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ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2013
Selective Harmonic Elimination in Multilevel Inverter Using Real Coded
Genetic Algorithm Initialized Newton Raphson Method
1
Adeyemo, I. A.,2 Aborisade, D. O., 3 Ojo, J. A.
1, 2,3
Electronic & Electrical Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria.
Abstract This paper presents a novel two-phase Basically, there are three multilevel converter
hybrid optimization algorithm called Real Coded Genetic topologies and they are as follows: Diode-Clamped
Algorithm Initialized Newton Raphson (GAIN) method for Multilevel Converter (DCMC) which is based on the
solving the transcendental nonlinear equations neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter topology introduced
characterizing harmonics in multilevel converters. The by Nabae, et al, in 1981 [3], Capacitor-Clamped Multilevel
proposed hybrid Real GAIN method is developed in such a Converter (CCMC) also known as flying capacitor or
way that Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) is the multicell converter proposed by Meynard and Foch in 1992
primary optimizer exploiting its global search capabilities [3], and Cascaded Multicell Converter (CMC) otherwise
by directing the search towards the optimal region, and known as Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Converter
Newton Raphson method is then employed as a local (CHBMLC) [5, 6]. However many varieties of each
search method to fine tune the best solution provided by topology as well as hybrid of the fundamental topologies
RCGA in each evolution. The proposed method is such as Generalized P2 Converter, Mixed-Level Hybrid
implemented for the offline computation of the optimum Converter, Asymmetric Hybrid converter have been
switching angles in an 11-level inverter so that the required developed but with the same underlying principle [7-11].
fundamental voltage is produced while the low order Several modulation techniques and control
harmonics specifically the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonics paradigms have been developed for multilevel converters
which are more harmful and more difficult to remove with among which are Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
filters are eliminated. Computational and MATLAB (SPWM), Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) method,
simulation results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and Space Vector Control (SVC), and Space Vector Pulse
high spectral performance of the proposed algorithm. Width Modulation (SVPWM) [1, 2,]. Selective
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Harmonics Elimination (SHE) method at fundamental
Keywords- Multilevel inverter, Selective Harmonics switching frequency arguably gives the best spectral
Elimination (SHE), Real Coded Genetic Algorithm performance. The main challenge associated with the
(RCGA), Newton Raphson method SHE method is how to obtain analytical solutions of the
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V (t ) H n ( ) sin(nt ) (1)
Where
4Vdc
s
H n ( ) cos(n k ) , for odd n
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(2)
n k 1
From equation (4), the expression for the cos(131 ) cos(132 ) ... cos(135 ) 0
fundamental output voltage V1 in terms of the switching
angles is given by
Generally equation (11) can be written as
4Vdc
V1 cos(1 ) cos( 2 ) ... cos( s ) (6) F ( ) B(mi )
(12)
The relation between the fundamental voltage The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is computed as
and the maximum obtainable fundamental voltage V1max is shown in equation (13) :
given by modulation index. The modulation index, mi, is
defined as the ratio of the fundamental output voltage V1 to 49
the maximum obtainable fundamental voltage V1max. The
maximum fundamental voltage is obtained when all the
V i
2
i 5, 7 ,11,13.....
switching angles are zero [16]. From equation (6), THD
V1 (13)
4sVdc
V1 max (7) IV. REVIEW OF REAL CODED GENETIC
ALGORITHM AND NEWTON RAPHSON
METHOD
V1 V1
mi (0 mi 1) (8) A. REAL CODED GENETIC ALGORITHM
V1 max 4sVdc
The genetic algorithm proposed by Holland
in 1975 is an evolutionary algorithm that was inspired
To develop an 11-level cascaded multilevel
by the study of genetics [26]. He proposed a Binary-
inverter, five SDCSs are required. The modulation index
Coded Genetic Algorithm (BCGA) modeled on
and switching angles that result in the synthesis of AC
Darwinian principles of survival of the ttest, with a
waveform with the least Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
random but structured exchange of information. A
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can be found by solving the following nonlinear and
random population of individuals, or potential solutions
transcendental equations characterizing the harmonics
to the problem called strings or chromosomes, is
derived from equations (1), (2) and (4) [16, 22] :
created, and in turn the parameters of these solutions
are modified by the genetic operators (selection,
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cos(13 1 ) cos(13 2 ) ... cos(13 5 ) 0 For real valued numerical optimization problems,
Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA), whose
The correct solution must satisfy the condition chromosomes comprise real numbers outperforms binary-
coded genetic algorithms. The obvious advantages of
RCGA include global search capability, enhanced
0 1 2 ... 5 convergent speed resulting from a reduced computational
2 (10) effort (BCGA uses binary code, which needs a lot of time
to code and decode the values). In this research work, with
Equation (8) in equation (9) yields: the population size set at 40, Real Coded Genetic
Algorithm using oating-point representation together with
cos( 1 ) cos( 2 ) ... cos( 5 ) 5mi the tournament selection, heuristic crossover at the rate of
0.8, dynamic or non-uniform mutation at the rate of 0.02
cos(51) cos(52 ) ... cos(55 ) 0 and generational replacement strategy is proposed. Each
cos(71) cos(72 ) ... cos(75 ) 0 (11) chromosome (potential solution) of the nonlinear and
transcendental equations is encoded as a vector of oating-
point valued or real numbers of the same length as the
cos(111) cos(112 ) ... cos(115 ) 0 dimension of the search space. For each chromosome
(potential solution), the fitness function is calculated as Step 2: RCGA proceeds by randomly generating a
follows [21]: population of potential solutions.
4 2
Step 3: i) Assesses the population fitness using
V * V 5
1 V hs (14)
f min 100 1 * 1
V1
h 50
V1
the objective function.
i s2 s
ii) Ranking is carried out.
i = 1, 2 5
iii) Selection is employed to pick the best individuals
as members.
subject to 0 1 2 ... 5
2
iv) Creation of offsprings based on discrete
recombination (crossover and mutation).
Where:
v) Elitism is employed and a new generation is
V1* = desired fundamental output voltage, S = created.
number of switching angles = the number of DC sources =
vi) Repeat steps (i) to (v) for sufficient number of
5, = order of the viable harmonic at the output of a
iterations to attain the stopping criterion.
three phase multilevel converter. For example, ,
Step 4: The solution from step 3 is fine tuned with
Newton-Raphson method as follows;
In this work, the GA for each state is run twice, i) A solution set of RCGAbest is used as initial values
because it may fall into local minima. The least fitness for the switching angles (i.e. RGAbest = initial = 0 )
function between both runs is chosen. By increasing the
number of runs, the probability of reaching the global ii) Set mi = 0.
minimum increases but the convergent speed decreases due
to the increase in the execution time. Also, the default iii) Calculate F(0), B(mi), and Jacobian J(0)
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number of generations is 100 but sometimes, GA converges
to a solution much before 100 generations are completed. iv) Compute correction during the iteration
In order to save time, generations are halted if the result using relation,
remains unchanged for 50 generations. J 1 ( 0 )B ( mi ) F ( 0 )
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50
which agrees closely with the analytical value of 69.89V
(peak) calculated using equation (8).
40
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30
20
10
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0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Modulation Index
TABLE I
THD (%)
The analytical and simulation values of THD [6] P. Hammond, A new approach to enhance power
computed up to 13th order and 49th order are shown in quality for medium voltage ac drives, IEEE Trans.
Table I for comparison purpose. It can be seen from the Ind. Applicat., vol. 33, pp. 202208, Jan./Feb. 1997
Table I that the analytical and simulation values of
THD are in close agreement thereby validating the [7] F. Z. Peng, A generalized multilevel inverter topology
analytical results. It should be noted that THD value of with self voltage balancing,IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,
16.11% is shown in Figure 6; the reason for this is that vol. 37, March/April 2001, pp. 611618,.
the THD shown is for phase voltages which include
triplen harmonic components while analytical value is [8] M. D. Manjrekar, T. A. Lipo, A Hybrid Multilevel
for line voltages which exclude triplen harmonic Inverter Topology for Drive Applications, IEEE
components. Applied Power Electronics Conference, 1998, pp. 523-
529.
VII. CONCLUSION
[9] M. D. Manjrekar, P. K. Steimer, and T. A. Lipo,
The selective harmonic elimination method at Hybrid multilevel power conversion system: a
fundamental frequency switching scheme has been competitive solution for high-power appli- cations,
implemented for computing the switching angles that IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 36, pp. 834841,
eliminate the low order harmonics in 11-level inverter May/June 2000.
using Real Coded Genetic Algorithm Initialized Newton
Raphson (GAIN) method. The proposed algorithm [10] R. Lund, M. Manjrekar, P. Steimer, and T. Lipo,
combines the global search capability and improved Control strategy for a hybrid seven-level inverter, in
convergence with random initial values exhibited by Proc. European Power Electronics Conf. (EPE99) ,
RCGA with speed and accuracy of NR while the initial Lausanne, Switzerland, 1999.
condition problem of NR is avoided by using RCGA to
provide multiple and good starting points for NR. Also, the [11]Y. S. Lai and F. S. Shyu, New topology for hybrid
hybrid algorithm mitigates the detrimental effects that multilevel inverter, in Proc. Power Electron.
poorly selected evolutionary parameters can have on the Machines and Drives, 2002, pp. 211216.
final results by using NR for final computation. It is shown
here there are solutions in regions previously thought to be [12] J. Kumar, THD Analysis for Different Levels of
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infeasible to find solution demonstrating the global search Cascade Multilevel Inverters for Industrial
capability of the proposed method. Computational results Applications, International Journal of Emerging
are validated with MATLAB simulation, and both results Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 2,
satisfy the maximum THD limit of 5% specified by IEEE- Issue 10, October 2012, pp. 237-244.
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