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Computer Hardware Servicing
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Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
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copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Authors:
Owen M. Milambiling, Cesar T. Arriola, Dante B. Bermas, Ronaldo V. Ramilo, Rosalie
P. Lujero, Diana Marie B. Dagli, Dr. Virgilio O. Guevarra Jr., and Maria Angelica G.
Mates
Editors: Dr. Paraluman R. Giron, Ofelia C. Flojo, and Perla H. Cuanzon
Reviewers: Romeo B. Gacutan, Simfroso C. Robles II and Marion I. Alinas
Illustrator and Layout Artists:
Subject Specialist: Owen M. Milambiling
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Technology and Livelihood Education
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Module 3: INSTALL COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Introduction ................................................................................................ 29
Objectives .................................................................................................. 30
Pre- Assessment ........................... 31
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Module 4: DIAGNOSE AND TROUBLESHOOT
COMPUTER SYSTEM .................................................................. 153
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Lesson 4: TEST SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS ............................................. 240
4.1 Testing Computer System ................................................................... 240
4.2 Error Beep Codes ................................................................................ 246
Post Assessment ....................................................................................... 255
Summative Test ........................................................................................ 256
Glossary .................................................................................................... 261
References ................................................................................................ 264
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Entrepreneurship
Have you ever thought running your own business? Entrepreneurship has brought
great success to some, but it's not a career path for all. Do you think you can handle the
stress and hard work that go with running a small business enterprise? The key to
succeed in a small business enterprise is your entrepreneurial ability to produce the
desired results. Before embarking on your first business, it's worth spending some time
evaluating your own preparedness for entrepreneurship. Try to examine your own
personality and compare it with the Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of a
successful entrepreneur. Ask yourself if you are ready to enter into the world of business.
If your answer is yes, take this reminder: Successful entrepreneurs continuously
develop and improve their PECs.
Essential Question
Content Standard
- The learner prepares an activity plan that addresses his/her development areas
based on his/her PECs and improves further his/her areas of strength.
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Guide Questions:
5. Based on the data that you have gathered from the interview with the successful
entrepreneur in your community, how do you develop your PECs?
6. Can you prepare an action plan that addresses your areas of development and
strength based on your PECs?
7. How does your action plan help sustain your strong areas and or address your
development areas based on your PECs?
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Pre- Assessment
A. Matching Type
Column A Column B
Are you done? This time you will do another set of pre- assessment
which could give you a better understanding of what this module is all about.
Are you ready? So, lets begin!
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B. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read and study the situation that describes the entrepreneurial
characteristics or attributes. Answer the question by writing the letter of
your choice in your assignment notebook or in the answer sheet
provided.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own retail business. She knows that her personal
entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to ensure a successful
operationalization of a business that she has in mind. Your answers to the questions
below will help in developing her PECs.
1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the
quality of her product?
a. Patience
b. Hardworking
c. Versatile
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered as a characteristic of an entrepreneur?
a. Copes with failure
b. Dependent
c. Persistent
d. Opportunity seeker
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will she
maintain?
a. Commitment
b. Goal oriented
c. Futuristic
d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends to
open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno?
a. Self- confidence
b. Reliable and has integrity
c. Open to feedback
d. Persistent
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5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up to
find a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs.
Magno?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Self-confidence
d. Risk- taking
C. Self- Assessment
Hardworking
Self-confident
Builds for the future
Profit-oriented
Goal-oriented
Persistent
Copes with failure
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Responds to feedback
Demonstrates initiative
Willing to listen
Sets own standards
Copes with uncertainty
Committed
Builds on strengths
Reliable and has integrity
Risk-taker
1. Hard working: If you are determined to run your own business, you must
concentrate on your work either as a producer or a seller. The success of your
business depends on how much time and effort you will spend on it.
2. Self- Confidence: You must have a strong faith in your ability despite the
problems that you will encounter along the way.
3. Future-Oriented: Once a person enters in a line of business, you must
understand that you are in a non-stop contract that an entrepreneur should
understand. It may take several years to build up a business to a reasonable
standard. The goal for most successful business people is to build a secure job
and stable income for themselves based on their own ability.
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4. Profit-Oriented: When you enter into the world of business, obviously, you are
looking for income because you know that this will be your bread and butter not
only for you but also for your family. Therefore, you must see to it the business can
generate income. Another plan of action is to expand your own business through
the use of your generated income.
5. Goal-Oriented: An entrepreneur is forward looking. You have an advanced
preparation for your business. You set a long-term goal for the activities that are
needed, an extensive preparation for the production process and procedures that
you need to go through to acquire, human and non-human resources. Everything
in your business will have to be set clearly, organized, and planned depending on
the goal you want to achieve.
6. Persistence: Differences in opinion and judgment. Your opponent can be a part
of the rejection on what you intend to do for your endeavor. As an entrepreneur,
you must be firm, strong-willed, and stick or follow your own belief.
7. Copes with Failure: Learn from your mistakes. As an entrepreneur, you must
learn how to deal with the frustrations and failures instead, turn these into
productive learning experiences.
8. Responds to Feedback or Open to Feedback: You must be concerned to know
how well you are doing and keep track of your performance. You must obtain useful
feedback and advice from others.
9. Take the Initiative: A successful entrepreneur takes the initiative. You must put
yourself in a position where you personally are responsible for the failure or
success of your business.
10. Willing to Listen: Take time to listen to the advice, suggestions, and
recommendations of fellow entrepreneurs. It will help your business grow.
11. Set your Own Standards: This involves developing and using logical, step-by-
step plans to reach the goals, or offering evaluation alternatives, monitoring
progress, and switching to successful strategies for the goal you want to achieve.
To be a successful entrepreneur you must take into consideration that sales and
production depend on your own standards.
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12. Copes with Uncertainty: Pursue your vision to be a successful entrepreneur,
you should know how to handle unusual events that may happen in the business
which include problems in managing the workers, problems on the delivery of
goods and services, and the problems on demand and production. You must be
patient in dealing with these uncertainties.
13. Committed: You should know that in your business, personal needs, attachment
to your friends, families and relatives are set aside. You must separate the money
for your business from the amount that you need to spend for personal obligations
and lifestyles.
14. Builds on Strengths: Successful business people base their work on strengths.
Use your manual skills, knowledge in creating products or services, knowledge in
trade and industry, ability to make and use of a wide network of contacts to build
your business.
15. Reliable and has Integrity: An entrepreneur must build a good reputation,
possess the courage to do the right thing, do what you say, walk your talk, be loyal,
and be fair in dealing with the subordinates and costumers.
16. Risk-Taker: Risk sometimes cannot be anticipated. When misfortunes happen,
consider these as challenges and work them out and set good alternatives. Risks
may result to loss of your business or even bankruptcy.
Directions: Choose from the list below the characteristics and traits that best describe
your own personal entrepreneurial characteristics. Find ways on how to
align them according to the personal entrepreneurial characteristics of an
entrepreneur which were discussed earlier. Write your answers in the
activity sheet provided.
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Creative Resourceful Persistent Organized Independent
Example: My PECs
Directions: At the center of the street are arrows where positive and negative
characteristics and traits are written. Pick out the positive PECs that you
are already strong at, and write them down on the blank arrows on the left
side. PECs written on the arrows at the right side are the negative
characteristics that need to be further improved.
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DEEPEN Your Understanding
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10. Always observe business ethics in putting up a business.
Let s see!
Directions: From the given chart below, write at least six techniques on how you would
strengthen your own PECs. Write the PECs that you feel that you still need
to focus on to strengthen these.
Example: Self-confidence
Self-
confidence
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TRANSFER Your Learning
Culminating Activity
Directions: Examine yourself once again. Make a short list of PECs that you need to
strengthen. From this activity, prepare of an action plan that requires further
development. You may opt to follow the suggested format below. You may improve or
change it as long as it suits your own plan of action.
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Post-Assessment
A. Matching Type
Column A Column B
8. Committed
10. Risk-taker
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B. Multiple Choice.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own retail business. She knows that her personal
entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to ensure a successful
operationalization of a business she has in mind. Your answers to the questions below
will help in developing her PECs.
1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the
quality of her product?
a. Patience
b. Hardworking
c. Versatile
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered as a characteristic of an entrepreneur?
a. Copes with failure
b. Dependent
c. Persistent
d. Opportunity seeker
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will
she maintain?
a. Commitment
b. Goal oriented
c. Futuristic or future-oriented
d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends
to open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno?
a. Self- confidence
b. Reliable and has integrity
c. Responsive to feedback
d. Persistent
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5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up to
find a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated by
Mrs. Magno?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Self-confidence
d. Risk- taking
Feedback
A. Matching Type
1.d 6. f
2.c 7. e
3.b 8. j
4.a 9. i
5.g 10. h
B. Multiple Choice
1. a
2. b
3. d
4. c
5. b
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Technology and Livelihood Education
Entrepreneurship
You slowly find answers to these questions as you decide to do the first step in
launching a business enterprise. Be cautious however, that you should develop a habit
of identifying opportunities around you. Only then, you will find the activity both exciting
and easy.
Essential Question
How does one select an entrepreneurial activity?
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Content Standard
Performance Standard
Guide Questions:
1. How does one determine the product to be produced or services to be offered and
delivered to the target market or customers in a particular community?
Hello there! Are you ready to assess yourself if you are ready to
generate potential business ideas? Lets try by answering the
succeeding pre-assessment.
Pre-assessment
a. Types of merchandise
b. Access of the target customers
c. The attractiveness of the store layout
d. The prevailing prices of goods in the area
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3. Thong plans to put a digi-print studio in their locality. Which of the following
will help him determine a successful plan for setting up of his business?
Everyone has his or her own needs and wants. However, people have different
concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business are important things that every
individual cannot do without in a society. These include:
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Wants are desires, luxury and extravagance that signify wealth and an expensive
way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic necessities of life.
Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every individual which are non- basic
needs like; fashion accessories, shoes, clothes, travelling around the world, eating in an
exclusive restaurant; watching movies, concerts, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing
expensive jewelry, perfume, living in impressive homes, and others.
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business that
you may engage into because it can serve as the measure of your success. Some other
good points that you might consider in business undertakings are the kind of people, their
needs, wants, lifestyle, culture and tradition, and social orientation that they belong.
Here are some ways by which you may generate possible ideas for business.
1. Examine the existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the product?
What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it be improved?
There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is made to the way it
is packed and sold? You can also improve the materials used in crafting the
product. In addition, you introduce new ways of using the product, making it more
useful and adaptable to the customers many needs. When you are improving the
product or enhancing it, you are doing an innovation. You can also do an invention
by introducing an entirely new product to replace the old one.
Business ideas may also be generated by examining what goods and services
are sold outside by the community. Very often, these products are sold in a form
that can still be enhanced or improved.
2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the customers,
institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods and services.
Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the moment. Other needs
are not that obvious because they can only be felt in the future, in the event of
certain developments in the community. For example, a town will have its
electrification facility in the next six months. Only by that time will the entrepreneur
could think of electrically- powered or generated business such as xerox copier,
computer service, digital printing, etc.
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3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and
services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to supply
the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The term market
refers to whoever will use or buy the products or service, and these may be people
or institutions such as other businesses, establishments, organizations, or
government agencies.
Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and services.
Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such as selling
and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
4. Examine the available resources around you. Observe what materials or skills
are available in abundance in your area. A business can be started out of available
raw materials by selling them in raw form and by processing and manufacturing
them into finished products. For example, in a copra-producing town, there will be
many coconut husks and shells available as waste products. These can be
collected and made into coco rags/doormat and charcoal bricks and sold profitably
outside the community.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that can be
harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province possess
loom weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to the next
generation. Some communities there set up weaving businesses to produce
blankets, as well as decorative items and various souvenir items for sale to tourists
and lowland communities.
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience you may
have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT classes will
provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed skills which will earn
for you extra income, should you decide to engage in income-generating activities.
With your skills, you may also tinker around with various things in your spare time.
Many products were invented this way.
5. Read magazines, news articles, and other publications on new products and
techniques or advances in technology. You can pick up new business ideas
from Newsweek, Readers Digest, Business Magazines, Go Negosyo, KAB
materials, Small- industry Journal. The Internet serves as a library where you may
browse and surf on possible businesses. It will also guide you on how to put the
right product in the right place, at the right price, at the right time.
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Listing of possible businesses to set up in an area may also be available from
banks or local non-government organizations.
Once you have embarked on identifying the business opportunities, you will
eventually see that there are many possibilities that are available for you. It is very
unlikely that you will have enough resources to pursue all of them at once. Which
one will you choose?
You have to select the most promising one from among hundreds and one
ideas. It will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, you screen your ideas
to narrow them down to about five choices. In the next stage, trim down the five
choices to two options. In the final stage, choose between the two and decide
which business idea worth pursuing.
In screening your ideas, examine each one in terms of the following factors:
1. How much capital is needed to put up the business?
2. How big is the demand for the product? Do many people need this product
and will continue to need it for a long time?
3. How is the demand met? Who are processing the products to meet the need
(competition or demand)? How much of the need is now being met (supply)?
4. Do you have the background and experience needed to run this particular
business?
5. Will the business be legal, not going against any existing or foreseeable
government regulation?
6. Is the business in line with your interest and expertise?
Your answers to these questions will be helpful in screening which ones
from among your many ideas are worth examining further and worth pursuing.
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Environmental scanning is defined as a process of gathering, analyzing,
and dispensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. The environmental
scanning process entails obtaining both factual and subjective information on the
business environments in which a company is operating.
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Bear in mind these simple rules for successful SWOT analysis.
People keep on searching for new things, new trends, and new issues. For these
reasons, an entrepreneur hurriedly responds to these needs and wants of people.
As generations come and go, another set of new trends will come or will
exist. In order to adapt to the rapid changes in the business environment, the
existing industries need to improve their products and services. But how can you
generate business ideas with those strong competitors? There are three main sets
of decisions that you need to make - what to produce, how to produce, and how to
share or sell out the product to the market.
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Age Bracket Population Needs Wants
Example: 35 Toys, coloring books, Wooden toys, glossy
pajama coloring books, etc.
5 and below fashionable pajama
6- 10 years
old
11-15 years
old
16-20 years
old
21-25 years
old
26-35 years
old
35-45 years
old
46-55 years
old
56-65 years
old
66 and above
Directions: After filling out the chart above, try to list down all the probable
business opportunities which you may wish to venture in. Remember to consider
the ideas and suggestions discussed in Lesson 3. Use the suggested matrix below
to indicate your choice. Write your answers in your notebook.
Positive Factors
Negative Factors
Strengths Opportunities Weaknesses Threats
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TRANSFER Of Learning
Now that, you have all the information, are you ready to test your ability
to generate your own business idea? If your answer is yes, start studying the
sample vicinity map of a community with a population of two thousand people. A
new housing project will be constructed adjacent to Daang Hari St, close to Old
Molino St., its main road. This housing project targets the homeowners who are
young couples with two kids.
In this activity, you need to answer the questions that may lead to the
generation of a probable business. Your answers to these questions will serve as
the bases in formulating your own business ideas.
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Post-assessment
a. Type of merchandise
b. The access of the target customers
c. The attractiveness of the store layout
d. The prevailing prices of goods in the area
3. Thong plans to put a digi-print studio in their locality. Which of the following
will help him determine his plan for a success setting up of his business?
a. alteration
b. invention
c. innovation
d. improvisation
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Feedback
1. a
2. b
3. d
4. c
5. b
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Technology and Livelihood Education
Entrepreneurship
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Welcome to the next level of your modular training in Computer Hardware
Servicing (CHS) under the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Course.
In this module you will have a great deal of understanding of Installing Computer Systems
and Networks. At the end of this module you will be able to apply the knowledge and skills
on installing computer hardware, operating system, software components and networks.
Those skills are essential for you to pass the National Certification II in Computer
Hardware Servicing.
In this module, topics will be introduced progressively lesson by lesson for easy
understanding. After carefully answering the diagnostic assessment, reading all the
lessons, answering all the guide questions, masterfully performing all the activities,
showing evidences of learning and finally answering the summative test, then you will
have a considerable knowledge and skills in installing computer systems and networks
essential to be successful in computer hardware servicing as one of the career option in
ICT.
Reminder! Just follow the instructions given in this module. Now let us start
exploring new things in this module.
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In this module, there will be three (3) major topics that you will encounter: (1) plan
and prepare for installation; (2) install hardware and software components and operating
systems; and (3) conduct test on the installed computer system. The three major topics
contain sub-topics that discuss the details on installing computer systems and
networks. This module contains what to KNOW, what to PROCESS, what to REFLECT
and UNDERSTAND as well as what to TRANSFER. The competencies for this module
are:
Observe Occupational Health and Safety policies and procedures in planning for
installation activity in accordance with requirements
Familiarize with computer hardware, software component and other peripherals in
accordance with established procedures on correct operation and safety policies
Consult appropriate/ technical personnel to ensure that work is coordinated with
others who are involved in the activity
Obtain materials necessary to complete the work in accordance with established
procedures
Check the materials received against job requirements
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Check the quality of the work undertaken in accordance with the established
procedures
LO 3. Conduct test on the installed computer system
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about computer hardware servicing.
SKILLS TEST
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain
in order to render quality service when you enter the real world of Computer Hardware
Servicing. Read the skills carefully. Write YES if you are familiar with the skill and NO
if not. Feel free to answer each skill. Write your answers in your notebook.
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I can apply occupational health and safety precautions while working.
I can remove the system fan.
I can detach the power supply from the system unit.
I know how to remove the RAM from the motherboard.
I can remove the hard drive from the system unit.
I can install the power supply.
I know how to install the motherboard.
I can install the internal drives in a system unit.
I know how to attach RAM in the memory socket.
I can install CD / DVD drives.
I know how to install an operating system
I know how to configure a hardware components and its related software
I know the procedures in testing the installed computer components
The following topics will enable you to be familiar with planning and preparing for
installation, install equipment and devices, and conduct test on the installed computer
system. All you need to do is to read carefully all the topics and apply the skills youve
gained through the distinct activities provided in this module.
This lesson is intended to develop your skills in planning and preparing for
installation of computer devices and operating system. At the end of this lesson you are
expected to:
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a planned system of working to prevent illness
and injury where you work by recognizing and identifying hazards and risks. Health and
safety procedure is the responsibility of all persons in the computer and technology
industries. You must identify the hazards where you are working and decide how
dangerous they are. Eliminate the hazard or modify the risk that it presents.
Procedure
1. Identify the hazard
2. Clear the area close to the hazard
3. Partition the hazard off or clearly identify the area to protect other people from
harm
4. If the hazard is easily and safely cleared, then do so
If not
5. Report the hazard to the appropriate person (such as teacher in charge,
principal etc.) to obtain assistance
6. Following clearing of the hazard fill out the correct documentation to assist in
identifying improved practice to reduce further incidence of hazards.
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All hazards must be reported using Accidental Report form. This enables us to
track the kinds of hazards we have in our workplace, and take action where necessary to
make it safer for all student and clients.
Accident reports
Forms are used to give specific details with regards to the accidents happened in
the laboratory during experiments.
Date:
Rm. No:
Name: Yr/Sec:
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Hazardous substances
A. Call the supervisor or manager and advise them of the problem and the urgency
of the matter.
B. Depending on the risk it may be called as an evacuation.
C. Follow the evacuation procedure.
D. The supervisor or manager will call in the fire brigade or specialized personnel
who will deal with the spill.
Fire exits
All fire exits should be kept clear of from obstacles. All students have a
responsibility to make sure that chairs, empty boxes or any other type of obstacle are not
placed in or near fire exit doorways.
All corridors also need to have equipment stored on one side only to ensure that
in the event of an emergency there is a clear exit.
Each work area has a designated fire warden, who in the event of a fire will take charge.
They are recognized by the wearing of a red hard hat.
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If the designated fire officer is not present, someone quickly needs to take
responsibility and:
Wear shoes with non-conductive rubber soles to help reduce the chance of being
shocked or seriously injured in an electrical accident.
Do not work on components that are plugged into their power source.
Do not remove expansion cards from a computer when it is turned on.
Remove jewelries when working inside any computer related equipment.
Be sure not to mix electronic components and water.
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Performance Criteria:
UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER
Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a digital
computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations
simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizes
mechanical or electrical energy.
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Figure1. Different Types of Computer
Digital Computers: They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two states,
namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on these computers
is represented as a series of 0s and 1s. Digital computers are suitable for complex
computation and have higher processing speeds. They are programmable. Digital
computers are either general purpose computers or special purpose ones. Special
purpose computers, as their name suggests, are designed for specific types of data
processing while general purpose computers are meant for general use.
Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog
computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by
conversion of analog signals to digital ones.
Classification of Computers
The following are the classification of the different types of computers based on
their sizes and functionalities:
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Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in between
mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range systems or
workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively
smaller third generation computers.
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Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit it is
known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes do. When
supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be called personal
computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other similar input output devices, computer
memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come packaged in a microcomputer.
These computers can fit on desks or tables and prove to be the best choice for single-
user tasks.
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Netbooks: They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively smaller
in size. They had a smaller feature set and lesser capacities in comparison to regular
laptops, at the time they came into the market.
Tablet Computers: Tablets are mobile computers that are very handy to use. They use
the touch screen technology. Tablets come with an onscreen keyboard or use a stylus or
a digital pen. Apple's iPod redefined the class of tablet computers.
Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the
creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often
used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health
professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a part of
such studies. When the users' hands and sensory organs are engaged in other activities,
wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. Wearable computers do
not have to be turned on and off and remain in operation without user intervention.
Direction: Identify the type of computer being described in the following sentences and
write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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COMPUTER SYSTEM, DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS
o Multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some
operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
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o Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.
Unix
Windows 2000 and Windows multi point
The physical, touchable, electronic and mechanical parts of a computer are called
the hardware which is composed of different devices attached to the computer.
The following list represents a basic set of devices found in most Personal
Computers.
1. System Unit- The main part of a microcomputer, sometimes called the chassis.
It includes the following parts: Motherboard, Microprocessor, Memory Chips, Buses,
Ports, Expansion Slots and Cards.
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2. Motherboard / Mainboard / System Board- The main circuit board of a computer. It
contains all the circuits and components that run the computer.
3. CPU (Central Processing Unit) - The processor is the main brain or heart of a
computer system. It performs all of the instructions and calculations that are needed
and manages the flow of information through a computer.
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(information) waiting to be sent to secondary storage. Physically, primary storage is a
collection of RAM chips.
a. ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is non-volatile, meaning it holds data even
when the power is ON or OFF.
b. RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data only
when the power is on. When the power is off, RAM's contents are lost.
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6. Adapters- Printed-circuit boards (also called interface
cards) that enable the computer to use a peripheral device for
which it does not have the necessary connections or circuit
boards. They are often used to permit upgrading to a new
different hardware.
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Figure12. CD ROM
The devices attached to a personal computer can be classified into two- the input
and output devices. Input Device is composed of a device that accepts data and
instructions from the user or from another computer system. While, output device is any
piece of computer hardware that displays results after the computer has processed the
input data that has been entered.
Keyboard - The first input device developed for the PC. Data is transferred to the
PC over a short cable with a circular 6-pin Mini-din connector that plugs into the
back of the motherboard.
Figure14. Keyboard
2. Direct Entry A form of input that does not require data to be keyed by someone
sitting at a keyboard. Direct-entry devices create machine-readable data on paper, or
magnetic media, or feed it directly into the computers CPU.
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1. Pointing Devices - An input device used to move the pointer (cursor) on screen.
Mouse - The most common 'pointing device' used
in PCs. Every mouse has two buttons and most
have one or two scroll wheels.
Figure15. Mouse
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Figure18. Digitizer Tablet
2. Scanning Devices- A device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and
translates the information into a form the computer can use.
3. Voice- Input Devices - Audio input devices also known as speech or voice recognition
systems that allow a user to send audio signals to a computer for processing, recording,
or carrying out commands. Audio input devices such as microphones allow users to speak
to the computer in order to record a voice message or navigate software.
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Output Devices
1. Computer Display Monitor- It displays information in visual form, using text and
graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen
or video display terminal.
Types of Monitor
a. CRT Monitors - Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) were the only type of displays for use with
desktop PCs. They are relatively big (14" to 16" deep) and heavy (over 15 lbs).
b. LCD Monitors Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been used in laptops
for some time. It has recently been made commercially available as monitors for
desktop PCs.
c. LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode) - A display and lighting technology used in
almost every electrical and electronic product on the market, from a tiny on/off light to
digital readouts, flashlights, traffic lights and perimeter lighting.
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3. Smart Board - A type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel
covering the screen, which is similar to a touch screen.
Types of printer
a) Ink-Jet or Bubble-Jet Printer - spays ink at a sheet of paper. Ink-jet printers produce
high-quality text and graphics.
b) Laser Printer - Uses the same technology as copy machines. Laser printers produce
very high quality text and graphics.
c) LCD and LED Printer- Similar to a laser printer, but uses liquid crystals or light-
emitting diodes rather than a laser to produce an image on the drum.
d) Line Printer - Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at one
time. Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print.
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Figure 28.Types of Printer
(e) Thermal Printer- An inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins against
heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and fax
machines.
Figure 29.Speaker
Aside from the devices attached on a PC, there are also the so called storage
devices that perform a special task in computing system. Storage device is any apparatus
for recording computer data in a permanent or semi-permanent form.
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Figure 30.Storage Devices
Floppy diskette- is a random access, removable data storage medium that can be used
with personal computers. The term usually refers to the magnetic medium housed in a
rigid plastic cartridge measuring 3.5 inches square and about 2millimeters thick. Also
called a "3.5-inch diskette," it can store up to 1.44 megabytes (MB) of data.
Compact disc (CD) also called optical disc is a nonmagnetic, polished metal disk
used to store digital information. The disc is read by the CD- ROM.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)- an optical disc technology with a 4.7 gigabyte storage
capacity on a single-sided, one-layered disk, which is enough for a 133-minute movie.
Jump drive and USB flash drive- is a plug-and-play portable storage device that uses
flash memory and is lightweight enough to attach to a key chain. A USB drive can be
used in place of a floppy disk, Zip drive disk, or CD.
Hard drive- is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer.
The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive.
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LS-120- is a drive which supports a special floppy diskette which can store up to 120MB
of information as well as being backwards compatible and still supporting the standard
1.44MB floppy diskettes.
Zip drive-is a small, portable disk drive used primarily for backing up and archiving
personal computer files.
Direction: In the puzzle below, look for the 10 hidden computer devices and determine
whether it belongs to INPUT, OUTPUT or STORAGE DEVICE.
C G M M Q F Y L W K C P A H K H G C N H
P O R K I R X N A A O A U A K B M P H U
Z A M Z W G W P X W A F V R Q V X U M Y
Q U I P R Y P T E X V I R D B W A O R B
I R T B A R S R U Y L G R D V J B O C U
A O N R D C S G S I L N H I Q S M I L X
C U H L Q U T Z G D C J F S E E J K O U
N H X S P U P D A K O Z X K M T Y U Z S
G H L P F H G P I Z T A F D O U U F T R
A S L W W T R A O S Q F A R E H B G M O
R Y B E A E M J I X K P I I X E C F H T
E S A C M E T S Y S D D E V W T I D V I
K W M I Q K K I S I O R R E I L D F F N
L E I O M E H Y A S K S A I I D G Z K O
M Q U N D H M R W O Q U H O V K T M J M
W P T H E R M K Z W J U B J B E A P Q Z
K Z Z M L H M O U S E C K Y C Y V Y S D
Y B Y V X E W P L Q Q Y O V N H E Z H D
R N F H T U B U G L S N P F J W N K N J
M J G N Y H V J D U G F L U X O M K D A
1. ________________________ ______________________
2. ________________________ ______________________
3. ________________________ ______________________
4. ________________________ ______________________
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5. ________________________ ______________________
6. ________________________ ______________________
7. ________________________ ______________________
8. ________________________ ______________________
9. ________________________ ______________________
10. ________________________ ______________________
Matching Type. Match column A with Column B and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
A. B.
1. It serves as the brain of computer. a. Adapter
2. Printed-circuit boards (also called interface b. CD- ROM
cards) that enable the computer to use a c. CPU
peripheral device d. Floppy disk
3. Also called read/write memory e. Microphone
4. a small, portable disk drive used primarily f. Monitor
for backing up files g. Motherboard
5. The main circuit board of a computer h. Mouse
6. Also called diskette i. Optical Drive
7. Acts as a pointing device j. RAM
8. Device that makes sounds, clips and any k. ROM
audio materials be heard. l. Speaker
9. Component that reads and record data in m. Zip Drive
CDs and DVDs.
What is a Network?
10. it is a visual device that displays the
information
1. http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-
motherboard-types/
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2. http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-
cpu-socket-types/
3. http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-
cpu-socket-types/
4. http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-
display-device-types/
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5. http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-pc-
input-devices/
Role Playing
The class will be divided into 5 groups (depending on the class size), each
group will have a minimum of 5 members and maximum of 10. Each member
should have a special role pertaining to the devices of a computer and their
functions. Each group will be tasked to showcase their talents in front of the class.
Each presentation will be rated using the following criteria:
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PERFORMANCE SCORE CARD
NETWORK
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone
lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
There are three basic types of networks which includes the following:
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area.
It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely
are LAN computers more than a mile apart.
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they may have additional software on their hard drives. On most LANs, cables are used
to connect the network interface cards in each computer.
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas, such as Florida,
the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may
be used to connect this type of network.
Networking Devices
Consist of, but are not limited to non-local printers, workstations, servers,
webcams, data loggers, instruments, dial-in devices, and, in general anything that
requires an Ethernet connection. These devices are supported on a best-effort basis
limited by the staffing and equipment level available.
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Bridge is a device filters data traffic at a network boundary.
Bridges reduce the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it
into two segments.
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Network firewall protects a computer network from
unauthorized access. Network firewalls may be
hardware devices, software programs, or a
combination of the two. Network firewalls guard an
internal computer network (home, school,
business intranet) against malicious access from the
outside. Network firewalls may also be configured to
limit access to the outside from internal users.
Direction: Identify what is being described in the following sentences and write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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Now, that you are done with the introduction of network as well as the networking
devices, to enlighten your understanding and knowledge have some more readings about
it thru books and other resources. You should consider the following topics for research:
1. Different types of Network Topology
2. Common networking tools
After the research, you can also deepen your understanding by watching a video
presentation using the URL below:
o http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/network-
devices/
o http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/network-
topologies-3/
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After the video presentation here are your tasks:
1. List down all the network devices and their advantages cited in the video.
2. List down the different network topologies and their differences.
The following tools and equipment are classified according to their functions and uses.
Equipment and
Tools Materials
Accessories
LAN Card Screwdriver(standard) Software applications
UPS Screwdriver(Philips) Network OS Software
Server Long nose pliers RJ 45
24 port-hub Mechanical pliers UTP Cat 5 cable
Modem Allen wrench Motherboards manual
Fax machine Multitester and installer
PC Video camera Crimping tools Sound device driver
USBExternalCD writer Soldering iron (30 watts) installer
USB scanner Wire stripper
USB printers LAN Tester
USB Flash Drive Anti-static wrist wrap
Device drivers/installers
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Port hub /Port is a connector on the back of a
computer or other device. A port is either a serial
port or a parallel port.
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Soldering Iron is used to join two or more metal
conductors with the support of soldering lead
melted around it.
A. Direction: Identify the following tools and materials, give their uses.
1.
2.
3.
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4.
5.
B. Identification.
Direction: Identify the appropriate term described in each sentence. Use a separate
sheet for your answers.
________1. It is a connector at the black of a computer or other device.
________2. A computer circuit board installed in a computer so that it can be connected
to a network.
________3.A device that allows a given computer to share a data.
________4. An input device that read text or illustration printed on paper, translated the
information into a form that a computer that can use.
________5.The least expensive and most popular network media.
For you to deepen your knowledge and skills and understanding in planning and
preparing for installation, you need to determine the location of the devices / systems to
be used, obtain materials necessary to complete the work in accordance with established
procedures and check the materials received against job requirements . Your task is to
have a research, find as well and watch video presentations relating and showing the
following:
After doing the above tasks, make sure that you have a detailed documentation of
it. Write your reflections on your notebooks or other sheet of paper.
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After reflecting on the task given to you, its your chance now to transfer what you
have learned from the activity by having a presentation in front of the class. You will be
grouped with 5 members during the presentation. Make use of your creativity in
presenting each topic to awaken the interest of your classmates.
This lesson is designed to give you the proper procedures used in installing
devices and operating system of a personal computer, alongside with it is the basic
computer configuration set up. At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
PPE can also be used to protect the working environment from pesticide
application, pollution or infection from the worker (for example in a microchip factory).
It is important that students and teachers during their laboratory period should be
required to use personal protective equipment. Some of these are:
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Gloves The covering material with a
separate sheath for each finger used for
hand protection.
The little shock you experience while you are walking across a carpeted floor or
when you touched a door knob, table, counter or even another person is a result of static
electricity. Static electricity is the discharge of electricity between two objects with
different electrical potential. Humans can't feel a static shock until it is several thousand
volts strong, but it takes less than 30 volts to fry a sensitive computer component, such
as a stick of RAM or a processor.
That's why computer technicians and home computer builders have to guard
their computers against the deadly ravages of static electricity, as well as take steps to
avoid injury.
Always use an anti-static wrist strap when working on a computer (except when
working on monitors)
Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered
peripherals while you are working on it.
Always grasp a metal part of the computer chassis with your bare hand before you
touch anything inside. Do this even if you are wearing an anti-static wristband.
Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic) edge.
Don't touch the pins or other connectors.
Never plug an ATX power supply into AC power unless it is connected either to a
computer's motherboard or to a dummy test load.
Always use a UL-approved surge protector or an Uninterruptible Power Supply that
incorporates surge and spike protection.
Never eat, drink, or smoke while working on a computer.
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True or False
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE otherwise.
1. Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered
peripherals while you are working on it.
2. Always grasp a metal part of the computer chassis with your bare hand before you
touch anything inside. Do this even if you are wearing an anti-static wristband.
3. Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic) edge.
Don't touch the pins or other connectors.
4. Always use a UL-approved surge protector or an Uninterruptible Power Supply that
incorporates surge and spike protection.
5. Never use an anti-static wrist strap when working on a computer (except when
working on monitors)
6. Everyone is allowed to eat, drink, or smoke while working on a computer.
7. Never plug an ATX power supply into AC power unless it is connected either to a
computer's motherboard or to a dummy test load.
8. Static electricity is the discharge of electricity between two objects with different
electrical potential.
9. Apron is a garment worn over the front of the body as a protection for ones cloth.
10. PPE can also be used to protect the working environment from pesticide
application, pollution or infection from the worker.
Directions: The class will be divided into five (5) groups. Each group has its own
respective leader. The group will perform a task regarding familiarizing the personal
protective equipment. After the activity they will be graded using the given Performance
Score Card below:
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PERFORMANCE SCORE CARD
Performance Rating
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SYSTEMS SPECIFICATION
Whenever you purchase software or hardware for your computer, you should first
make sure your computer supports the system requirements. These are the necessary
specifications your computer must have in order to use the software or hardware. For
example, a computer game may require your computer to have Windows XP or later, a
2.0 GHz processor, 512 MB of RAM, a 64 MB graphics card, and 500 MB or hard drive
space. If your computer does not meet all of these requirements, the game will not run
very well or might not run at all.
It is just as important to check system requirements for hardware devices. For
example, if you buy a printer, it may require either Windows XP or Mac OS X 10.3 or later.
It may also require a USB port and 80 MB of available hard drive space. If your computer
does not have any USB ports, you will not be able to physically connect the printer. If your
machine does not have Windows XP or Mac OS X 10.3 or later, the printer drivers may
be incompatible with your operating system. This means your computer will be unable to
recognize the printer.
Most hardware and software products have the system requirements printed on
the side or bottom of the product packaging. When you are shopping for computer
software or hardware, it is a good idea to first find out exactly what your system's
specifications are and write them down on a piece of paper. The important information to
record includes:
1. Operating System (i.e. Windows XP, SP 2 or Mac OS X 10.3.8)
2. Processor Speed (i.e. Pentium 4, 3.2 GHz or Power PC G5, 2.0 GHz)
3. Memory, a.k.a. RAM (i.e. 512 MB)
4. Graphics Card (i.e. ATI Radeon 9800 w/ 256 MB video memory)
5. Hard Disk Space (i.e. 80 GB available)
6. I/O Ports (i.e. USB, Firewire, Serial, Parallel, SCSI, VGA, DVI ports)
By recording these specifications from your computer, you will be able to make
sure your computer supports the products you are buying. In terms of installation,
systems specification is a big consideration in order for a computer to run and work
properly for the most efficient way it could be.
In broad terms, the performance of a computer depends on four factors: the speed
and architecture of its processor or "central processing unit" (CPU), how much random
access memory (RAM) it has, its graphics system, and its internal hard drive speed and
capacity. Also of importance to most users will be the specification of
its Internet connection. Most computer users and in particular those working with a lot of
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photographs, music files or videos should also think about the most
suitable storage devices they will need in order to keep and back-up all of their valuable
data.
The speed of a computer's processor chip (technically known as its "clock speed")
in measured in gigahertz (GHz), with the fastest modern processors currently running at
up to 4.7GHz. However, for most computing tasks, including web browsing, sending e-
mails, word processing and spreadsheet work any processor running at 1GHz or more
remains perfectly sufficient.
For applications such as video editing, 3D graphics work and (for the majority of
"power users") playing computer games, higher processor speeds is highly required. CPU
performance is now determined by far more than raw speed alone. Intel made this very
clear when it introduced its system of processor numbers. These provide an indication of
a processor's "architecture", "cache" and "front side bus (FSB) speed" in addition to its
clock speed.
In addition to clock speed and architecture, a processor's cache and front side bus
(FSB) speed also determine a computer's overall power. Cache is a form of very fast
memory integrated into the processor chip, and used to store up instructions (work for the
processor) so that it has to slow down as little as possible between tasks. Cache is
measured in megabytes (MB), with (for example) low-end Celeron processors having as
little as 0.25MB of cache (256KB), and high-end Itaniums having up to 24MB. The simple
message is, the more cache the better- though high levels of cache still come at a very
significant price.
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RAM
To a large extent, the more RAM a computer has the faster and more effectively it
will operate. Computers with little RAM have to keep moving data to and from their hard
disks in order to keep running. This tends to make them not just slow in general, but more
annoyingly intermittently sluggish.
RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB), as detailed on
the storage page. Just how much RAM a computer needs depends on the software it is
required to run effectively. A computer running Windows XP will usually function quite
happily with 1GB of RAM, whereas twice this amount (ie 2GB) is the realistic minimum
for computers running Windows 7.
Graphics system
A computer's graphics system determines how well it can work with visual output.
Graphics systems can either be integrated into a computer's motherboard, or plugged
into the motherboard as a separate "video card". Graphics systems integrated into the
motherboard (also known as "onboard graphics") are now quite powerful, and sufficient
for handling the requirements of most software applications aside from games playing,
3D modeling, and some forms of video editing.
Any form of modern computer graphics system can now display high-resolution
color images on a standard-sized display screen (ie any monitor up to about 19" in size).
The more sophisticated graphics cards now determines how well a computer can handle
the playback of high definition video, as well as the speed and quality at which 3D scenes
can be rendered. Another key feature of separate graphics cards is that most of them
now allow more than one display screen to be connected to a computer. Others also
permit the recording of video.
Today 40GB is an absolute minimum hard drive size for a new computer running
Windows 7, with a far larger capacity being recommended in any situation where more
than office software is going to be installed. Where a computer will frequently be used to
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edit video, a second internal hard disk dedicated only to video storage is highly
recommended for stable operation. Indeed, for professional video editing using a program
like Premiere Pro CS5, Adobe now recommend that a PC has at least three internal hard
disks (one for the operating system and programs, one for video project files, and one for
video media).
Two key factors determine the speed of traditional, spinning hard disks. The first
is the rotational velocity of the physical disk itself. This can currently be 4200, 5400, 7200,
10000 or 15000 rpm (revolutions per minute). The faster the disk spins, the quicker data
can be read from or written to it, hence the faster the disk the better (although faster disks
consumer more power, make more noise, and generate more heat). Most desktop hard
disks run at either 5400 or 7200 rpm, whilst most laptop hard disks run at 4200 or 5400.
The second key factor that determines performance of a traditional, internal hard
disk is the interface used to connect it to the computer's motherboard. Three types of
interface exist: Serial Advance Technology Attachment (SATA), which is the most
modern and now pretty much the norm on new PCs; Integrated Device Electronics
(IDE) (also known as UDMA), which is a slower and older form of interface, and
finally SCSI, which happens to be the oldest but in it most modern variant is still the fastest
disk interface standard.
Now, in order for you to better understand the topics under systems specification,
dig deep into your mind and answer the following essential questions:
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INSTALLATION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS AND OTHER PERIPHERALS
One of the basic skills that you must acquire in computer hardware servicing is to
independently assemble and disassemble a personal computer or simply setting up a PC.
After familiarizing with all the tools, devices, peripherals and safety precautions I believe
that you are now ready to gain another experience in CHS by going through this lesson.
Before starting computer disassembly, make sure you have the tools you need and
they're all close by and handy and be sure to have a container to keep the screws in so
you have them when you want to put things back together.
Step1. Unplugging - The first thing you do is to unplug every cable that is plugged in to
your computer. That includes the cables such as Power, USB, Mouse, Keyboard, Internet,
Ethernet, Modem, AM\FM Antenna, Cable TV, etc. Just unplug all the cables for safety
purposes.
Now that your computer is fully unplugged, move your PC to a clean work space.
Step2.Opening the Outer Shell/Case- First, unscrew the four screws at the back of the
computer. On most computer cases, there will be large knobs that you can unscrew by
hand or by screw driver on the back-right side of the computer. The left side has small
screws because on that side you can't access much on the inside.
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Once the screws are removed, you can remove the side panels. On most
computers, they just slide off. Start with the left side panel (the side that once had the
knobs), slide it towards the back of the computer. Now you can remove the left panel.
Just like the other side, slide it towards the back of the computer.
Side
Panel
NOTICE:
If you are working on a carpet, about every five minutes touch something that is grounded
(Sink faucet / pipe, wire coming from the ground part of a wall outlet). This is done so
you do not shock your motherboard or other parts.
Step3. Removing the System Fan - First, unplug the fan from the motherboard. You can
find the plug by following the wire from the fan. It should be labeled "SYS_FAN1". Next,
you will have to unscrew the fan from the outside. You should now be able to lift the fan
out of the PC.
System Fan
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Figure 34. Removing the system fan
Step4. Removing the CPU Fan- The CPU fan is located right on top of the CPU heat
sink, which is a large piece of metal with fins on the top. The CPU fan plugs into the
motherboard in an awkward place that is hard to access. But just follow the wires and you
should easily find it. It is labeled "CPU FAN1". To remove the fan from the heat sink,
remove the four screws securing it in place.
CPU Fan
Step5. Power Supply - The first thing to do is unplug every wire coming from the power
supply. You must disconnect the motherboard (very large connector/plug), CD/DVD
drive(s) power, internal hard drive power and portable hard drive slot power.
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Step6. CD/ DVD Drive(s)-First, unplug the ribbon from the back of the drive. Once that
is completed, pull on the tab
securing the drive in place, then
push it out from the inside.
CD / DVD
Drive
Step7. Hard Drive - First, unplug the connector at the back of the slot, and unplug the
other end from the motherboard. Also unplug the SATA cable from the motherboard and
the hard drive. The portable hard drive slot is secured the same way the CD/DVD drive
is, with a tab. Pull on the tab, then slide the slot out.
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To remove the hard drive from the side of the slot, unscrew the four screws securing it in
place. You must be very careful not to drop the hard drive, since it is very delicate!
Figure 39. Removing the hard drive from the side of the slot
Step8. Memory (RAM) - To remove the RAM, push down on both tabs holding the RAM
in place, which are located at both ends of the RAM.
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Personal Computer Assembly
Now that you have the skills in disassembling a personal computer, Ibelieve that
you are ready to take another step of this module which is assembling a personal
computer. All you need to do is to follow the step by step procedures provided in this
module.
1. Take Inventory:
Before you start, take an inventory of your parts. Do not begin assembling your
computer if you don't have everything you need. Begin the step-by-step process once you
are ready with everything you need.
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Figure 43. Wearing the Anti- static Wrist Strap Correctly
2. Before you secure the motherboard onto the PC case/chassis, inspect it carefully
for any visible defects.
3. Next, review the motherboard manual, to make sure you are familiar with the
motherboard layout and understand which socket is which. Manuals are extremely
helpful, usually easy to read, and include illustrations. Below you can find
instructions on how to install the processor, the heat sink and the memory modules
on the motherboard. You should not place the motherboard in the computer case
until you are told to do so.
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1. Use the unlocking mechanism to
open the CPU socket which is
usually a lever.
2. Carefully line up the pins and place
the chip in its socket; it will fit only
when oriented the proper way. An
arrow or a missing pin on one
corner of the chip will show you
how to line things up.
3. Align Triangular CPU and socket
key marks as shown in Figure 46.
4. Lower the lever to lock the CPU
into place.
Figure 45. Install CPU
1. Follow the manufacturer's directions to install the heat sink and the fan that will
cool the processor. If you bought an OEM CPU and a separate heat sink, you may
need to spread a thin layer of the thermal grease that came with the heat sink over
the chip to ensure proper transfer of heat (some heat sinks come with this grease
already applied).
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Step 5. Install Memory (RAM Modules)
1. Some PC cases have a removable motherboard tray. If yours does, remove the screws
holding it in place and pull it out of the case (Figure 49).
2. Note the pattern of the holes in your motherboard (Figure 50), and screw brass
standoffs into the motherboard tray or into the PC case in the correct locations (ALWAYS
check the manual and follow their instructions to the letter).
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Figure 49. Screw Brass Standoffs Into the Motherboard
3. Check the layout of the sockets on the motherboard, and confirm that the ports on your
motherboard's back panel match the holes on the case's Input/Output (I/O) shield that is
installed in your case. If necessary, remove the old I/O shield by tapping it firmly a few
times with the butt-end of a screwdriver, and then replace it with the shield that came with
the new motherboard.
4. Carefully position the motherboard on top of the brass standoffs (Figure 51), line up all
the holes, and use the screws that accompanied the case to fasten down the
motherboard. If you are using a removable tray in your system, slide the tray and
motherboard back into the case and then secure the tray.
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Step 7. Connect the Power Supply
1. First, plug the large ATX power connector (Figure 53) from your power supply into the
matching port on your motherboard. Look Figure X for details.
2. Locate the smaller, square processor power connector (Figure 54) (you cannot miss it
- it is the one sprouting the yellow and black wires) and attach it to the motherboard.
Note: your connector is usually located near the processor. As always, refer to
your motherboard's manual for the exact locations.
3. Use your motherboard user manual and find the description about front-panel
connectors.
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Figure 53. Square Processor Power Connector
NOTE:
You are going to be doing work that requires attention to detail and can be quite
frustrating if you do not go into it with the right attitude.
4. Attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches (Figure 56), the hard-
disk activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB and FireWire ports to the
corresponding pin on your motherboard. The needle-nose pliers are useful for
manipulating small pieces.
1. Begin by removing the backplane cover from the AGP or PCI Express X16 slot
(the metal piece where the monitor connector will emerge) (Figure 55).
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2. Install the graphics board in that slot, and then secure the card with a screw (Figure
56).
Now it is time to install your drives. This is an easy process, but it requires attention to
detail.
1. Make any necessary changes to jumpers on the drives before mounting them in
the case. A two-drive system (one or two SATA (Serial ATA- is a standard
hardware interface for connecting hard drives and CD/DVD drives to a computer)
hard drives, plus one parallel ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) optical
drive, for example) is easy to set up; the SATA drives are jumper less, and the
optical drive can be set as master on its own parallel ATA channel. Many cases
have removable drive rails or cages to house drives.
2. Use the included screws to attach your drives to the rails or cage, and slide them
into the case. For externally accessible drives such as a DVD recorder, you can
save time by installing one drive rail and sliding the drive in for a test fitting to make
sure that its front is flush with the case (Figure 57).
3. When the drives are installed, connect power and data cables to each one. Parallel
ATA drives use wide, flat data cables that can be installed only in the correct way.
Floppy drives use a similar but smaller cable; SATA drives use a thin, 1cm-wide
data cable. SATA drives use a new type of power connector that many power
supplies don't come with. Fortunately, many motherboards ship with adapters for
converting a standard four-pin power connector to a SATA power
connector (Figure 57).
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Figure 57. Attach your devices
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Step 10. Install the Add- in Cards
1. For each add-in card, you must choose a free PCI slot.
1. Remove its backplane cover to allow access from the rear of the case.
3. Carefully position the card above the slot, and press down firmly to seat the
card (Figure 59).
4. Secure the card with a screw.
When attaching hardware and peripherals of the computer, ensure that they are
connected to the correct locations or ports. For example, some mouse and keyboard
cables use the same type of PS/2 connector. So, you must know first the different ports
that can be found in the back panel of the computer.
Keep in mind:
1. When attaching cables, never force a connection.
2. Plug in the power cable after you have connected all other
cables.
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Steps in Connecting Peripherals of a PC
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After connecting all the cables into their proper places, the picture in the next page
should be the appearance of the back panel of your PC.
Direction: Rearrange the following procedures in their proper order. Use numbers to
indicate their order of precedence. The first number is done for you.
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B. Personal Computer Assembly
__7_1. Connect the Power Supply
____2. Install Graphics / Video Cards
____3. Install Internal Drives
____4. Install Memory (RAM Modules)
____5. Install the Add- in Cards
____6. Install the CPU
____7. Install the CPU Heat Sink
____8. Place the motherboard into the case
____9. Prepare the Motherboard
____10. Prepare your workplace
Performance Test
Direction: Follow and perform the given procedures on Activity A, B and C. Safety
precautions must be observed when working. You will be rated in accordance with the
rubrics provided after the activity:
A. PC Disassembly
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B. Personal Computer Assembly
C. Connecting PC Peripherals
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Rubrics for your performance Test
Accuracy 50 %
Speed 10%
Performance Rating
Windows XP Installation
If you see a message about press any key to boot the CD, do so now. Otherwise,
you will see a message about Setup inspecting your system.
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Figure 62. Boot from CD
In the first stage of setup; you will see a series of blue and gray MS-DOS-based
screens.
In the first step, you will be asked to press F6 if you need to install any third-party
or RAID drivers.
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3. Welcome to Setup
Finally, Setup begins. In this step, you can set up XP, launch the Recovery Console
(another, more complicated system recovery tool), or quit.
Press ENTER to continue Setup, and it will examine your hard drives and
removable disks.
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5. Choose an installation partition
If you created a new partition, or wish to change the file system of an existing
partition, you can do so in the next step. NTFS (New Technology File System) file
system is more secured than FAT (File Allocation System).
Regardless of which file system you choose, be sure to select one of the "quick"
format options (the top two choices), if you do need to format, since these will work
much more quickly than a full format.
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Figure 67. Select the File System
If you did choose to change or format the file system, this will occur next. First,
you'll be asked to verify the format. If you're installing XP on a system with more
than one partition, especially one that still holds your data on one of the partitions,
be sure you're formatting the correct partition.
Hit F to continue, and a yellow progress bar will indicate the status of the format.
When this is complete, Setup will again examine your disks, and create a list of
files to copy.
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It will then reboot your PC.When the system reboots, you will probably see the
"Press any key to boot from CD" message again. If this happens, do not press a
key: Setup will now boot from your C: drive. In the event that you cannot prevent
the CD-based Setup from reloading, eject the CD and reboot. Setup will ask for
the CD when needed.
Once the system reboots, you will be presented with the GUI Setup phase, which
is much more attractive than the DOS-mode phase. As you progress through GUI
Setup, you can read promotional information on the right side of the screen about
XP.
Next, your hardware devices are detected. This could take several minutes.
Figure
70. GUI
Setup
10. Regional and language Options
In the first interactive portion of GUI Setup, you can choose to customize the
regional and language settings that will be used by XP, as well as the text input
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language you'd like. Users in the United States will not normally need to change
anything here.
Click Next to continue.
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12. Enter your product key
Now you must enter the 25-character product key that is located on the orange
sticker found on the back of the CD holder that came with Windows XP. You cannot
install XP without a valid product key. Later on, you will be asked to activate and
optionally register your copy of Windows XP. A product key can be used to install
XP on only one PC.
Click Next to continue.
Figure
73.
Enter
Product Key
In the next phase of Setup, you can create a name for your computer (which is
used to identify it on a network) and, optionally in Pro Edition only, a password for
the system Administrator, the person who controls the PC (this will generally be
you, of course).
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Figure 74. Enter Computer Name and Administrator Password
14. Supply your date and time settings
Next, you can supply the date and time, which are auto-set based on information
in your BIOS, and the time zone, which is irritatingly set to PST, which is where
Microsoft is. Change these as appropriate.
Click Next to continue.
If you have a networking card or modem, Setup now install the networking
components, which include the client for Microsoft networks, File and Print
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Sharing, the Quality of Service (QoS) Packet Scheduler, and the TCP/IP
networking protocol by default.
In this phase, you can choose to keep the default settings (recommended) or
enter custom settings.
Note that XP doesn't include the legacy NetBEUI protocol out of the box. If
you want to use this protocol, you will need to install it later from the XP
CD-ROM.
Click Next to continue.
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Windows XP Professional only:
From this point on, Setup will continue to completion without any further need for
interaction. Setup will now copy files, complete installation, install your Start Menu
items, register system components, save settings, remove any temporary files
needed by Setup, and then reboot.
Again, you will probably see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message on
reboot. If this happens, do not press a key, and your new XP install will boot up.
You can remove the XP Setup CD now.
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Figure 79. Set- Up Completion
Youll be greeted by the XP splash screen on first boot (this actually appears briefly
when you rebooted into GUI Setup as well).The splash screens for XP Pro and
Home are subtly different.
Users with CRT monitors and some LCDs (such as laptops and flat panel displays)
will see a Display Settings dialog appear, which asks whether you'd like XP to
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automatically set the resolution. This will generally change the resolution from 800
x 600 to 1024 x 768 on a CRT monitor, or to the native resolution of an LCD display.
Click OK and let XP change the resolution. Then, accept the settings if the screen
display changes and can be read. If you can't see the display, it will time out after
30 seconds and return to the sub-optimal 800 x 600 resolution.
Click OK to accept the screen resolution change.
Now, you are presented with XP's "Out of Box Experience," or OOBE, which
presents a silly wizard to guide you through the final set up of your PC.
Click Next to continue.
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21. Network setup
In the opening OOBE phase, you are asked to set up your network/Internet
connection, which is required for activation and registration. If you selected the
default networking configuration during Setup and know it will work (because
you're connected directly to a cable modem, perhaps, or are on a local area
network), then select Yes (the default). Otherwise, you can select No and then
Skip.
We'll assume that your network is up and running and select Yes.
Click Next to continue.
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Figure 84. Windows Activation
Now, you can set up the user names of the people who will be using the PC. You
will want at least one user (for you), since you shouldn't be logging on as
Administrator. Curiously, each user you do create here has administrative
privileges, however, and no password. You should set up your users correctly with
passwords as soon as possible.
This phase lets you create up to five users. You can create more later, or manage
users, using the User Accounts tool in Control Panel.
Click Finish when done creating users. At this point, OOBE ends and you're
reading to go.
Click Finish again.
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24. Logon to Windows XP for the first time
Click your name, that account will logon and you'll be presented with the XP
desktop. After you create passwords, however, you'll be asked to enter a password
before you can logon.
Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully and choose the letter of the best
answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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5. Where do we typically install the operating system?
a. Drive C c. External Drive
b. DVD d. Floppy Drive
6. What file system is usually used during installation?
a. FAT c. d. NTFS
b. FAT32 e. NTFS32
7. Suppose that you will install Windows XP on a system with more than one partition,
what important process should be done?
a. Change the file system
b. Delete the data and files on the different partition
c. Examine the partition
d. Format the correct partition
8. When the folder copy phase is complete your system will reboot, what are you
going to do if see the message Press any key to boot from CD?
a. Press any key c. Reboot the system
b. Do not press a key d. Eject the CD
9. What is the next phase after the set up folder copy phase and reboot?
a. GUI set up c. Username setup
b. Software d. Software personalization
10. What phase will immediately follow after the first boot phase?
a. Welcome to Windows c. Change display setting
b. Network Setup d. Set up users
For you to have a profound knowledge on the overview of what windows XP is,
utilize the internet and watch the following video presentations:
1. Overview of Windows XP
http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-802/an-
overview-of-windows-xp/
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2. Planning for installation
http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-802/planning-a-
windows-installation-2/
3. Windows XP installation
http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-802/installing-
windows-xp-3/
Windows XP Installation
Equipment:
AVR / UPS
Materials:
Windows XP Installer
Procedure:
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2. Install the Operating System (OS), Windows XP.
3. Take turns in doing the above task.
You will be assessed using the criteria in the score card below.
CRITERIA
Performance Criteria
Windows 7 Installation
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Figure 87. Boot Menu
3. Press F10 to save the configuration and exit BIOS then reset your computer.
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5. Select your language, time & currency format, keyboard or input method and
click Next.
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Figure 92. License Terms Agreement
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9. (Skip this step if you chose Upgrade and have only one partition) Select the
drive where you want to install Windows 7 and click Next. If you want to make any
partitions, click Drive options (advanced), make the partitions and then
click Next.
10. It will now start installing Windows 7. The first step, (i.e. Copying Windows files)
was already done when you booted the Windows 7 DVD so it will complete
instantly.
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Figure 95. Windows 7 Starts Installation
11. After completing the first step, it will expand (decompress) the files that it has been
copied.
12. The third and fourth step will also complete instantly like the first step.
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Figure 97. Installing Features and Updates
13. After that it will automatically restart after 15 seconds and continue the setup. You
can also click Restart now to restart without any delays.
14. After restarting for the first time, it will continue the setup. This is the last step so it
will take the most time than the previous steps.
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Figure 99.Completing Installation
15. It will now automatically restart again and continue the setup. You can
click Restart now to restart without any delays.
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16. Type your desired user name in the text-box and click Next. It will automatically fill
up the computer name.
17. If you want to set a password, type it in the text-boxes and click Next.
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18. Type your product key in the text-box and click Next. You can also skip this step
and simply click Next if you want to type the product key later. Windows will run
only for 30 days if you do that.
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Figure 104. Windows Update
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21. If you are connected to any network, it will ask you to set the networks location.
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Figure 107. Preparing Desktop
Hands- on Activity:
1. Watch video presentation on the said topic and have a proper documentation of
the procedures in obtaining approval from the appropriate personnel.
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2. Interview a person in the field to acquire the knowledge (procedures) and skills on
the said competency.
Windows 7 Installation
Equipment:
AVR / UPS
Materials:
Windows 7 Installer
Procedure:
You will be assessed using the criteria in the score card below.
PERFORMANCE RATING
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BASIC COMPUTER CONFIGURATION SETUP
Configuration is the way a system is set up, or the assortment of components that
make up the system. Configuration can refer to either hardware or software, or the
combination of both.
The Basic Input Output System, usually referred to as BIOS, is software stored on
a small memory chip on the motherboard.
BIOS instruct the computer on how to perform a number of basic functions such
as booting and keyboard control. BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware
in a computer such as the hard drive, optical drive, CPU, memory, etc.
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The BIOS is accessed and configured through the BIOS Setup Utility. The BIOS
Setup Utility is, for all reasonable purposes, the BIOS itself. All available options in BIOS
are configurable via the BIOS Setup Utility. The BIOS Setup Utility is accessed in various
ways depending on your computer or motherboard make and model.
BIOS access and configuration on PC systems is independent of any operating
systembecause the BIOS is part of the motherboard hardware. It doesn't matter if a
computer is running Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Linux, Unix, or no
operating system at all - BIOS functions outside of the operating system environment and
is no way dependent upon it.
BIOS contain a number of hardware configuration options that can be changed
through the setup utility. Saving these changes and restarting the computer applies the
changes to the BIOS and alters the way BIOS instructs the hardware to function. The
following list shows the things you can do in most BIOS systems:
Device Drivers
Now that you successfully installed the operating system, youll need to configure
the devices such as Video Cards, Network Interface Cards, Sound Cards, etc by installing
the device drivers of each. In many cases, if Windows recognizes the device, drivers will
be installed automatically. In some cases, generic drivers are installed so that the devices
will work properly.
Drivers are small software programs that help the operating system use or drive
the device. Whenever a device doesnt work properly, ask if the proper driver has been
installed.
The procedures listed below describe how to obtain and install drivers for hardware
devices on a Microsoft Windows 2000-based computer.
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Step 1: Determine the Hardware Manufacturer
If you do not know the manufacturer of the device for which you want to install the
driver, follow these steps to determine the manufacturer:
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Device Manager
3. In the right pane, expand the category of the device that you want to configure.
For example, expand Display adapters.
Expanded Device
Category
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4. Right-click the device for which you want to install the driver, and then
click Properties.
5. Click the General tab. Make a note of the manufacturer and model of the device.
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Figure 113. General Tab
NOTE: If the device is not displayed in Device Manager, or the device is listed
as an "Unknown device," contact the computer or device manufacturer to
obtain more information about the device.
To obtain the latest driver, use the following list of possible sources for the driver,
in the order in which they are presented.
Device Manufacturer
Contact the manufacturer of the device to inquire about how to obtain, download,
and install the latest drivers for the device.
Chipset Manufacturer
Contact the chipset manufacturer of the device to find out how to obtain, download,
and install the latest drivers for the device. It is best to first contact the manufacturer of
the device for the drivers before you contact the chipset manufacturer.
For example, if your display adapter uses a NVIDIA chipset, first contact the manufacturer
of the display adapter. If you cannot contact the display adapter manufacturer or if the
manufacturer does not have a driver, contact NVIDIA.
If you have the original driver CD or floppy disks that were included with the
computer or device, and if no other source for the drivers is available, use the original
driver that is included with the computer or device.
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NOTE: Whenever possible, try to first contact the Original Equipment Manufacturer
(OEM), device manufacturer, or chipset manufacturer to obtain the latest version of the
driver.
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click Browse, locate the .inf files that you downloaded in Step 2: Obtain the
Driver, click an .inf file, and then click Open.
Use the Add New Hardware wizard in Control Panel to install drivers for non-Plug
and Play devices. You may have to use this method to install certain modems, serial
ports, or printer ports.
1. Click Start, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2. Double-click Add/Remove Hardware.
3. Click Next.
4. Click Add/Troubleshoot a device, and then click Next.
5. Do one of the following:
o Click Yes, search for new hardware, and then click Next.
-or-
o Click No, I want to select the hardware from a list, and then click Next.
6. Follow the wizard instructions to install the driver.
7. Restart the computer.
Material: Installation CD
Direction: Given an installation CD, perform installation of a device driver.
Check the quality of your work undertaken in accordance with the established procedures
thru the Performance Score Card below.
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PERFORMANCE SCORE CARD
PERFORMANCE RATIING
In the previous lesson, you were introduced with all the necessary knowledge and
skills on installation of computer devices and operating system. Now, after executing the
correct procedures I am sure that installation is a very easy task for you. Those skills will
be very essential for the next lesson.
In the next phase of your learning it will focus in conducting test on the installed
computer components. After reading all the required topics and performing the essential
skills you must be able to:
Follow OHS policies and procedures in conducting tests;
Check circuits and systems being isolated using specified testing procedures;
Test devices, systems and/or installation to determine its conformity with the
requirements;
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Undertake final inspections on the installed devices, systems to ensure conformity
with the requirements;
Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted; and
Follow procedures in forwarding documentation to appropriate personnel and/or
authority on the test conducted.
As computer technician you will need a good understanding of the health and
safety regulations from early on in your career, so that you understand the good practices
demanded by law. In particular, you need to:
report any accidents
take reasonable care of your own health and safety when moving heavy
components
not cause any electrical hazards
make sure that workstations meet safety requirements.
You need to adhere to health and safety regulations as they will help to protect you and
others and will avoid any unnecessary legal action for reckless and unsafe working
practices. If you identify any health and safety problems, you should tell your line manager
or the health and safety representative immediately.
The most basic test is to switch the system on to check it starts without errors.
ICT professionals are also likely to use tools and utilities to check that all is well with the
system after an installation.
The Use of Diagnostic Tools in testing installed hardware components and other
peripherals
Diagnostic tools are used to test and diagnose equipment. Diagnostic tools
include the following:
Digital multimeter is a device that can take many types of measurements. It tests
the integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity in computer components. A
digital multimeter displays the information on an LCD or LED.
A loopback adapter, also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality of
computer ports. The adapter is specific to the port that you want to test.
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The toner probe, is a two-part tool. The toner part is connected to a cable at one
end using specific adapters, such as an RJ-45, coaxial, or metal clips. The toner
generates a tone that travels the length of the cable. The probe part traces the
cable. When the probe is in near proximity to the cable to which the toner is
attached, the tone can be heard through a speaker in the probe.
Software Tools
Like hardware tools, there are a variety of software tools that can be used to help
technicians pinpoint and troubleshoot problems. Many of these tools are free and several
come with the Windows operating system.
Software tools help diagnose computer and network problems and determine which
computer device is not functioning correctly. A technician must be able to use a range of
software tools to diagnose problems, maintain hardware, and protect the data stored on
a computer.
You must be able to identify which software to use in different situations. Disk
management tools help detect and correct disk errors, prepare a disk for data storage,
and remove unwanted files.
FDISK: A command-line tool that creates and deletes partitions on a hard drive.
The FDISK tool is not available in Windows XP, Vista, or 7. It has been replaced
with the Disk Management tool.
Disk Management Tool: Initializes disks, creates partitions, and formats
partitions.
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Format: Prepares a hard drive to store information.
ScanDisk or CHKDSK: Checks the integrity of files and folders on a hard drive by
scanning the file system. These tools might also check the disk surface for physical
errors.
Defrag: Optimizes space on a hard drive to allow faster access to programs and
data.
Disk Cleanup: Clears space on a hard drive by searching for files that can be
safely deleted.
System File Checker (SFC): A command-line tool that scans the operating
system critical files and replaces files that are corrupted.
Use the Windows 7 boot disk for troubleshooting and repairing corrupted files. The
Windows 7 boot disk repairs Windows system files, restores damaged or lost files, and
reinstalls the operating system.
Test procedures
A test procedure is a set of steps to guide you through what needs to be done to
thoroughly test the installation. It is designed to help you work more effectively and to
make sure you test everything that needs testing.
Test procedures are created in-house and could include these steps:
1. Gathering test information. The first step is to run the tests required by the procedure
and find out what happens. You should record all the results of your tests in a log so that
you know which pass and which fail, thereby requiring further action.
2. Validating the test information. The next step is to check the data you gathered from
the tests to make sure it is correct. This is usually done by running the tests again.
3. Responding to test information. This step is important because you need to be able
to recognize when a test shows problems or is successful. For example, if ping is used to
test a network connection then Request timed out shows the test was not successful.
4. Checking specification. The final step is an important end to testing. You need to
check the specification for the installation to make sure that it has been met. For example,
if a user requested an upgrade to make their display run at 1920 x 1200, then the ICT
professionalshould check that the graphics card and screen can do this.
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1. Turn off the computer, the monitor, and all peripherals.
2. Verify that all power cables are properly connected to the computer, the monitor
and peripherals, and their power sources.
3. Verify that the keyboard and mouse interface cables are firmly attached to the
proper connectors on the back of the computer.
For a PS/2-compatible mouse, the keyboard and mouse interface cable
connectors are identical except for their labels.
For a serial mouse, the mouse interface cable must be firmly attached to
one of the serial port connectors, and its captive screws must be secure
enough to ensure a firm connection.
4. Verify that network cables (if present) are properly attached.
5. Verify that any devices attached to the serial and parallel port connectors are
properly connected.
Each of the serial and parallel port interface cables must be firmly attached
to an appropriate connector on the back of the computer as well as to the
interface connector on the device. The captive screws that secure these
connectors at each end of the interface cable must be secure enough to
ensure a firm connection.
6. Verify that the video interface cable is firmly attached to the video connector on the
back panel or to a video expansion card, and also to the connector on the back of
the monitor. For proper connection of the video monitor, see the documentation
for the monitor.
7. Inspect all external monitor controls for any obvious damage or improper settings.
For proper settings of the video monitor controls, see the documentation for the
monitor.
8. Inspect the keyboard to ensure that no keys are sticking. If one or more keys are
sticking, it may be necessary to replace the keyboard.
9. Inspect the exterior of the computer, including all controls and indicators, and all
user-accessible data storage devices for any signs of physical damage.
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NOTE: Most of the steps in this procedure require observation of system
functions and indications, some of which can occur simultaneously. It may be
necessary to reboot the system several times to complete all of these steps.
To observe problem indications during the boot routine, perform the following steps:
3. Watch the <Num Lock>, <Caps Lock>, and <Scroll Lock> indicators on the upper-
right corner of the keyboard. After all three indicators flash momentarily, and
following a long pause (approximately 30 seconds), the Num Lock indicator should
light up and remain on (unless the Num Lock option is set to Off in the System
Setup program).
Do these indicators flash on and off within approximately 10 seconds after the boot
routine starts?
o Yes. Proceed to step 4.
o No. Troubleshoot the system power supply. If the troubleshooting procedure
indicates that the system power supply is operational, troubleshoot the
memory.
4. During the boot routine, observe the system for any of the following indications:
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Internal Visual Inspection
NOTICE: Before you proceed with the internal visual inspection described in this
section, ensure that the user has saved all open files and exited all open application
programs if possible.
A simple visual inspection of a computers interior hardware can often lead to the
source of a problem, such as a loose expansion card, cable connector, or mounting
screw. To perform the internal visual inspection, perform the following steps:
1. Turn off the system, including any attached peripherals, and disconnect all the AC
power cables from electrical outlets.
CAUTION: The heat sink assembly can get extremely hot during system
operations. Be sure that it has had sufficient time to cool before touching
it.
CAUTION: When handling the heat sink assembly, take care to avoid
sharp edges on the heat sink.
3. Verify that the chips, expansion cards, and SEC cartridge and heat sink assembly
or assemblies are fully seated in their sockets or connectors.
4. To ensure that the chips are fully seated in their sockets, press firmly on the top of
each chip.
5. Verify that all jumpers are set correctly.
6. Check all cable connectors inside the computer to verify that they are firmly
attached to their appropriate connectors.
7. Reinstall the computer cover.
8. Reconnect the computer and any attached peripherals to their power sources, and
turn them on.
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Suppose that you are in the workshop carrying out hardware installations, the
owner are very impressed with you. There has been a lot of telephone time spent recently
explaining to customers how to test installed components of their computer systems. The
shop has decided to create their own video that will be uploaded to the website and
YouTube. You have been asked to create this video.
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Test I. Identification
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Test II. True or false
1. Always use an anti-static wrist strap when working on a computer (except when
working on monitors)
2. Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered
peripherals while you are working on it.
3. Always grasp a metal part of the computer chassis with your bare hand before you
touch anything inside. Do this even if you are wearing an anti-static wristband.
4. Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic) edge.
Don't touch the pins or other connectors.
5. Always use a UL-approved surge protector or an Uninterruptible Power Supply that
incorporates surge and spike protection
6. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working on a computer.
7. Whenever you purchase software or hardware for your computer, you should first
make sure your computer supports the system requirements.
8. The speed of a computer's processor chip (technically known as its "clock speed")
in measured in gigahertz (GHz).
9. A computer's graphics system determines how well it can work with visual output.
10. Today 40GB is an absolute minimum hard drive size for a new computer running
Windows 7.
11. When attaching cables, never force a connection.
12. BIOS instruct the computer on how to perform a number of basic functions such
as booting and keyboard control.
13. The external visual inspection consists of a quick inspection of the interior of the
computer.
14. Disk management tools help detect and correct disk errors.
15. The most basic test is to switch the system on to check it starts without errors.
Direction: Read each questions carefully and write the letter of the best answer.
1. These are small software programs that help the operating system use the device.
a. Application
b. Driver
2. Which of the following is software shared on a small memory chip on the
motherboard?
a. Installer c. Driver
b. Application d. BIOS
3. It is the way to set up a system or the assortment of components that make up the
system.
a. Configuration c. Driver
b. Set up d. Installation
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4. Which of the following is not a Windows XP minimum requirement?
a. 128MB RAM or higher
b. CD- ROM or DVD ROM
c. Lower resolution monitor
d. 4.3 GB hard disk space or more
5. If you see a message to press any key to boot the CD and you fail to do so, what
do you think will happen?
a. The computer will restart
b. Set up inspecting your system will appear
c. It will be prompted to BIOS setup
d. It will return to boot menu
6. What key should you press if you need to install any third- party or RAID drivers?
a. F2 c. F9
b. F6 d. F12
7. Where do we typically install the operating system?
a. Drive C
b. DVD
c. External Drive
d. Floppy Drive
8. Suppose that you will install Windows XP on a system with more than one partition,
what important process should be done?
a. Change the file system
b. Delete the data and files on the different partition
c. Examine the partition
d. Format the correct partition
9. What file system is usually used during installation?
a. FAT
b. FAT32
c. NTFS
d. NTFS32
10. Which of the following is a connector on the back of a computer or other device?
a. Modem
b. Port hub
c. Router
d. Network Gateway
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Test IV. Matching Type
Direction: Match column A with Column B and write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
A. B.
1) It serves as the brain of computer. a) Adapter
2) Printed-circuit boards (also called interface b) CD- ROM
cards) that enable the computer to use a c) CPU
peripheral device d) Flash Drive
3) Also called read/write memory e) Floppy disk
4) Small portable disk drive usually used for f) Microphone
backing up files g) Monitor
5) Main board of a computer h) Motherboard
6) Also called diskette i) Mouse
7) Acts as a pointing device j) Multitasking
8) Device that makes sounds, clips and any k) Optical Discs
audio materials be heard. l) PDA
9) Component that reads and record data in m) Power supply
CDs and DVDs. n) Printer
10) It is a visual device that displays the o) RAM
information p) Register
11) Plug- and play portable storage device q) ROM
12) Prints text and illustrations in paper r) Speaker
13) Converts AC into DC s) Tablet
14) Allows more than one program to run t) Zip Drive
concurrently
15) Handheld computer
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SKILLS TEST
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in order
to render quality service when you enter the real world of Computer Hardware Servicing. Read
the skills carefully. Write YES if you are familiar with the skill and NO if not. Feel free to answer
each skill. Write your answers in your notebook.
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adapters - These are printed-circuit boards that enables the computer to use a peripheral
device for which it does not have the necessary connections or circuit boards.
Drivers- are small software programs that help the operating system use or drive the
device
Ethernet switch is a device that gathers the signals from devices that are connected to
it
hard disk drive- Is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the computer.
hazard- Is a situation in the workplace that has the potential to harm the health and safety
of people or to damage plant and equipment.
Hub- is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers together
Loopback adapter- is also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality of
computer ports
Mainframe Computers- these are computers have the capacities to host multiple
operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can substitute for
several small servers
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Minicomputers- are also called mid-range systems or workstations
motherboard- The main circuit board of a computer containing all the essential parts of
a PC.
Network firewall - protects a computer network from unauthorized access
smart board - Type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel
covering the screen.
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ATA- Advance Technology Attachment
BIOS- Basic Input Output System
CD- Compact Disc
CHS- Computer Hardware Servicing
CRT- Cathode Ray Tube
ESD- Electro Static Discharge
DVD- Digital Versatile Disc
FAT- File Allocation Table
GB- Giga Byte
HDD- Hard Disk Drive
LAN- Local Area Networking
LCD- Liquid Crystal Display
LED- Light Emitting Diode
MB- Mega Byte
NTFS- New Technology File System
OHS- Occupational Health and Safety
OS- Operating System
PDA- Personal Digital Assistant
PPE- Personal Protective Equipment
RAM- Random Access Memory
ROM- Read Only Memory
SATA- Serial Advance Technology Attachment
USB- Universal Serial Bus
WAN- Wide Area Network
VGA- Video Graphic Array
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Books and Articles and Printed Materials:
Electronic Resources:
1. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-memory-types.html
Computer Memory Types
2. http://www.athropolis.com/popup/c-comp2.htm
Measurements for Memory & Storage
3. http://www.ustudy.in/ce/hard/u1
Fundamentals of PC repair
4. http://danreb.com/sites/default/files/CHS-NC2%20Reviewer%20-
%20With%20Oral%20Questioning_0.pdf
Occupational Health and Safety Precautions
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5. http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/CrissCrossSetupForm.asp
Puzzles for Activities
6. http://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/cis/kalmustafa/CISCO/Lecture%20Slides/ITE_PC_v40
_Chapter2.pdf
Occupational Safety Precautions
7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6N7bqBsFL0w-
Computer Hardware Basics
8. http://www.wikihow.com/Install-Computer-Hardware-
How to install Computer Hardware
9. http://www.directron.com/howtoupsys.html-
How to install Computer components
10. http://www.bechtel.com/assets/files/Environmental/ToolboxSafetyTopics/20
10/ProperToolSelection.pdf
Tool Selection
11. http://www.iml.uts.edu.au/assessment-futures/designing/assembling.html
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Technology and Livelihood Education
Entrepreneurship
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Welcome to the next level of your modular training in Computer Hardware
Servicing (CHS) under the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Course.
In this module you will have a great deal of diagnosing and troubleshooting computer
system. At the end of this module you will be able to plan and prepare for diagnosis of
computer system errors, configure, inspect and test computer system networks and
errors. Those skills are essential for you to reach the door of National Certification II in
Computer Hardware Servicing.
In this module, topics will be introduced progressively lesson by lesson for easy
understanding. After carefully answering the diagnostic assessment, reading all the
lessons, answering all the guide questions, masterfully performing all the activities,
showing evidences of learning and finally answering the summative test, then you will
have a considerable knowledge and skills in diagnosing and troubleshooting computer
system essential to be successful in computer hardware servicing as one of the career
option in ICT.
Reminder! Just follow the instructions given in this module. Now let us start
exploring new things in this module.
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In this module, there will be four (4) major topics that you will encounter: (1) be
plan and prepare diagnosis of computer system errors; (2) diagnose and configure
computer systems and networks ; (3) inspect and test the configured computer systems
and networks ; and (4) test systems and networks. The four major topics contains sub-
topics which all leads to diagnose and troubleshoot computer systems. This module
contains what to KNOW, what to PROCESS, what to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND as
well as what to TRANSFER. The competencies for this module are:
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finally show some evidences of your learning by transferring what you have learned in a
different context under what to TRANSFER.
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about computer hardware servicing.
Instruction:
Read each of the statements in the left-hand column of the Knowledge Have a little
No
Knowledge
chart. able Knowledge
at All
Place a check on the column that indicates your answers.
Plan and prepare work to ensure occupational health and safety
(OHS) policies and procedures are followed
Obtain materials, tools, equipment and testing devices needed to
on form with job requirements
Interpret work instructions according to job requirements
Obtain computer components/devices/systems and determines its
location prior to installation
Install equipment/devices/systems in accordance with job
requirements
Check/Test devices/systems and/or installations to determine the
conformity to job requirements.
Check computer systems and networks for configuration in
accordance with specifications and requirements
Diagnose fault or problem in the computer systems and networks
in line with standard operating procedures (SOP)
Configure the identified systems and networks based on
specifications and job requirements
Inspect and test configured computer systems and networks in
conformity with manufacturer's instructions/manual
Correct/Adjust components or parts of computer systems and
networks in accordance with job requirements
Test computer systems and networks to ensure safe operation
Perform scheduled/periodic maintenance in accordance with
manufacturer's requirements
Make needed repairs/replacements in accordance with established
procedures, when necessary
Document tasks undertaken in accordance with SOP
Clean and clear worksite of all surplus/excess materials in
accordance with company SOP
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LESSON 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
ERRORS
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Proper preparation is the key to a successful work. Before you begin, make sure
that you have the tools you will need, and secure a clear well-lit workplace. Gather all the
components youll be using and unpack them at the same time. Always keep in mind that
personal protection is one of the traits of a good computer technician.
1. Anti-static devices
2. Power surge protectors
3. Personal equipment
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Anti-static devices
Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.
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Personal Equipment
Small paint brush
Screw drivers
Compressed air
Handheld vacuum
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Directions: Perform the activity below.
Choose a partner
Do a simulation exercise
o One will act out the role of a computer teacher.
o The other will be the student
Situation: Computer teacher will show/demonstrate to the students the Personal
Protective Devices, what they are and how they are used.
The Student keeps on asking about the Personal Protective Devices/Equipment
and how they can be maintained in good condition of PC.
1. For somebody who always works (do troubleshooting) with computers, what
personal protective devices do you usually use? How often do you use them?
2. Computers should be protected from static electricity to prevent component
malfunction. What anti-static devices can you utilize to avoid such malfunction?
There are several errors in a computer from the point you open it up to the point you reach
the stand by window (reaching standby windows means boot process has no error).
Here's a list of computer error.
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1. No Video Output - When you open your PC, nothing shows up in your monitor and the
LED indicator of your monitor is flashing in yellow color.
2. No Video Output - Same as number one but now the LED indicator of your monitor is
in steady orange color.
3. Doesn't Boot - When you open your PC it will show the processor brand and/or the
motherboard brand but doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to system restart
over and over again.
4. Never Ending Loading of Operating system - The computer opens up then boots but
when the operating system loads it doesn't continue and it will take a lifetime if you're
going to wait for it to load.
5 Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode - This also happens even if you try
disconnecting your computer set from the internet. This is what we called aftershock
virus which will continue to run even if internet is disconnected.
6. Lots of hardware installation windows appear - This happens even if you try installing
the hardware. When you restart your set it will happen again.
7. Safe mode doesn't work - When you try going to safe mode all you will see is a list of
files in Command prompt style.
8. Keyboard and mouse system restart - This will happen only in standby mode, when
you move your mouse or type something, your system will automatically restart and
the worst part is it will delete a file at random.
9. Sound on/off error - Upon loading the operating system, you will hear a loading sound
and then the sound stops, when you try running an audio file, no sound will be heard.
10. Application causes system to restart - Just like the mouse problem, when you open a
program that will take the whole screen like for example a game and/or a program
applications, when you close it, it will cause your system to restart.
Aside from the common computer errors, computers also can have different Operating
System (OS) errors. OS errors can be classified into various categories, such as:
1. System errors These are moderately dangerous types of errors among those
that can pop up on your PC. System errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware
components, corrupted operating system modules, etc.
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2. Runtime errors Runtime errors are caused by corrupted or malfunctioning
system files or software executables. Most runtime errors cause the application
that caused it to shut down. However, more serious runtime errors may cause the
system to become unstable or unresponsive, leaving you with no choice but to
reach for the Reset button.
3. Stop errors Stop errors are caused by corrupted hardware, especially
malfunctioning RAM modules and bad sectors on hard disks. Stop errors can be
difficult to resolve at times.
4. Device Manager Errors These are usually caused by corrupted driver files or
malfunctioning hardware components. In case of the former cause, the problem is
usually solved simply by reinstalling or updating the drivers. However, the latter
cause can often be solved only by replacing hardware components.
5. POST code errors POST code errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware
components, and are characterized by short beep sounds from the tiny internal
speaker of your motherboard. POST code errors occur when you press the power
button to turn on your PC..
6. Application errors These can be caused at any point of time. As the name
suggests, these are caused by applications while those are running. These are
usually caused by glitches in the program code itself. These are usually resolved
by updating the program to its latest version.
7. Browser Status Codes These are caused by problems faced by browsers when
trying to access a website. These can be caused by misplaced web pages in the
server of the website itself, or due to connection problems. For instance, a 404
error would indicate that the browser is trying to access a webpage that does not
exist in the specified location.
PC Diagnosing
Probably the most frustrating problem computer users run into are
startup problems, where your computer wont boot. Equally
annoying are error messages you constantly run into during your
computers startup process. In this module you will be given a few
tips on how you can avoid some of the most common problems
that happen right after your computer is turned on.
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Here you will learn the basic troubleshooting.
Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your computer, check it with
the other computers so that you can make sure whether the fault is in the
component or not.
Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of your computer
such as data cables, power cable, internal circuitry cables and make sure that all
these are plugged in and working fine.
Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and in the device
manager of the system and make all the device drivers up to date and all the cards
are plugged in properly.
Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in your computer,
determine what was changed before the problem occurred.
Event viewer: In the event viewer, you will find the error or warning messages
associated with any faulty hardware or software.
Make notes: Troubleshooting is a big learning option and we can learn a lot when
we face any kind of troubleshooting in our computer. Make notes including the
error messages and their solutions, so that you have a record on how a certain
problem occurred and how did you solve it.
Steps
1. Check the POST. POST stands for Power On Self-Test. This is generally the first or
second thing that appears on a computer after turning on the power. This appears
before the operating system begins to load. The POST will display any problems
found with hardware that makes the computer unable to boot, POST may also display
problems with hardware that allow the computer to boot, but not operate at its full
capacity during operation.
2. Notice the load time of the OS (operating system). A longer than usual load time
may indicate errors in the hard drive.
3. Notice any graphics problems once the OS has loaded. Reduced graphics may
indicate driver failures or hardware failures with graphic cards.
4. Perform an auditory test. An auditory test is an unorthodox, but still effective way of
judging how a computer is working. With the computer on and running, play any
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decent length audio file (usually above 30 sec). If the audio is choppy or slow, it
usually means that the processor is working at an elevated level, or there is not
enough RAM to run all programs loading. Changing the startup sound is a great way
to apply this test. Another issue associated with choppy sounds is PIO (Programmed
Input/Output) Mode. This affects how the hard drive reads and writes data from a
drive. Switching to Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows for faster reads and writes,
and can sometimes repair choppy audio.
5. Check any newly installed hardware. Many operating systems, especially Windows,
can conflict with new drivers. The driver may be badly written, or it may conflict with
another process. Windows will usually notify you about devices that are causing a
problem, or have a problem. To check this use the Device Manager, this can be
accessed by entering the Control Panel, clicking the System icon, clicking the
Hardware tab, and clicking on Device Manager. Use this to check and arrange the
properties of hardware.
6. Check any newly installed software. Software may require more resources than the
system can provide. Chances are that if a problem begins after software starts, the
software is causing it. If the problem appears directly upon startup, it may be caused
by software that starts automatically on boot.
8. Listen to the computer, if the hard drive is scratching or making loud noises,
shut off the computer and have a professional diagnose the hard drive. Listen
to the CPU fan, this comes on a high speed when the CPU is working hard, and can
tell you when the computer is working beyond its capacity.
9. Run a virus and malware scan. Performance problems can be caused by malware
on the computer. Running a virus scan can unearth any problems. Use a commonly
updated virus scanner (such as Norton Antivirus or Avast! Antivirus)
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10. Check for the problem in safe mode. To enter safe mode, tap F8 repeatedly during
POST (this works on most systems). If the problem persists in safe mode, it is a fair
bet that the operating system itself is to blame.
1. Moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop up on your PC.
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2. Caused by malfunctioning hardware components, and are characterized by short
beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard.
3. Caused at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused by
applications while those are running.
4. Usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware components.
5. Caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software executables.
6. Caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and bad
sectors on hard disks.
7. Caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website.
AC outlet
AVR
AVR fuse
Monitor Switch
Power Supply
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Diagnosing a Computer Power Supply
Create a diagnostic plan for troubleshooting a power supply with the use of the
following tools, materials and equipment.
PERFORMANCE RATING
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LESSON 2. DIAGNOSE AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Every worker has a right to healthy and safe work and to a work environment that
enables them to live a socially and economically productive life. Safety practices should
be learned early and always adhered when working with any electrical device including
personal computers and peripherals.
The following statements are some safety precautions to take before working with any
computer devices:
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Basic Concepts of Electricity
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Resistance define as the opposition to the flow of current. The
amount of resistance can be measure in ohms ().
Conductors are materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low
resistance to current flow.
Examples; aluminum, gold, silver, copper, iron
Insulators are materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high
resistance to current flow.
Types of Current
1. Direct Current
In direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. This is the
type of electricity is produced by batteries, static, and lightning. A voltage is created, and
maybe stored, until it is consumed. When the current flows directly, in one direction. In
the circuit, the current flows at a specific, constant voltage (this is oversimplified
somewhat but good enough for our needs.) When you use a flashlight, pocket radio,
portable CD player or virtually any other type of portable or battery-powered device, you
are using direct current.
Most DC circuits are relatively low in voltage; for example, your car's battery is
approximately 12V, and that's about as high a DC voltage as most people ever use.
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Direct currents flow in one direction only, and are constant in time. Their appearance
is that of a straight line which does not vary. They are produced from power sources such
as batteries, power supplies and DC generators. Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells
also generate DC power.
2. AC Alternating Current
In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement of electric charge periodically
reverses direction. This type of electricity is produced or generated by AC generators
commonly from a hydro electric plant. It is the commercial power that we use in homes
and offices. Delivered through a power transmission lines. AC current can be reduced
through the use of power transformer to suite for its application. It can also be converted
to DC for a specific purpose. In the Philippines AC is rated as 220V AC at 60 Hz.
Alternating currents change direction, flowing first one way and then the other.
They are sinusoidal waves, so that they change in time. They are produced from sources
such as power supplies and AC generators. In North America, AC is 120 volts and 60
hertz or cycles per second. This means it changes direction 60 times per second. In
Europe, it is generally 50 hertz with 220 to 240 volts.
Why does standard electricity come only in the form of alternating current?
There are a number of reasons, but one of the most important is that a characteristic of
AC is that it is relatively easy to change voltages from one level to another using a
transformer, while transformers do not work for DC. This capability allows the companies
that generate and distribute electricity to do it in a more efficient manner, by transmitting
it at high voltage for long lengths, which reduces energy loss due to the resistance in the
transmission wires. Another reason is that it may be easier to mechanically generate
alternating current electricity than direct current.
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PCs use only direct current, which means that the alternating current provided by
your utility must be converted to direct current before use. This is the primary
function of your power supply.
MOTHERBOARD
DRIVES
COOLING FANS
Electric Circuit
Components of Circuit
Load
Supply
Switch
1. Open Circuit - a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that
current cannot flow in open circuit.
Load
- +
Supply
Switch
The switch is said to be OPEN the current cant flow into the circuit and the bulb
is OFF
2. Closed Circuit - a type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It means
that current can flow in a closed circuit.
Load
- +
Supply
Switch
The switch is said to be CLOSED the current cant flow into the circuit and the
bulb is ON
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I. Identification:
Direction: Identify the following statement.
_________1. Define as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of energy
that can be transform into other form of energy like heat light and mechanical.
_________2. The negatively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to flow.
_________3. Define as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance can
be measure in ohms ().
_________4. The positively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to attract
electron.
_________5. Anything that occupy space and has mass. It can be a solid, liquid or gas in
state.
_________6. Basic component of matter. It composes of a nucleus which is the central part,
the protons and electrons.
_________7. Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of current flowing in a circuit
can be measured in ampere (I).
_________8. The amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as
potential difference or EMF (electromotive force). The amount of voltage can
be measured in volt (V).
_________9. Materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to
current flow.
_________10. Materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high resistance
to current flow.
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_________12. Define as the pathways for electricity to flow.
_________16. A type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It means that current
can flow in this circuit.
_________17. A type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that current
cannot flow in this circuit.
_________18. A circuit connection has only one path of current flow. In this circuit connection
the current remain constant.
_________19. A circuit connection that has 2 or more path of current. In this circuit the voltage
remains constant.
Computer Diagnosis
Sometimes when the problem with a system is not totally apparent and the
problem may be intermittent, using a basic common diagnostic procedure may help
determine what is wrong. This procedure has a number of steps that, if followed each
time, can be of help.
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Rules in Diagnosing Computer System
People ware
Untrained personnel would probably damage programs in PC.
Firmware
Programs or software burnt in chips may be corrupted.
Software
Corrupted operating systems would cause the system to fail.
Hardware
Defective hardware components would lead to computer malfunction.
Hardware conflicts and viruses can hinder your computers performance.
Electricity
Incoming supply from AC outlet must be regulated; power surges can damage
computer units.
Problem Isolation
Problem isolation is a detective work in which you need to determine what is out
of the ordinary by making detailed observation of what is not working normally and record
any information as you proceed. The information you will be able to gather will help
diagnose your computer. You need to observe wisely. Look for any abnormalities in the
unit, any change in smell or foreign smell, listen to all the sounds, and error codes.
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Component Isolation
This section will aid in determining components in your system which are failing.
First, most systems have 3 major components; monitor, system unit, and printers. Some
have multiple external devices. To troubleshoot, you need to isolate major components
which are failing to operate.
2. Check the switch operation with a Digital Volt Meter on the continuity or
resistance setting.
3. Check the pins if the corresponding voltage are properly regulated to the
motherboard.
Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin 9 Pin 10
Oran Oran Blk Red Blk Red Blk Gray Purp Yell
Oran Blue Blk Green Blk Blk Blk White Red Red
Pin 11 Pin 12 Pin 13 Pin 14 Pin 15 Pin 16 Pin 17 Pin 18 Pin 19 Pin 20
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Flowchart for ATX Power Supply Repair
Warning! You must unplug your ATX power supply from the wall before working
inside the case.
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Things to Consider
There are many devices, parts, cords, and connections on a computer, which means
that there are many possible problems that could arise. In addition, your computer uses
a variety of software, which can also cause problems. However, no matter what the
problem is, you can use the following tips to help you find a solution:
Always check the cables: Many computer problems are related to an issue in the
cables and connections. The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot most
problems is to check all related cables and connections.
Isolate the problem: If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you can't
get the cursor to move on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the mouse.
If you have an extra mouse, you can alternate devices to see if the one plugged in is
the issue, or use the arrow keys on the keyboard to help determine if the mouse is the
source of the problem. When trying to isolate the problem, only make one change at
a time.
Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you error messages, be
sure to write down as much information as possible. If the basic troubleshooting steps
don't work, you may need the information.
Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down: Once you start
troubleshooting, you will want to remember what you have done, so you don't repeat
yourself. If you can't remember it, then write it down. If you end up asking someone
for help, it will be much easier if they know exactly which steps you've taken.
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Program Runs Slowly or Isn't Working Right
If a program is running slowly or otherwise isn't working right, the first thing you
should try is closing the program and re-opening it.
You can also shut down your computer, wait a few seconds, and boot it up again.
Some minor problems will work themselves out when you do this.
Check with the company for any known problems or updates to the software.
If a program has become completely unresponsive, you can press (and hold)
Control+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task Manager. You can then
select the program that isn't working and click End Task. If you are using a Mac, you
can press Option+Command+Esc to open a similar dialog box.
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Figure 8. The Task Manager
If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to confirm that it
is plugged securely into the back of the computer case and the power outlet.
If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. Often, this will require
you to plug a lamp or other electrical device into the outlet to make sure it is
receiving power.
If the computer is plugged into a surge protector, verify that it is turned on. You
may have to reset the surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You can
also plug a lamp or other device into the surge protector to verify that it is on.
If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug the AC adapter into
the wall and then try to turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may need to
wait a few minutes and then try again.
If you get this message when you boot up your computer, it usually means
there is a CD, DVD, USB flash drive, or floppy disk in your computer, which is
interfering with your computer's booting process. Remove the disk from the drive and
restart the computer.
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Figure 10. The Non-System Disk or Disk Error Message
Sometimes Windows will freeze during the shutdown process. If this happens,
the Windows is Shutting Down message screen will stay active on your screen. To
finish shutting down the computer, press and hold the power button for about 10
seconds, or until the computer turns off.
Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked. Confirm
that there is good air flow around the computer.
Update your antivirus software and scan for viruses.
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Figure 12. Virus Scanning
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Monitor Goes Blank Periodically
No Sound
Check the volume control on your computer. In Windows, the sound icon will usually
be on the taskbar, and you can also access the sound options in the Control Panel.
On Macs, the sound options are found at the top of the screen or in System
Preferences.
Most media programs (such as iTunes or Windows Media Player) have a volume
control, which will need to be turned up.
Make sure the speakers are turned on, if using external speakers.
Make sure external speakers are connected to the correct audio port or a USB port. If
your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output will usually be green.
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Connect headphones to the correct audio port and determine if sound is audible from
the headphones.
If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask someone
else for help. Try searching the web for the problem that you're having, as other people
may have had similar problems. Also, if you have a friend or family member who knows
a lot about computers, they may be able to help you.
Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions, although it may
take some time to find them. For very difficult problems, a more drastic solution may be
required, such as reformatting your hard drive, reinstalling programs, or reinstalling your
operating system. If you're not a computer expert, it's possible that you could make the
situation worse, so it's best to consult a professional if you think a drastic solution is
needed.
1. Look at the back of your computer. Without opening the case, list the ports that you
believe come directly from the motherboard.
2. Remove the cover of the case. List the different expansion cards in the expansion
slots. Was your guess correct about which ports come from the motherboard?
3. To expose the motherboard so you can identify its parts, remove all the expansion
cards.
4. Draw a diagram of the motherboard and label these parts: Processor (Include the
prominent label on the processor housing.)
a) RAM (each DIMM slot)
b) CMOS battery
c) Expansion slots (Identify the slots as PCI, PCIe x1, PCIe x4, PCIe x16, and
AGP.) Each port coming directly from the motherboard Power supply
connections, SATA or IDE drive connectors and floppy drive connector
5. Draw a rectangle on the diagram to represent each bank of jumpers on the board.
6. What is the brand and model of the motherboard?
7. Locate the manufacturers Web site. If you can find the motherboard manual on the
site, download it.
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8. You can complete the following activity only if you have the documentation for the
motherboard:
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Tools for Testing Computer System
Tools and equipment play vital roles in troubleshooting. They help the user
determine the errors found in their computer hardware and network.
1. Screw drivers - are used for installing and removing screws in the computer unit.
2. Pliers and tweezers - are used for picking small parts in the computer unit.
3. Soldering iron- is primarily used for connecting terminals in the power supply and
circuit board with the use of a soldering lead.
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Figure18. Soldering iron
4. Anti-static wrist strap, mat and spray- are used for eliminating electrostatic discharge
in the work area.
5. Lens cleaner a device used for cleaning optical media, such as DVD-ROMS and
CD-writers.
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6. Thermal paste-is a paste used for heat dissipation of the processor.
2. Crimping tool- is a device used to crimp the RJ45 connector to the UTP cable.
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Direction: Answer the following question. Write your answers on your notebook.
Enumerate the six tools used for 2. Enumerate the two network
troubleshooting. troubleshooting tools.
1. a.
.
2. b.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Solution
Verify that the network cable is properly connected to the back of the computer. In
addition, when checking the connection of the network cable, ensure that the LEDs on
the network are properly illuminated. For example, a network card with a solid green LED
or light usually indicates that the card is either connected or receiving a signal.
If, however, the card does not have any lights or has orange or red lights, it is
possible that either the card is bad, the card is not connected properly, or that the card is
not receiving a signal from the network.
If you are on a small or local network and have the capability of checking a hub or
switch, verify that the cables are properly connected and that the hub or switch has power.
Adapter resources
Ensure that if this is a new network card being installed into the computer that the
card's resources are properly set and not conflicting with any hardware in the computer.
Adapter functionality
Verify that the network card is capable of detecting or seeing itself by using the
ping command. Windows / MS-DOS users ping the computer from a MS-DOS prompt.
Unix / Linux variant users ping the computer from the shell.
To ping the card or the local host, type either ping 127.0.0.1 or ping local host
This should show a listing of replies from the network card. If you receive an error
or if the transmission failed, it is likely that either the network card is not physically installed
into the computer correctly, or that the card is bad.
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Protocol
Verify that the correct protocols are installed on the computer. Most networks today
will utilize TCP/IP, but may also utilize or require IPX/SPX and NetBEUI.
When the TCP/IP protocol is installed, unless a DNS server or other computer
assigns the IPX address, the user must specify an IP address as well as a Subnet Mask.
To do this, follow the instructions below.
1. Click Start / Settings / Control Panel
2. Double-click the Network icon
3. Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do not
click on the PPP or Dial-Up adapter, click on the network card adapter.
4. In the TCP/IP properties click the IP address tab
5. Select the option to specify an IP address
6. Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an
Firewall
If your computer network utilizes a firewall, ensure that all ports required are open.
If possible, close the firewall software program or disconnect the computer from the
firewall to ensure it is not causing the problem.
Additional time
In some cases it may take a computer some additional time to detect or see the
network. If after booting the computer you are unable to see the network, give the
computer 2-3 minutes to detect the network. Windows users may also want to try pressing
the F5 (refresh) key when in Network Neighborhood to refresh the network connections
and possibly detect the network
Additional troubleshooting
If after following or verifying the above recommendations you are still unable to
connect or see the network, attempt one or more of the below recommendations.
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If you have installed or are using TCP/IP as your protocol you can ping another
computer's IP address to verify if the computer is able to send and receive data. To do
this, Windows or MS-DOS users must be at a prompt and Linux / Unix variant users must
open or be at a shell.
Once at the prompt assuming, that the address of the computer you wish to ping is
102.55.92.2, you would type:
ping 102.55.92.2
If you receive a response back from this address (and it is a different computer),
this demonstrates that the computer is communicating over the network. If you are still
unable to connect or see the network, it is possible that other issues may be present.
Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert command if
you are a MS-DOS or Windows user or the trace route command if you are a Linux / Unix
variant user. To use this command you must be at the command prompt or shell. Or trace
route 102.55.92.2
This should begin listing the hops between the computer and network devices.
When the connection fails, determine what device is causing the issue by reviewing the
trace route listing.
Task: Setting up a local area network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol
(DHCP) server is easy! The DHCP server provides all the information your computer
needs to get up and running on the network. Once connected, you will check network
connectivity with the router and at least one other peer on the network.
Procedure
Getting connected
1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the Windows XP operating system
is running on your computer. You will use Windows XP sp2 throughout this activity.
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a. How many network devices are listed in the output? Record their names in your
worksheet.
b. Is there an IPv4 address listed for any of the network devices? If so, record your
IP address (es) in your worksheet.
4. Connect your computer to a network switch using a patch cable. Did you get a light on
the switch? Record the port number you connected to in your worksheet.
5. Draw a diagram of the entire local area network in the space below, including the router,
any switches or hubs, and all connected PCs.
6. Run ifconfig again. Do you see an IP address? If so, record it in your worksheet.
7. In the terminal window, type dhclient eth1 and press Enter. Describe what happens.
1. Check connectivity with the router with the ping command. Type ping -c4 10.0.1.1 and
press Enter. Record the times listed in the last column of the output. What was the
average round trip time (rtt) from your computer to the router and back?
2. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's computer
with ping. Run ping as shown above, substituting the new IP address for the one
listed in the previous item. Record the times listed in the last column below. What
was the average round trip time (rtt)?
3. When you have completed the activity, shut down your computer and return to your
seat.
Getting connected
1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the windows Operating system is
running on your computer.
2. When the boot process is completed, connect your computer to the network switch
using a patch cable. Did you get a light? What port number did you connect to on the
switch?
3. Draw a diagram of the entire network in the space below.
4. To configure your network settings, click System->Administration->Network.
5. In the Network settings window, make sure the Connections tab is selected.
6. Click on Wired connection, and then click the Properties button.
7. In the Interface properties window, change the Configuration setting to Static IP
address.
8. Enter the IP address provided by your instructor in the IP address field.
9. Enter 10.0.1.0 in the Gateway address field.
10. Finally, enter 255.255.255.0 in the Subnet mask field. Click OK to close the Interface
properties window.
11. Click OK to close the Network settings window.
1. Open a terminal window on your computer, if one is not already open, by clicking
Applications->Accessories->Terminal.
2. Type ipconfig and press Enter. Are your network setting correct? If not, repeat the
steps 411 in the previous section
3. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's computer
with ping. For example, ping -c4 10.0.1.200. Record the times listed in the last column
below. What was the average round trip time?
4. Ask a second group for their IP address. Check connectivity to that group's computer
with ping. Record the times listed in the last column below. What was the average
round trip time?
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Evaluation:
CRITERIA
Passed Failed
Remarks
Computer Networks
Networks are collections of computers, software, and hardware that are all
connected to help their users work together. A network connects computers by means of
cabling systems, specialized software, and devices that manage data traffic. A network
enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as well as send messages
electronically (e-mail) to each other.
The most common networks are Local Area Networks or LANs for short. A LAN
connects computers within a single geographical location, such as one office building,
office suite, or home. By contrast, Wide Area Networks (WANs) span different cities or
even countries, using phone lines or satellite links.
All networks go through roughly the same steps in terms of design, rollout,
configuration, and management.
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Designing Your Network
Plan on the design phase to take anywhere from one to three working days,
depending on how much help you have ad how big your network is.
Network configuration means customizing the network for your own use.
Creating network accounts for your users (names, passwords, and groups).
Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share data files.
Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share programs (unless everyone
runs programs from their own computer).
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Setting up print queues (the software that lets users share networked printers).
Installing network support on user workstations, so they can "talk" to your network.
The work you do right after your LAN is up and running and configured can save you
huge amounts of time in the coming months.
Smooth Setup
One key advantage of a peer-to-peer network is that its easy to setup. With the
simplest sort of peer-to-peer network, you just use the built-in networking that comes with
your operating system (Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8 and so on)
and you have very little software to set up even less if you have computers that have
the operating system preinstalled, as most computers do these days.
A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable
consists of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable).
Adding RJ45 connectors at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a LAN cable they
usually use.
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Preparation
Making Cable
Follow the steps below.
1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this side
A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel (refer the each section's wire arrangement table).
Don't remove the shield of each metal line.
3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire arrangement.
4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable. (Any cable
in this page is directionless --- that means you can set either end of the cable to either
device.)
Take the UTP cable with your left hand and a RJ45 connector with your right hand.
Hold the RJ45 connector in the way you can see the contact metal face of the RJ45
connector.
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The tables below are for the case where the UTP cable consists of green/green-
white, orange/orange-white, blue/blue-white, brown/brown-white twisted pairs.
10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP
category-5 cable for both modes. (You can use UTP category-3 cable for 10BaseT, in
which there are only 3 wires inside the cable.)
A straight cable is used to connect a computer to a hub. You can use it to connect
2 hubs in the case one of the hubs has an uplink port (and you use normal port on the
other hub).
1 orange-white orange-white
2 orange orange
3 green-white green-white
4 blue blue
5 blue-white blue-white
6 green green
7 brown-white brown-white
8 brown brown
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10 Base T / 100 Base T Cross
A cross cable for 10BaseT and 100BaseT is used to connect 2 computers directly
(with ONLY the UTP cable). It is also used when you connect 2 hubs with a normal port
on both hubs. (In other words, the cross cable is used relatively in a rare case.)
4 blue blue
5 blue-white blue-white
6 green orange
7 brown-white brown-white
8 brown brown
A network interface or Local Area Network (LAN) adapter for each computer. The
same manufacturer and model of network card is preferred.
To create a peer network, follow these steps for each computer connected to the network:
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1. Shut down the computer and install the network card and appropriate cabling for
each computer.
NOTE: For information about how to configure your network adapters and physically connect
your computers, consult the documentation included with your network adapters or contact
the manufacturer(s) of your network adapters.
2. Start Windows and install the network drivers. Windows may detect your network card
and install the drivers when you start the computer. If the network card drivers are not
included with Windows, follow the manufacturer's instructions about how to install the
network drivers.
3. Choose a client and a common protocol for each computer. To do this, follow these
steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network.
b. Click Add, click Client, and then click Add.
c. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the appropriate
client in the Network Clients box, and then click OK.
d. Click Add, click Protocol, and then click Add.
e. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the appropriate
protocol in the Network Protocol box, and then click OK.
4. Configure a peer server. Each computer that is configured for File and Printer Sharing
can act as a server. To configure a computer for File and Printer Sharing, use the
following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network.
b. Click File and Print Sharing, click one or both options to share files and printers,
click OK, and then click OK again.
5. Give each computer a unique computer name. To do this, use the following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network.
b. On the Identification tab, type a unique name in the Computer name box.
c. Click OK, and then click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.
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NOTE: The computer name must be unique for each computer on the network and
should be no more than 15 characters in length. In small networks, the workgroup
name should be the same for each computer so that all computers are visible in the
: same workgroup when browsing. You should not use spaces or the following
characters in computer and workgroup names
- UTP cables
- 4 Computer units
- 1 hub
CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5
Total:
In this project, you will learn how useful the Internet can be for a PC support technician.
1. Using your own or a lab computer pretend that the motherboard manual is not
available and you need to replace a faulty processor. Identify the manufacturer
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and model of the mother board by looking for the manufacturer name and model
number stamped on the board. Research the Web site for that manufacturer. Print
the list of processors the board can support.
2. Research the Web site for your motherboard and print the instructions for flashing
BIOS.
3. Research the Abit Web site (www.abit.com.tw) and print a photograph of a
motherboard that has a riser slot. Also print the photograph of the riser card that
fits this slot. What is the function of the riser card?
Task. Analyze the situations below and answer the questions that follows.
When Jacob travels on company business, he finds its a great help to be able to access
his office computer from anywhere on the road using Remote Desktop. However, he
wants to make sure his office computer as well as the entire corporate network is as safe
as possible. One way you can help Jacob add more security is to change the port that
Remote Desktop uses. Knowledgeable hackers know that Remote Desktop uses port
3389, but if you change this port to a secret port, hackers are less likely to find the open
port. Search the Microsoft Knowledge Base articles (support.microsoft.com) for a way to
change the port that Remote Desktop uses. Practice implementing this change by doing
the following:
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Lesson 3. INSPECT AND TEST THE CONFIGURED COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS
Observe good housekeeping in the area of the machines during and after
maintenance.
Place removed covers and other parts in a safe place, away from all personnel,
while you are servicing the machine.
Keep your tool case away from walk areas so that other people will not trip over it.
Do not wear loose clothing that can be trapped in the moving parts of a machine.
Ensure that your sleeves are fastened or rolled up above your elbows. If your hair is
long, use hair net or hair cap.
Insert the ends of your necktie or scarf inside clothing or fasten it with a
nonconductive clip, approximately three (3) inches from the end.
Do not wear jewelry, chains, metal-frame eyeglasses, or metal fasteners.
After service, reinstall all safety shields, guards, labels, and ground wires. Replace
any safety device that is worn out or defective.
Finally, reinstall all covers correctly before returning the unit to the customers.
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Electrical safety
Precautions
1. These steps will help you identify potentially unsafe conditions on electrical products:
Check exterior covers for damage (loose, broken, or sharp edges)
Power-off computer. Disconnect the power cord.
The power cord should be the appropriate type.
Insulation on the power cord must not be frayed or worn out.
Remove the cover.
Check for any obvious alteration. Use good judgment as to the safety of any
alterations.
Check for worn out, frayed or pinched cables.
Check that the power-supply cover fasteners (screws or rivets) have not been
removed or tampered with.
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Accident Reporting Policy and Procedure
There must be a process put in place to report accidents, incidents or near misses for
immediate action and to help track causes. The organization needs to identify what needs to
be reported, to whom it is to be reported, and how to report it, then put this process into a
written procedure.
For example:
Any accident, incident, or "near miss," no matter how slight the injury or damage, must be
reported to the department supervisor immediately for appropriate action.
The supervisor is responsible for taking appropriate follow-up action, including getting medical
attention for the injured, completing an investigation report and recommending or implementing
appropriate corrective actions.
The primary purpose of the accident investigation is to identify the cause(s) of the
accident, incident or "near miss" and take action to prevent a similar occurrence in the future.
In some instances, an employee's or volunteer's failure to follow recognized safety procedures
requires disciplinary action to protect co-workers.
Remember: One person's actions can jeopardize the safety of others in the workplace.
Sample
Approved by
Chairman:
Date:
1. Purpose [complies with legislation, ensure the necessary action to prevent any
recurrence and to enable the organization to maintain proper records.
2. Scope [accident, incident, near-miss; employee, volunteer, anyone on site or involved
in organization-sponsored activities]
3. Definitions [of terms]
4. Accident Reporting [timeline, to whom, how (phone, e-mail, fax) \ OSHA, NIOSH?]
5. Absence resulting from an accident [who to report to, Return-to work]
6. Accident Investigation [who investigates, what to do with resulting recommendations]
7. Forms [Names, where to find them]
8. Reportable Diseases [communicable diseases listed where?]
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Accident Investigation Procedures
The senior staff member available at the accident scene or the first member notified
should complete the appropriate investigation reporting form (accident, incident, near
miss). The completed form should be given to the organization's safety committee, which
will forward a copy of the report to the safety coordinator for review.
Forms are used to give specific details with regards to the accidents happened in
the laboratory during experiments.
Date:
Rm. No:
Name: Yr/Sec:
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Replacing different Components
Computer Parts Replacement
When replacing computer parts and peripherals, you need to consider the following
factors:
When replacing computer parts you should check if it is compatible with your unit.
Double check on your computer manual if the component you are replacing is compatible
or not with the unit because this may lead to system crash.
Component Specification
This focuses on the specification of the component. Check if the voltage rating,
current rating, memory size and frequency matches your computer unit.
Form factor
The components manufacturer should be considered. Check if the unit you are
trying to repair or upgrade is generic or branded units. Branded units have their own set
of components compatible only to their units, while genetic types can be used only to
generic type of units.
Note: Please refer to the Video for Proper Replacement of the components or parts of
the computer.
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Memory-is technically any form of electronic
storage; it is used most often to identify fast,
temporary forms of storage. It is commonly
called RAM (Random Access Memory).
Figure25. Memory
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Motherboard is also known as the mainboard. It
contains circuits that perform various functions.
Figure30. CPU
Figure32. CD/DVD
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Sound card - is an internal computer expansion card that
facilitates the input and output of audio signals
1. Memory
2. Video card
3. NIC
4. Motherboard
5. HDD
To upgrade means to change some parts with faster and better performing ones. These
parts may even cost less and more powerful.
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Commonly Upgraded Computer Parts
2. Optical drives- old CD-ROMs drives are commonly replaced with DVD-ROM and DVD
writers.
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Hard Drives- small capacity hard drives are replaced with faster and high capacity hard
drives.
Keyboards and mouse- keyboards and mouse are commonly replaced with optical
mouse and wireless keyboards.
RAM (Random Access Memory)- upgrading the computers memory or RAM speeds
up the performance of the computer
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Video cards- upgrade computers graphics card to improve the computer
performance in terms of graphics and games.
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How to Speed up the Computer
1. Defragmenter utility: Automatically analyzes the empty disk space on the hard disk
and defrag all scattered files.
3. Increased memory: Increasing the memory in the system will result to exceptional
speed of your computer.
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4. Disk Cleanup: You can delete unwanted programs and files from your computer
and this will be helpful in increasing the speed.
5. Empty Recycle Bin: Delete all the files and folders from the recycle bin and you will
get the space of C drive for reusability.
Memory Upgrade
To make your computer faster, you can upgrade its memory. Here are the steps in
upgrading your computers memory
Next, take the video card (hold it by the edges) and line it up with the slot paying
careful attention to the alignment notch. When it is aligned correctly, press gently but
firmly until the card is seated fully and evenly into the slot (see fig 39).
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Figure39. Video card seated fully and evenly on a slot
When you are happy that the card is firmly in place, insert the fixing screw (fig 40)
and check to make sure you have not loosened anything during installation.
Replace the case cover and reconnect the mains power.
When you reboot your machine Windows (or other OS) should find the card
automatically, it may then ask you to insert the disk/CD that came with your video card,
insert the CD and follow the on-screen instructions to install the video card driver.
The first thing to do (after removing the case covers) is to locate the drive bay
where the hard drive will go (see fig 41 below).
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The next step is to attach the IDE and power cables.
In figure 42 below you can see a standard IDE Cable, note there are three (3)
connections (notice the difference in distance between the connectors). Connection A
plugs into the motherboard and then the slave and master connections are used for IDE
devices such as hard drives, if you are only installing one drive or the new drive is to be
the master then use the master connector, if the drive is to be the slave then use the slave
connector.
The IDE cable will be marked down one side with a red or black strip, this denotes
Pin 1, match this with the Pin 1 indicator on the back of the hard drive.
The power cable you will find in your case is attached to your power supply; you
can see an example below in figure 43.
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Network Problem error Messages
Please make sure that your network Please make sure that your network
adapter is securely plugged into a USB adapter is securely plugged into a USB
port on the back of the box. port on the back of the box.
3. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps
below for additional assistance.
Problem with router. (N03) The DHCP server was unable to supply
an IP address.(N03)
It might be temporarily out of IP
addresses. Wait a few minutes, and then It might be temporarily out of IP
try connecting again. If the DHCP server addresses. Wait a few minutes, and then
is part of your home network, try try connecting again. If the DHCP server
increasing the number of IP addresses it is part of your home network, try
can assign. increasing the number of IP addresses it
can assign.
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Possible solution for error message 2
3. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps
below for additional assistance.
Problem with network settings. (N05) The specified IP address (<IP Address>) is
already in use by another device on the
Change your network settings to use a
network. (N05)
different (and unused) IP address.
Change your network settings to use a
different (and unused) IP address.
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Network problem error message 4
Wireless Network Not Found. (N06) Could not connect to the wireless network
(<Network Name>). (N06)
1. Verify your TiVo box has the latest software version to support the
encryption used by your router.
2. Make sure your wireless network is operational and you have
sufficient signal strength where the box is located. See How to
configure network settings on your TiVo box for instructions.
3. Verify you entered the correct the correct name of your network
and/or the correct encryption key or password.
Quick Steps
8. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps
below for additional assistance.
Adapter not set up. (N08) Your network adapter has not been set up
for use with the box. (N08)
Select Change network settings to begin
setting up your network adapter. Select Change network settings to begin
setting up your network adapter.
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Possible solution for error message 8
1. TiVo Wireless N adapter: Verify that your adapter has been set up
Quick Steps properly. Please see TiVo Wireless N Adapter Setup for instructions.
2. Verify you entered the correct name of your network and/or the
correct encryption key or password.
3. Verify your wireless adapter is compatible with your TiVo box.
4. Try another USB port (when applicable).
5. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps
below for additional assistance.
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Network problem not 1. Type command "net share" on the shared computer.
available. The server is If there is not a share named "IPC$" in the share list,
not configured for use the command "net share ipc$" to create it.
transactions"
An extended error has 1. This issue may occur if the workstation doesn't
occurred" or "Access synchronize the time with the server. After verifying
Denied" Symptoms: that basic network connectivity exists, you can force
When mapping a time synchronization on the client computer manually.
network drive using net To do this, run net time /domain /set command.
use or using the net 2.
view command to view a Make sure you have granted enough licenses for
different computer in the clients accessing.
domain, you may
receive: "An extended
error has occurred" or
"Access Denied" error
messages.
Computer name is not 1. Are you sure the logon user has permission to the
accessible. No shared folder?
permission to access 2. Have you tried to logon using the same user name
the resources" and password of the accessed computer?
3. The last and risky one, if you enable guest account in
computer, can you access now?
"Multiple connections to 1. Try using net use /d from a command to clear all your
the server or shared mapped connections before joining the domain. You
resource are not can also disconnect the mapped drive in Windows
allowed" Explorer by right-click the mapped drive and select
disconnection.
Symptom: when
attempting to join a
domain, you may
receive "Multiple
connections to the
server or shared
resource are not
allowed. Please
disconnect all previous
connections to the
server or shared
resource and try again."
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"Network path not 1. This issue may occur if the TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper
found" in a domain Service is not running on the client computer. To
network 1 start the TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper Service, go to
MMS>Services, double-click TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper
SYMPTOMS: Service.
When trying to join a
domain by using he
NetBIOS domain name,
you are successful but
not the FQDN and you
may receive one of the
following error
messages:
"Network path not 1. You can find some computer browser errors on the
found" in a domain DNS server. Disable one of two NICs will work. More
network 2 resolutions can be found in browser Issue page.
"Network path not 1. Make sure that File and Printer Sharing is enabled
found" in a workgroup on the shared computer.
network - error 53 Make sure that shared machine has something
shared.
2. Make sure that you have created the same
workgroup and logon the same username
Make sure that you have enabled NetBIOS over
TCP/IP if this is a mixed OS network.
"Not accessible. You 1. Enable NetBIOS over TCP/IP on one or more
may not have computers in the workgroup. To do that, go to
permission to use this properties of Local Area Connection>properties
network resource" of Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)>General> Advanced>WINS, check Enabl
e NetBIOS over TCP/IP (If you have a DHCP-
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Symptom: Your peer- assigned IP address, select Use NetBIOS setting
to-peer network, may from the DHCP server ).
receive the following 2. Make sure the Computer Browser service is started.
error when you double-
click My Network
Places/Computers Near
Me: <Workgroup
Name> is not
accessible. You may not
have permission to use
this network resource.
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Still need help, contact 1. Disable ICF if you don't need it.
consultant at http://hide 2. Open port # (UDP and TCP) from 135 through 139
v.com/contactus.asp for and/or 445. to do this, go to the properties of the
the tech support. connection>Advanced>ICF>Settings>Services. For
Microsoft file sharing SMB: add (UDP and TCP)
"System error 6118 ports from 135 through 139. For direct-hosted SMB
has occurred. The list traffic without network basic input/output system
of servers for this (NetBIOS) uses port (TCP and UDP) 445. Note: the
workgroup is not external and internal port numbers should be
currently identical.
available." Symptoms:
When using the net
view
\\computername comm
and, you receive the
following error
message: System error
6118 has occurred. The
list of servers for this
workgroup is not
currently available.
"The password is 1. You need to setup every user that needs access to
incorrect. Try again" the shared folder on every computer they have to
connect to. Then give the proper user proper
permission to the shared folder.
2. Logon the same user and password.
3. As always, you can try to enable a guest account on
the accessed machine.
"There are no entries on 1. If there are no file or print shares on the computer,
the list" the net view command displays a "There are no
entries in the list" message. So, make sure there are
Symptom: when using file or print shares on the computer. Or to use net
net share command to check sharing status.
view \\remotecomputer 2. Make sure no firewall running because the firewall
command, you may may block sharing.
receive "There are no
entries on the list". And
you may have a problem
to access the remote
computer.
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"Unable to access 1. NetBIOS over TCP/IP. To do that, go to the
Computers near Me" or properties of TCP/IP>Advanced>WINS. If you are
"Workgroup is not using a static Internet Protocol (IP) address, click
accessible" errors 2. Enable NetBIOS over TCP/IP. If you have a DHCP-
assigned IP address, click Use NetBIOS setting from
the DHCP server.
No Master Browser or too many browsers may
cause this issue. Check Browser issue.
This is the BIOS setup for Award BIOS v6.00PG. If you have a different version of
the Award BIOS there would be a lot of similarities. If your BIOS are AMI or Phoenix then
the common BIOS features would have some similarities. Whatever BIOS you have, this
setup guide should give you an idea about how to setup BIOS.
Please note that setting up BIOS incorrectly could cause system malfunction,
therefore it is recommended that you also follow the BIOS guide provided on your
motherboard manual. If you decide to make changes to certain options it is safer to make
a note of what you have changed. Then restart the system to see how it performs. If the
system behaves abnormally or becomes unstable you can revert back to your previous
settings.
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Soft menu III
Soft menu III is where you can setup up the CPU without setting jumpers on the
motherboard. You can setup the CPU simply by selecting the speed i.e. Pentium III 750
from the list. This ensures that the CPU bus, multiplier, voltage etc, is correctly set for that
particular CPU. However you can manually setup each feature if required. Once you have
finished with the setup press ESC to return the previous menu.
Here you can setup the basic BIOS features such as date, time, type of floppy etc.
Use the arrow keys to move around and press enter to select the required option. You
can specify what IDE devices you have such as Hard drive, CD-ROM, ZIP drive etc. The
easiest way to setup the IDE devices is by leaving it set to auto. This allows the BIOS to
detect the devices automatically so you don't have to do it manually. At the bottom, it also
displays the total memory in your system.
As you can see from figure 3, there are numerous advance settings which you can
select if required. For most cases leaving the default setting should be adequate. As you
can see the first boot device is set to floppy. This ensures that the floppy disk is read first
when the system boots, and therefore can boot from windows boot disk. The second boot
device is the Hard disk and third is set to LS120. If you want to boot from a bootable CD
then you can set the third boot device to CD/DVD-ROM.
Here you can setup the contents of the chipset buffers. It is closely related to the
hardware and is therefore recommended that you leave the default setting unless you
know what you are doing. Having an incorrect setting can make your system unstable. If
you know that your SDRAM can handle CAS 2, then making changes can speed up the
memory timing. If you have 128MB SDRAM then the maximum amount of memory the
AGP card can use is 128MB.
This menu allows you to change the various I/O devices such as IDE controllers,
serial ports, parallel port, keyboard etc. You can make changes as necessary.
The power management allows you to setup various power saving features, when
the PC is in standby or suspend mode.
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PnP/PCI Configurations
This menu allows you to configure your PCI slots. You can assign IRQ's for
various PCI slots. It is recommended that you leave the default settings as it can get a
bit complicated messing around with IRQ's
PC Health Status
This menu displays the current CPU temperature, the fan speeds, voltages etc.
You can set the warning temperature which will trigger an alarm if the CPU exceeds the
specified temperature.
If you made changes to the BIOS and your system becomes unstable as a result,
you can change it back to default. However if you made many changes and don't know
which one is causing the problem, your best bet is to choose the option "Load Fail Safe
Mode Defaults" from the BIOS menu. This uses a minimal performance setting, but the
system would run in a stable way. From the dialog box Choose "Y" followed by enter to
load Fail-Safe Defaults.
Like the Fail-Safe mode above, this option loads the BIOS default settings, but
runs the system at optimal performance. From the dialog box Choose "Y" followed by
enter to load Optimized Defaults.
To password protect your BIOS you can specify a password. Make sure you don't
forget the password or you cannot access the BIOS. The only way you can access the
BIOS is by resetting it using the reset jumper on the motherboard.
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Save and Exit Setup
To save any changes you made to the BIOS you must choose this option. From
the dialog box choose "Y".
If you don't want to save changes made to the BIOS, choose "N" from the dialog
box.
Task 1. The BIOS settings in the CMOS memory have become corrupted or
damaged
Procedure:
Evaluation
CRITERIA
Passed Failed
Remarks
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3. Are you using dynamic or static IP addressing? How do you know?
6. What response do you get when you ping the default gateway?
1. Give a brief description of FiOS and how it is used for Internet access.
3. When using FiOS, does your telephone voice communication share the fiber-optic
cable with Internet data?
4. What does Verizon say about FiOS cabling used for television?
Hardware Upgrade
Tools
Anti-static mat
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Equipment
Network Card
Given the tools and materials, upgrade your computer by installing a network
card.
Evaluation
CRITERIA
Passed Failed
Remarks
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LESSON 4: TEST SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Is your PC healthy? Don't be too sure. Think back to when you heard a kerklunk
sound coming from the hard drive. Or maybe you remember the last time your Internet
connection was down.
The best way to find out what's wrong is to take a proactive approach: Check under
your PC's hood with the following mostly free diagnostic tools, and see if anything is
amiss--before disaster strikes.
Hardware
Software
Firmware
Interface cables
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Video cards
Monitor power
cable
Keyboard connector
Mouse Connector
Keyboard connecter
Mouse connector
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I/O circuit board
Parallell ports
4. Power supply
Power cord
Fuse
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Testing Your Software
1. Operating system
Run live updates for your operating systems to get the latest patches and
protection for your OS.
Run registry scanners to check the OS registry configuration
2. Application Software
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3. Anti-virus software
Check for the correct configuration can accomplish this by configuring the BIOS in
the computer
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Sample Accomplishment Report Form
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Error Beep codes
1. First, it will check all the basic components including among other things the system
clock, the processor, RAM, the keyboard controller and
the Video
2. After the video has been tested the BIOS will then
indicate any errors encountered by displaying either a
numeric code or a text message on the screen.
When a device fails the first part of the POST, the BIOS will send a series of beeps
from the PC's speaker (internal) to inform the PC user that there is a problem these beeps
are coded allowing the user to diagnose the troublesome component.
When the POST has been completed successfully, the PC will make a short beep to let
the user know everything is as it should be.
1. AWARD BIOS
2. Phoenix BIOS
3. AMI BIOS
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Each type of BIOS chip has it own error code
Replace processor
Display memory
6 Beeps read/write failure Replace processor
ROM checksum error
Replace BIOS
9 Beeps chip/Motherboard
10 Beeps Replace cache memory
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Phoenix BIOS ERROR BEEP CODES
Phoenix BIOS beep codes are a series of beeps separated by a pause, for
example:
beep --- beep beep --- beep --- beep beep would be 1-2-1-2
1-3-1-1
Check memory
1-3-4-1
RAM failure data bits Check memory
of low memory bus
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AWARD BIOS ERROR BEEP CODES
Directions: Answer the following questions and place your answers on your answer
sheet.
1-2-2-3
1-3-4-1
2-1-2-3
1-1-4-1
1-3-1-1
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Directions:
Test I. Identify the tools presented below and write your answer in separate paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Directions:
Test II. List down at list Five (5) common problem and solution. Use a separate sheet of
paper if needed.
Obtain the manual for the motherboard for your PC. (If you cannot find the manual,
try downloading it from the motherboard manufacturers Web site.) Answer these
questions:
4. If the board has a PCIe slot, what version of PCIe does the board use?
Using the Windows Help and Support window, Search for information on Windows
Meeting Space. Describe the tool. When would you want to use it? What can you do with
Windows Meeting Space? Set up and test the tool with a friend on a network connection.
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Task 1. Testing a Computer Unit
Tools
Multi-tester
Screw driver
Equipment
Computer unit
Monitor
Power cables
Materials
Bond paper
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Hardware Testing and Documentation
Directions: Test the following computer peripherals and equipment with the use of the
tools provider. Document your testing with the use of an accomplishment form.
Computer monitor
Power supply
Keyboard
Mouse
CRITERIA Rating
Total 100%
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Task 2.Identify Error codes
Tools
Screw drivers
Equipment
Computer unit
Given the tools and equipment, identify the memory error code by removing the
module in the computer unit
Evaluation:
CRITERIA Rating
Total 100%
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POST ASSESSMENT
When Enzo travels on company business, he finds its a great help to be able to
access his office computer from anywhere on the road using Remote Desktop. However,
he wants to make sure his office computer as well as the entire corporate network is as
safe as possible.
One way you can help Enzo add more security is to change the port that Remote
Desktop uses. Knowledgeable hackers know that Remote Desktop uses port 3389, but if
you change this port to a secret port, hackers are less likely to find the open port. Search
the Microsoft Knowledge Base articles (support.microsoft.com) for a way to change the
port that Remote Desktop uses.
1. Set up Remote Desktop on a computer to be the host computer. Use another computer
(the client computer) to create a Remote Desktop session to the host computer. Verify
the session works by transferring files in both directions.
2. Next, change the port that Remote Desktop uses on the host computer to a secret port.
Print a screen shot showing how you made the change. Use the client computer to create
a Remote Desktop session to the host computer using the secret port. Print a screen shot
showing how you made the connection using the secret port. Verify the session works by
transferring files in both directions.
Instruction:
Read each of the questions in the left-hand column of the chart.
Place a check on the column that indicate your answers
I Can YES NO
Plan and prepare work to ensure occupational health and
safety
(OHS) policies and procedures are followed
Obtain materials, tools, equipment and testing devices
needed to on form with job requirements
Interpret work instructions according to job requirements
Obtain computer components/devices/systems and
determines its location prior to installation
Install equipment/devices/systems in accordance with job
requirements
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Check/Test devices/systems and/or installations to
determine the conformity to job requirements.
Check computer systems and networks for configuration in
accordance with specifications and requirements
Diagnose fault or problem in the computer systems and
networks in line with standard operating procedures (SOP)
Summative Test
_________ 2. When you open your PC, nothing shows up in your monitor and the LED
indicator of your monitor is flashing in yellow color.
__________3. When you open your PC it will show the processor brand and/or the
motherboard brand but doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to
system restart over and over again.
__________4.This also happens even if you try disconnecting your computer set from
the internet. This is what we called aftershock virus which will continue to
run even if internet is disconnected.
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__________5. The computer opens up then boots but when the operating system loads
it doesn't continue and it will take a lifetime if you're going to wait for it to
load.
__________6. This happens even if you try installing the hardware. When you restart
your set it will happen again.
__________7. When you try going to safe mode all you will see is a list of files in
Command prompt style.
__________8. Upon loading he operating system, you will hear a loading sound and then
the sound stops, when you try running an audio file, no sound will be heard
__________9.This will happen only in standby mode, when you move your mouse or type
something, your system will automatically restart and the worst part is it
will delete a file at random.
__________10. Just like the mouse problem, when you open a program that will take the
whole screen like for example a game and/or a program applications,
when you close it, it will cause your system to restart.
1) These are moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop up on
your PC. System errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware components,
corrupted operating system modules, etc.
a. System error C. Stop errors
b. Runtime errors D. Device managers errors
2) These are caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software
executables. Most runtime errors cause the application that caused it to shut down.
However, more serious runtime errors may cause the system to become unstable
or unresponsive, leaving you with no choice but to reach for the Reset button.
a. System error C. Stop errors
b. Runtime errors D. Device managers errors
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4) These are usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware
components. In case of the former cause, the problem is usually solved simply by
reinstalling or updating the drivers. However, the latter cause can often be solved
only by replacing hardware components.
a. System error C. Stop errors
b. B. Runtime errors D. Device managers errors
6) These can be caused at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused
by applications while those are running. These are usually caused by glitches in
the program code itself. These are usually resolved by updating the program to its
latest version.
a. System error C. Application errors
b. Browser status errors D. Post Code errors
7) These are caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website.
These can be caused by misplaced web pages in the server of the website itself,
or due to connection problems. For instance, a 404 error would indicate that the
browser is trying to access a webpage that does not exist in the specified location.
a. System error C. Application errors
b. Browser status errors D. Post Code errors
a. electricity C. Proton
b. atom D. Post Code errors
9) the amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as potential
difference or EMF(electromotive force).
a. electricity C. Current
b. resistance D. Voltage
10) a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that current
cannot flow in open circuit.
a. Open circuit C. Current circuit
b. resistance D. close circuit
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III. Match Column A with Column B
Column A Column B
1. Used for installing and removing A. Screw drivers
screws in the computer unit.
2. Used for picking small parts in the B. Pliers and tweezers
computer unit.
3. Used for eliminating electrostatic C. Soldering iron
discharge in the work area.
4. Primarily used for connecting D. Lens cleaner
terminals in the power supply and
circuit board with the use of a
soldering lead.
5. It is a paste used for heat E. Anti-static wrist strap, mat and
dissipation of the processor. spray
6. A device used for cleaning optical F. Thermal paste
media, such as DVD-ROMS and
CD-writers.
7. A device used to crimp the RJ45 G. LAN Tester
connector to the UTP cable
8. A device used for testing the H. Crimping tool
network connection
I. Systems Tool Box
IV. Arrange the following steps in verifying the correct protocols are installed on
the computer.
_____Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do not
click on the PPP or Dial-Up adapter, click on the network card adapter.
_____When specifying these values, the computers on the network must all have the
same Subnet Mask and have a different IP Address. For example, when using the
above values on one computer you would want to use an IP address of 102.55.92.2
on another computer and then specify the same Subnet Mask.
_____Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an address
could be: IP Address: 102.55.92.1, Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
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V. List down at list Five (5) common computer problems and solutions.
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KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Test I
1. No Video Output
2. No Video Output
3. Doesn't Boot
4. Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode
5. Never Ending Loading of Operating system
6. Lots of hardware installation windows appear
7. Safe mode doesn't work
8. Sound on/off error
9. Keyboard and mouse system restart
10. Application causes system to restart
Test II
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. A
Test III
1. A
2. B
3. E
4. C
5. F
6. D
7. H
8. G
Test IV
3, 5, 1, 2, 4, 7, 6
Test V
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Computer System - The complete computer made up of the CPU, memory and related
electronics (main cabinet), all the peripheral devices connected to it and its operating
system. Computer systems fall into two broad divisions: clients and servers. Client
machines fall into three categories from low to high end: laptop, desktop and workstation.
Servers range from small to large: low-end servers, midrange servers and mainframes.
Connector - Any plug and socket that links two devices together. Although taken for
granted and rarely in the limelight, connectors are a huge industry, and the quality of
these components is more critical than most people would imagine. When not designed
or constructed properly, they often become the weakest element in an electronic system.
Display Adapter - A plug-in card in a desktop computer that converts the images created
in the computer to the electronic signals required by the monitor. It determines the
maximum resolution, refresh rate and number of colors that can be displayed, which the
monitor must also be able to support. On many PC motherboards, the display adapter
circuits are built into the chipset, and an AGP or PCI card is not required.
ESD (Electro Static Discharge)- A small amount of static electricity that can destroy
small parts of your computer.
Expansion Board - A printed circuit board that plugs into an expansion slot and extends
the computer's capability to control a peripheral device. All the boards (cards) that plug
into a computer's bus are expansion boards, such as display adapters, disk controllers,
network adapters and sound cards.
Motherboard - Also called the "system board," it is the main printed circuit board in an
electronic device, which contains sockets that accept additional boards. In a desktop
computer, the motherboard contains the CPU, chipset, PCI bus slots, AGP slot, memory
sockets and controller circuits for the keyboard, mouse, disks and printer. It may also
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have built-in controllers for modem, sound, display and network, obviating the need to
plug in a card. A laptop motherboard typically has all peripheral controllers built in.
Operating System - The master control program that runs the computer. The first
program loaded when the computer is turned on, its main part, the "kernel," resides in
memory at all times. The operating system sets the standards for all application programs
that run in the computer. The applications "talk to" the operating system for all user
interface and file management operations. Also called an "executive" or "supervisor," an
operating system performs the following functions.
Server - A computer system in a network that is shared by multiple users. Servers come
in all sizes from x86-based PCs to IBM mainframes. A server may have a keyboard,
monitor and mouse directly attached, or one keyboard, monitor and mouse may connect
to any number of servers via a KVM switch. Servers may be also be accessed only
through a network connection as well.
Sound Card - Also called a "sound board" or "audio adapter," it is a computer expansion
board that records and plays back sound, providing inputs from a microphone or other
sound source and outputs to speakers or an external amplifier. The de facto standard for
sound card compatibility in PCs is Creative Labs' Sound Blaster.
User Interface - All graphics based today, the user interface includes the windows,
menus and method of interaction between you and the computer. Prior to the Mac,
Windows and Motif (Unix) interfaces, all interaction was based on commands entered by
the user. Operating systems may support optional interfaces and allow a new shell, or
skin, to be used instead.
Virus - Software used to infect a computer. After the virus code is written, it is buried
within an existing program. Once that program is executed, the virus code is activated
and attaches copies of itself to other programs in the system. Infected programs copy the
virus to other programs.
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REFERENCES
Electronic Resources:
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-memory-types.html
Computer Memory Types
http://www.athropolis.com/popup/c-comp2.htm
Measurements for Memory & Storage
http://www.ustudy.in/ce/hard/u1
Fundamentals of PC repair
http://danreb.com/sites/default/files/CHS-NC2%20Reviewer%20-
%20With%20Oral%20Questioning_0.pdf
Occupational Health and Safety Precautions
http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/CrissCrossSetupForm.asp
Puzzles for Activities
http://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/cis/kalmustafa/CISCO/Lecture%20Slides/ITE_PC_v40
_Chapter2.pdf
Occupational Safety Precautions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfKe8PPI2zs&feature=related
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Conversion of Decimal N umber to Binary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7M6_VeDhJE&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6N7bqBsFL0w-
http://www.wikihow.com/Install-Computer-Hardware-
How to install Computer Hardware
http://www.directron.com/howtoupsys.html-
How to install Computer components
en.wikipedia.org
http://www.bechtel.com/assets/files/Environmental/ToolboxSafetyTopics/20
10/ProperToolSelection.pdf Tool Selection
http://www.iml.uts.edu.au/assessment-futures/designing/assembling.html
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