.2 14.23 14.21

NaOH(mL)

Average amount 12.05 14.22

of NaOH(mL)

pH 7.6 8 8 8

The Process of Tritation

This is the picture that we finding the amount of NaOH

used in the titration method, that would help the
process of identifying the different concentration acid
solutions.

Comparing different solutions

The color in erlenmeyer flask number one wanted got

an accurate amount of NaOH that needed for
neutralizing the acidic substance is the light pink color
in the left-hand side, the light pink color shows that the
pH is close to neutral.
Observations

At first, the solution of the acid which is vinegar with a few drops of phenolphthalein has
white color and its transparents. The smell of solution was sour. After that, when we drop the
amount of sodium hydroxide drop by drop, the solution was changed into pink color as we
drop more NaOH. For example, some of us cant make it to light pink color, we got a dark
pink color. But in the example one the best amount of pH that we made is 7.6, its so very
close to pH 7, which neutral. We observe that example 1 is less acidic concentration than
the example 2 because of the amount of NaOH that use in example 2 more than the other
one. In average, sample one uses about 12.05 mL of NaOH, but sample 2 uses over 14.22
mL of NaOH. Also, the color of the indicator(phenolphthalein) in the vinegar(acid) when it is
nearly to neutralize is hard to see because it so very slightly pink, so we use the paper to
subordinate under the erlenmeyer flasks to make it more easier to see. After getting the pink
color, we dipped indicator strips into each sample for about 2-4 seconds, then match the
color on the indicator box and determine the pH of that very solution. We kept in mind that
only one drop can change everything so we need to use high concentration in this
experiment.

Discussion Section:

Question 1: What was the function of the indicator in this experiment? How does it work?(5)
Answer: The indicator in this experiment is phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein is the indicator
in laboratory that usually used in the titration method. In acidic solution, the phenolphthalein
inside this kind of solution would have no color. But when the phenolphthalein is in the base
or alkaline solution it would turns pink. If the pH is even higher, it would turn more pink. * For
this experiment using titration the indicator is the substance help determining the
equivalence point when two substances are in the process of neutralization. By turning
slightly pink, that would have the meaning of having slightly base, which is very close to pH 7
by neutralizing.The indicator would show the slightly light pink color when it is neutralized
(Xavier, 2016).

Question 2: Which sample of vinegar was more concentrated? Explain your answer?
Answer: Sample 2 is more concentrated, because as collected in the data, sample 2 used
more NaOh, which is base substance, to neutralize the acidic solution. In neutralizing, one
needs to add acid solution and base solution till reach the point that in the middle or closet to
pH 7. If the acid solution is less concentration, there would be just a less base to make that
sample become neutralize. But with the high concentration, the pH is further from 7 in low
concentration, so there is more base needed to make the solution closest pH 7 or neutralize.
Sample one used about 12 mL and Sample one used about 14.2 mL.Sample 1 used less
NaOH to be neutralized, therefore solution 2 has higher concentration in acidic.
Question 3:If a neutralization reaction produces salt and water, write the chemical equation
for your experiment, and the name of the salt produced(You may have to research this).
Answer3:
NaOH(Soduim Hydroxide) + CH3COOH(Acetic Acid) == NaCH3COO(Sodium Acetate) +
H2O(Water)
The equation could go both ways, left side to right side or right side to left side.The salt that
produced is NaCH3OO or Sodium Acetate (The Organic Chemistry Tutor, 2015).

Question 4: What are some functions of the salt produced from the titration?
Answer: Sodium Acetate has variety of uses, they could be used food industry, laboratory,
factory, and making heat pads. For food industry, it can be added to food as a seasoning,
sometimes in the form of sodium diacetate,which is the 1:1 ratio of sodium acetate and
acetic acid combining together. It is often used to give potato chips a salt and vinegar flavor.
Other use of Sodium Acetate that related to food is how it is use pickling agent that could
also help preserve food , it could have that function because it would be put into food to
avert the growing of bacteria or other small organisms. Not only it helps prevent the small
organisms growing, but by using it in food would help increase the flavor of the food too, for
example pickles. In laboratory, it is use to extract the DNA. Extracting DNA is very
importance to the genetic studies and how scientists could able to produce many kinds of
chemical to treat diseases. In industries, Sodium Acetate has the role of being the cover of
metallic parts to prevent it from rust. It is also used to make the strong acid in water into
about ph 7.The crystals of Sodium Acetate also has the role of being a part of heat pads too
(Wasserman, 2013).

Question 5:The human body has a process for maintaining the pH and regulating the
amount of acid base present in the body. What this this process called and briefly explain
some of its functions and how it work.
Answer: There are three process for maintaining the pH and regulating the amount of acid in
the body, but they have the same job, which is to work together to keep the right amount of
pH in the body. First is chemical buffer, Bicarbonate is one of the chemical buffer, it is used in
reactions of trying to maintain the right amount of base and acid controlling the amount of H
ion in the blood and other parts of the body. The second process is respiration,the lung is the
control center of the amount of CO2, because if the breathing happens slowly in long period
of time, the amount of CO2 is going to increase very much. Increasing in too much of CO2
could make the blood has acidic pH, which the blood should be maintaining a little base, this
is why controlling the amount of pH is very important. The third process is controlled by
kidneys. The kidneys have the job of taking in the too much base or acid, for example if
there is too much base in the body the kidney would absorb the base to make the body
maintain the right amount of pH. By maintaining the right amount of pH in the body, their
reactions or process or the functions of some part would be able to work properly(Keller,
2012).

Conclusion:
In conclusion, solution two acid solution has higher concentration than acid solution one
because it needed more Sodium Hydroxide added in vinegar to make the color light pink,
which means it is close to neutralization.

References:
Xavier, L. (2016, February 6).Titration Fundamentals. Retrieved from from
http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Lab_Techniques/Titration/Titration_Fun
damentals

[The Organic Chemistry Tutor]. (2015, March 15). CH3COOH + NaOH - Sodium Hydroxide
and Vinegar (Acetic Acid). [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ez4rgXjGdC4

Keller, D. (2012, May 1). Understanding Acid Base Balance in the Human Body. Retrieved
from http://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/108712-acid-base-
balance-in-the-human-body/

Wasserman, R. (2013, August 16). Uses for Sodium Acetate. Retrieved from
http://www.livestrong.com/article/137973-uses-sodium-acetate/

Acids and Bases. (2017, January 23). Retrieved from

http://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/chemistry-
general/acids-and-bases

Worklog:

Name Work

Tan Discussion, Material,Observation

Ice Conclusion, Method, Title page, Observation

Mint Title Page, Data table, Observation, Discussion

Ploy Introduction, Purpose, Discussion, Pictures