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Article history: In the present work differential transformation method (DTM) is used to predict the buckling behaviour
Received 11 October 2010 of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) on Winkler foundation under various boundary conditions.
Accepted 1 November 2010 Four different boundary conditions namely clampedclamped, simply supported, clamped hinged and
Available online 23 November 2010
clamped free are used to study the critical buckling loads. Effects of (i) size of SWCNT (ii) nonlocal
parameter and (iii) Winkler elastic modulus on nonlocal critical buckling loads are being investigated
Keywords: and discussed. The DTM is implemented for the nonlocal SWCNT analyses and this yields results with
Buckling
high degree of accuracy. Further, present method can be applied to linear and nonlinear problems.
Carbon nanotube
Winkler foundation
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nonlocal theory
1. Introduction strains at all other points of the domain. This is due to the scale ef-
fect of the nanostructures. As the length scales are reduced the
Invention of carbon nanotubes by Iijima [1], started a new eld inuences of long range inter-atomic and inter molecular cohesive
of research for the accurate analysis of nano-size structures. forces on the static and dynamic properties tend to be signicant
Recently there has been growing interest for applications of and cannot be neglected. The classical theory of elasticity being
nonlocal continuum mechanics especially in the eld of fracture the long wave limit of the atomic theory excludes these effects
mechanics, dislocation mechanics and micro/nanotechnologies and thus would fail to analyze the structure with small-scale effects
(carbon nanotubes). These small structures are found to be accurately. Thereby size-dependent continuum-based methods
possessing extraordinary mechanical, thermal and electrical prop- [57] are becoming popular in modeling small sized structures as
erties compared to conventional structures. Due to these superior it offers much faster and accurate solutions. Drawbacks of the
properties CNTs are used in the emerging elds of nanoelectronics classical continuum theory could be efciently avoided and size-
and nanodevices. The CNTs also hold exciting promises in potential dependent phenomena can be satisfactorily explained by the non-
applications as electrodes in super capacitors and as cable material local theory. Sudak [8] carried out buckling analysis of multi-walled
for space elevators. CNTs are cylindrical macromolecules composed carbon nanotubes. Wang and Varadhan [9] analyzed the small-
of a highly ordered sheet of carbon atoms in a periodic hexagonal scale effect of CNT and shell model. Yakobson et al. [10] introduced
arrangement rolled into a tube. This gives CNTs unique properties an atomistic model for axially compressed SWCNT and compared it
and wide range of applications. Many believe that CNTs would pro- to a simple continuum shell model. Sears and Batra [11] proposed a
vide the ultimate reinforcing materials for the development of a comprehensive buckling analysis of single walled and multi-walled
new class of nanocomposites [2,3]. Therefore understanding the CNTs by molecular mechanics simulations and continuum mechan-
mechanical and physical properties of nanostructures is necessary ics models. Such study of buckling analysis of carbon nanotubes is
for its practical applications. The mechanical analyses of nanostruc- of interest for better understanding of mechanical responses of
tures, theoretical and mathematical modeling becomes an impor- CNTs. A relevant reference concerning nonlocal theories for bend-
tant issue concerning its nano-engineering applications. Eringen ing, buckling and vibration analysis of nanobeams is reported by
[4] proposed the nonlocal continuum theories for the analysis of Reddy [12]. Work related to bending, vibration and buckling analy-
small sized structures. In nonlocal elasticity theory the small-scale ses of CNTs and graphene sheets using nonlocal elasticity are found
effects are captured by assuming that the stress at a point is a func- in [1326]. However, no literature has been found on the buckling
tion not only of the strain at that point but also a function of the analysis of carbon nanotubes on elastic foundation with various
boundary conditions. In the present work differential transforma-
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 3222 283008; fax: +91 3222 255303. tion method (DTM) has been employed to study the nonlocal effects
E-mail address: scp.aero@gmail.com (S.C. Pradhan). on SWCNT on elastic foundation with various boundary conditions.
0927-0256/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.11.001
S.C. Pradhan, G.K. Reddy / Computational Materials Science 50 (2011) 10521056 1053
Nomenclature
This method was proposed by Zhou [27] for solving both linear and p kw l
R2 11
nonlinear initial-value problems of electrical circuits. Later, Chen EI
and Ho [28] applied this method for the partial differential equa-
!
tions. Arkoglu and zkol [29] extended the DTM to solve the inte- kw L4
gro-differential equations. R3 12
EI
2. Formulation
3. Differential transformation method and solution
According to Eringen [4] the nonlocal constitutive behaviour of
a Hookean solid is represented by the following differential consti- While solving the Eq. (9) authors preferred DTM approach
tutive relation which avoids solving complicated transcedental algebraic equa-
tions for general boundary conditions. In order to derive differen-
1 lr2 rnl rl 1 tial form of Eq. (9) we refer Table 1 and the following expression
Here l is the nonlocal parameter; r is the local stress tensor at a l is written as
point which is related to strain by generalized Hookes law R2 k 1k 2Wk 2 R3 Wk
Wk 4 13
l
r x Sx : ex 2 R1 k 1k 2k 3k 4
dV w0 0; w0 0 0; wL 0; w0 L 0 14
kw w 3
dx From the above boundary conditions we refer Table 2 to write the
dM dw differential transformation boundary conditions as
V p 0 4
dx dx
W0 0; W1 0 15
The nonlocal constitutive relation is given by
2 2 X
1
d M d w Wk 0 16
Ml 2
EI 2
5
dx dx k0
ing equation
!" #
4 2 2
d w d d w
EI 4
1l 2
kw w p 2
0 8 Table 2
dx dx dx DTM theorems used for boundary conditions.
X
1
W0 0; W1 0 24
kWk 0 17
k0
X
1
W0 0; W1 0 28
X
1
kk 1 R4 L2 Wk 0 21
X
1
k0
kk 1 R4 L2 Wk 0 29
k0
where
lkw X
1
R4 22 kk 1k 2 R5 L2 kWk 0 30
EI lP k0
By assuming W(1) = c1 and W(3) = c2 the Eq. (13) can be calculated P lkw L2
up to n terms and similar procedure is applied as that of clamped R5 31
EI lP
clamped boundary condition.
By assuming W(2) = c1 and W(3) = c2 the Eq. (13) can be calculated
4.3. Clamped hinged SWCNT up to n terms and similar procedure is applied as that of clamped
clamped boundary condition.
The boundary conditions for this case are dened as
w0 0; w0 0 0; wL 0; ML 0 23 5. Results and discussions
From the above boundary conditions we refer Table 2 to write the The governing equations for the SWCNT with nonlocal effects
differential transformation boundary conditions as are written in Eq. (8). It is interesting to note that by putting
Table 3
Critical buckling load for clampedclamped case.
Table 4
Critical buckling load for simply supported case.
Table 5
Critical buckling load for clamped hinged case.
Table 6
Critical buckling load for clamped free case.
l = 0 we obtain the corresponding local elasticity equation for where m = 2, 1, 1/0.7 and 0.5 for clampedclamped, simply sup-
SWCNT [31]. Analytical solutions exist for SWCNT with nonlocal ported, clamped hinged and clamped free boundary conditions,
effects without any elastic medium. The analytical solution [31] respectively. Similar analyses without Winkler foundation was
is given by done by Senthilkumar et al. [32]. Present analytical results are com-
pared with those presented in Tables 36. Diameter is taken as
mp2 LEI2 1 nm for this case. Both these results are found to be in excellent
Pexact 2 32 agreement with Ref. [32].
1 l mLp
In Figs. 25 critical load ratios for the rst buckling mode are
4
plotted for various boundary conditions. While plotting R3 kwEIL
is dened as Winkler modulus (K). The load ratios are found to
be signicantly inuenced by (i) size of the nanobeam (ii) nonlocal
parameter and (iii) Winkler modulus.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of SWCNT on Winkler founda-
tion with simply supported boundary conditions. In Figs. 25 the
load ratios are plotted for various nonlocal parameters for different
Fig. 1. Single walled carbon nanotube with simply supported boundary conditions boundary conditions and different sizes of SWCNTs. The material
on Winkler foundation.
properties are taken as E = 1.06 TPa, diameter = 1 nm, Winkler
Fig. 2. Critical load ratio vs. length for clampedclamped for various nonlocal Fig. 3. Critical load ratio vs. length for simply supported for various nonlocal
parameters. parameters.
1056 S.C. Pradhan, G.K. Reddy / Computational Materials Science 50 (2011) 10521056
Fig. 6. Critical load ratio vs. Winkler modulus for various boundary conditions.
Fig. 4. Critical load ratio vs. length for clamped hinged for various nonlocal
parameters.
6. Conclusions
References