Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
I DO NOT PLAY
YOU DO
HE DOES
SHE DOES
IT DOES
WE DO
YOU DO
THEY DO
DO I PLAY ?
DO YOU ?
DOES HE ?
DOES SHE ?
DOES IT ?
DO WE ?
DO YOU ?
DO THEY ?
Simple Present Tense positive form only
1) We never ________________ (study) after 11:00.
2) Mark always ______________ (study) in the morning.
3) You _________ (love) your husband.
4) I ________________ (make) my bed every morning.
5) Kathy ________________ (make) her bed.
6) Kathy and I ____________ (sit) together in the same class and we
____________(walk) home together.
7) Barbara's dad _____________ (work) in Rijeka.
8) Your dog ___________ (eat) a lot.
9) The buses in Zadar ___________ (run) on time.
They never __________ (arrive) late. Our school bus usually
__________ (come) late in the mornings.
10)Vesna's children __________ (go) to daycare. ____
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1) My friend, Mary, always ________________ (give) me good advice when I need it.
2) I always ______________ (keep) my promises.
3) This dog ____________ (sleep) a lot!
4) _______ you ____________ (have) a brother or sister?
5) Susan ____________ (gossip) a lot in school. I ______________________ (like, not) that.
6) I never _________ (go) to bed before 10:00pm. Marko always _____________ (go) to bed at 9:00pm!
7) _________ Benjamin ____________ (work) in Zagreb or Rijeka? He ___________ (work) in Zagreb.
_____
10
DEFINITION: a) The Present Continuous expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of
speaking.
DEFINITION b) Often, the activity is generally in progress: this week, this month, this year, etc.
(esto, radnja je u toku: ovaj tjedan, ovaj mjesec, ove godine, itd.)
EXAMPLES: 1. Marija is studying hard for her math test this week.
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
KEY WORDS:
What is he doing?
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
I AM PLAYING
YOU ARE
HE IS
SHE IS
IT IS
WE ARE
YOU ARE
THEY ARE
I AM NOT PLAYING
YOU ARE
HE IS
SHE IS
IT IS
WE ARE
YOU ARE
THEY ARE
AM I PLAYING ?
ARE YOU ?
IS HE ?
IS SHE ?
IS IT ?
ARE WE ?
ARE YOU ?
ARE THEY ?
**
Ovo se dogaa svaki dan, openito, itd. ** Ovo se dogaa upravo sada.
** Na hrvatskom jeziku morate naglasiti je li radnja svakodnevna (openita, tjedna, itd.) ili se
dogaa upravo sada.
Ali, na engleskom jeziku, po sastavu reenice, moete prepoznati kada se radnja dogaa
u sadanjosti.
(Wait) 1.
They _________________ for the bus right now.
(Want) 2.
I __________ to go to Greece this summer.
(Leave) 3.
Mary _____________ for school at 7:30a.m. every morning.
(Ring) 4.
Listen! I think the telephone ___________________.
(Eat) 5.
A: Hi John! What are you doing?
B: I ________________ a hamburger.
(Play) 6. A: What do you do every Monday and Wednesday after school?
B: I ________________ tennis at the Sports Center.
(Watch) 7. Sandra ____________________ CSI New York right now. I think that
she ________________ this TV show every Sunday night.
(Study) 8. Shhh! Katarina __________________.
1. Mary (go) _____________ to basketball practise twice a week. Right now, she (drive)
____________________ to a tournament in Zagreb.
2. In my home right now, Ivica (play) __________________ computer games, Anela and Marija
(study) __________________ and Antonio (watch) ____________________ Teletubbies on TV.
4. Katherine (have, not) ______________________ any brothers or sisters. She (be) __________ an
only child. How many brothers and sisters ________ you (have) _____________?
M I N I T E S T #1
Use the simple present or the present continuous to complete the sentences.
2. Katarina (pay, not) ____________________ her telephone bill on time every month.
5. _________ you (wait) __________________ for the bus every morning? ______
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6. My mom (make) _____________________ lunch everyday for us.
7. Dennis usually (drink) _________________ coffee for breakfast, but this morning
he (drink) _________________ tea instead.
M I N I T E S T #1bGroup A
Use the simple present or the present continuous to complete the sentences.
7. Kathy and Emil usually (drink) _________________ coffee for breakfast, but this morning
they (drink, not) _________________ anything. They (be) _________ ill.
M I N I T E S T #1bGroup B
Use the simple present or the present continuous to complete the sentences.
3. Oh my God! Look outside! That man (fall) _____________________ from that building!
-e dance dancing
NONCONTINUOUS VERBS
Some verbs are noncontinuous. They are not used in any of the continuous tenses. These verbs describe a
mental state, emotional state, possession, sense perception or some other types of states.
Mental State: know, realize, believe, feel, imagine, doubt, want, need, understand, suppose,
remember, prefer, recognize, forget & mean.
Emotional State: like, dislike, love, hate, fear, envy, mind, care & appreciate.
Other Existing States: seem, cost, owe, exist, consist of, contain & include.
The following verbs can be used in the continuous and noncontinuous state, but with a
difference in meaning:
(Simple Past je prolo vrijeme koje se koristi kada govorimo o neemu to se dogodilo u
prolosti. Aktivnost ili situacija poela je i zavrila prije sada (u prolosti) i dogodila se
u jedno odreeno vrijeme u prolosti.)
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
KEY WORDS:
I PLAYED
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
DID I PLAY ?
YOU ?
HE ?
SHE ?
IT ?
WE ?
YOU ?
THEY ?
I WENT
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
I DID NOT GO
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE **Sjeti se dida!!
YOU (ha ha ha)
THEY
DID I GO ?
YOU ?
HE ?
SHE ?
IT ?
WE ?
YOU ?
THEY ?
M I N I T E S T #2
USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR SIMPLE PAST (REGULAR VERBS)
9. It (rain)_______________yesterday morning.
MINI TEST #3
USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR SIMPLE PAST (REGULAR AND
IRREGULAR VERBS)
13. Last week, she (be) _________ very busy and she (write, not) __________________
________________ them a letter. They (call) _____________ her because
they (be) _____________ very worried.
16. Our teacher (stand) __________________ in the middle of the room right now.
She usually (sit) ________________ at her desk when talking to us.
_______
20
MINI-TEST #3c
Complete the sentences using the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Simple Past:
1) My mom ______________ (be) in Germany in 1964.
2) Marko ___________ (sleep) well at night.
3) We _________________ (correct) a test right now.
4) John and Mary _____________ (be) in Tunis last summer.
5) Mary ___________________ (stay) up all night last night writing her essay.
6) Susan ___________________ (attend) Zagreb University this year.
7) Martin __________ (love) school.
8) Joseph and Tomas_____________ (work) at the Coca-Cola company.
9) Look! Nancy ______________ (drive) in a new car?!
10) My grandma ______________ (talk) to my other grandma for 1 hour yesterday.
Test A ________
10
MINI-TEST #3c
Complete the sentences using the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Simple Past:
Test B ________
10
MINI-TEST #3b
Complete the sentences using the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Simple Past:
Test A ________
10
MINI-TEST #3b
Complete the sentences using the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Simple Past:
Test B ________
10
IRREGULAR VERBS
(Ovo je prolo vrijeme koje pokazuje da je neka radnja bila u toku u odreeno vrijeme
u prolosti kada se je druga radnja dogodila. Drugim rijeima, 2 radnje su se dogodile
u isto vrijeme, ali jedna radnja je poela prije druge radnje i bila je u toku kada se je
druga radnja dogodila.)
Examples: 1. While I was talking on the phone, someone knocked at the door.
(Dok sam razgovarala na telefonu, netko je pokucao na vrata.)
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
Definition: b) Sometimes, the past continuous is used in both parts of a sentence when 2 actions are in
progress simultaneously.
(Ponekad se past continuous koristi u oba dijela reenice. To se dogaa kada su 2 radnje
u toku istodobno.)
Example: 1. While I was preparing dinner in the kitchen, Ivica was watching TV in the
living room.
(Dok sam pripremala veeru u kuhinji, Ivica je gledao televiziju u dnevno sobi.)
Definition: c) In some cases, the simple past and the past continuous have almost the same meaning.
(U nekim sluajevima, simple past i past continuous imaju skoro isto znaenje.)
Key Words:
While
When
As
I WAS PLAYING
YOU WERE
HE WAS
SHE WAS
IT WAS
WE WERE
YOU WERE
THEY WERE
WAS I PLAYING ?
WERE YOU ?
WAS HE ?
WAS SHE ?
WAS IT ?
WERE WE ?
WERE YOU ?
WERE THEY ?
Ako dobijete 2 glagola u jednoj reenici, kako ete znati gdje se glagol pie u Past
Continuous-u a gdje u Simple Past-u?:
While I _________________ (drive) home, I _________________ (witness) an accident.
** Ako je kljuna rije WHILE (ili AS), onda na prvu praznu crtu (prema desno) piete
glagol u PAST CONTINUOUS-u a onda na drugu praznu crtu piete glagol u Simple Past-
u.
To jest:
While I was driving (drive) home, I witnessed (witness) an accident.
==========================================================
** Ako je kljuna rije WHEN, onda na prvu praznu crtu (prema desno) piete glagol u SIMPLE
PAST a onda na drugu praznu crtu piete glagol u Past Continuous-u.
To jest:
I was driving (drive) home, when I witnessed (witness) an accident.
(eat) 1. While Robert ________________________ dinner, Ann came through the door.
(shovel) 2. While John ________________________ snow in his driveway, his wife brought him
a cup of coffee.
(argue) 3. When I walked into the room, my brother and sister __________________________
about something.
(help) 6. Joanna _____________ her mother in the kitchen everyday after school.
(wash) 4. Joanna __________________ the dishes when she cut her finger on a knife.
DEFINITION: A) The Present Perfect expresses that an activity or situation (something) happened
(or did not happen) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it
happened is not important. If there is a specific mention of time, then the Simple Past is
used.
(Present Perfect govori o situaciji koja se dogodila (ili nije dogodila) prije sada,
u neodreenom vremenu u prolosti. Nije vano znati ili naglasiti kada se je neto tono
dogodilo. Ako se spominje tono vrijeme dogaaja, onda se koristi Simple Past vrijeme.)
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
EXAMPLES: 1. I have seen that movie before. (Vidio sam taj film prije.)
2. Kathy has already eaten lunch. (Kathy je ve ruala.)
3. We have never been to China. (Nikada nismo bili u Kini.)
DEFINITION: B) The Present Perfect often expresses that an activity was repeated several times
or many times in the past. The exact time of each repetition is not known and
it is not important.
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
EXAMPLES: 1. We have read 4 novels since the beginning of this school year.
(Proitali smo 4 lektire od poetka ove kolske godine.)
2. Sandra has been to Germany 5 times. (Sandra je bila u Njemakoj 5 puta.)
3. I have seen that movie several times. (Vidio sam taj film vie puta.)
DEFINITION C) When the Present Perfect is used with SINCE or FOR, it expresses a situation
that began in the past and continues to the present.
(Kada se rijei SINCE ili FOR koriste sa Present Perfect, onda to pokazuje da je
radnja ili situacija poela u prolosti i nastavlja do sadanjosti.)
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
EXAMPLES: 1. I have known Sabrina since grade 1. (Poznajem Sabrinu od prvog razreda.)
2. Prof. Rose Doen has lived in Gospi since 1998. (Prof. Rose Doen ivi u
Gospiu od 1998. godine.)
3. She has been here for 13 years, (Ovdje je 13 godina.)
4. I have had this same pair of shoes for 3 years. (Imam ove iste cipele
3 godine.)
KEY WORDS:
I HAVE PLAYED
YOU HAVE
HE HAS
SHE HAS
IT HAS
WE HAVE
YOU HAVE
THEY HAVE
HAVE I PLAYED ?
HAVE YOU ?
HAS HE ?
HAS SHE ?
HAS IT ?
HAVE WE ?
HAVE YOU ?
HAVE THEY ?
I HAVE SEEN
YOU HAVE
HE HAS
SHE HAS
IT HAS
WE HAVE
YOU HAVE
THEY HAVE
HAVE I SEEN ?
HAVE YOU ?
HAS HE ?
HAS SHE ?
HAS IT ?
HAVE WE ?
HAVE YOU ?
HAVE THEY ?
(know) 1. Bob and Jane are old friends. They ___________________ each other for
a long time.
(live) 2. I _____________________ in Gospi for 3 years.
(be) 3. Mario _________ never __________ to Germany.
(see) 4. ________ you ____________ that film before?
(work) 5. She ____________________ for him many times.
(speak) 6. _________ Alan ever _____________ to Professor Alston?
(have) 7. I _____________________ several part-time jobs.
(do, not) 8. In my lifetime, I ___________________ many good things.
(write) 9. Since the semester began, we ___________________ 4 tests.
(buy, not) 10. Patricia _______________________ any new clothes for a long time.
M I N I T E S T #6
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS )
PAST CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT
( BLOW ) 1. The wind _________________ hard when I came to work this morning.
( MOVE ) 7. __________ Mark and Mary ____________ into their new house last
Monday?
(LIKE) 11. Ilija _____________ Ana, but Ana (LIKE, NOT) __________________ Ilija.
(TAKE) 12. The Anderson family _______________ a long vacation last summer.
(STUDY) 13. While my friends ________________________ for the test, I was at the
movies. That is why I failed the test!
(Present Perfect Continuous koristi se kada elimo naglasiti koliko dugo neka radnja
traje. Radnja je poela u prolosti i traje do sadanjosti.).
EXAMPLES: 1. I have been sitting here for 3 hours waiting for the doctor!
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
DEFINITION: B) When this tense is used without any specific mention of time, it expresses a
general activity in progress recently (lately).
EXAMPLES: 1. I have been thinking about changing the date of my party. Maybe Friday evening
is not a good day. Saturday is probably better.
2. Mark has been sleeping on the floor lately because his back hurts and his bed is too soft.
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
DEFINITION: C) With certain verbs (especially live, work and teach), there is little or no difference
in meaning between the two tenses (present perfect and present perfect continous)
when since or for is used.
(S nekim glagolima LIVE, WORK i TEACH nema velike razlike u znaenju bez obzira
da li se koristi Present Perfect ili Present Perfect Continuous kada se rijei SINCE ili FOR
koriste u reenici. Bolje je koristiti PPC kada se ovi glagoli spominju u reenici.)
KEY WORDS:
Since
For
All morning!
All day!
All week!
Etc.
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(Play) 1. The boys are playing soccer right now. They ________________________ for almost 2 hours.
They must be getting tired.
(Talk) 2. Alex is talking on the phone. He ______________________ on the phone for over an hour!
Who is he talking to?!
(Try) 3. I am trying to study. I _______________________ to study for the last half hour,but
something always seems to interrupt me. I think it would be best if I just went to the library.
(Wait) 4. This is ridiculous! Sandra and I _________________________ for the secretary for more
than an hour.
M I N I T E S T #8a
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS )
PAST CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(DRINK) 12. Hurry up! You ________________________ that coffee for an hour! When are you
going to finish it?.
DEFINITION: The Simple Future talks about something that will happen or is intended
to happen. WILL and BE GOING TO are used to refer to a specific
time in the future.
(Simple Future je budue vrijeme koje pokazuje da e se neto dogoditi
ili se namjerava dogoditi u budunosti. WILL i BE GOING TO
koriste se kada govorimo o odreenom vremenu u budunosti.)
(First Conditional)
________________________________________________________________________
**NEVER use will when talking about something that somebody has already decided to do in the future.
These are fixed social or travel plans for the future. With these sentences, you use The Present
Continuous Tense and you must use a time expression such as tomorrow, next week, etc.
**NIKADA ne koristite will kada govorite o neemu to je netko ve odluio napraviti u budunosti.
Ovo su budui fiksni drutveni planovi i planovi za putovanja. S ovakvim reenicama, koristite Present
Continuous i morate koristiti rijei koje izraavaju budue vrijeme kao sutra, slijedei tjedan, itd.
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
KEY WORDS:
TOMORROW NEXT IN
*Later on *Tonight
Later on today
Later on tonight *This evening
afternoon
evening
*From now on etc.
THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE -- WILL
I WILL PLAY
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
WILL I PLAY ?
YOU ?
HE ?
SHE ?
IT ?
WE ?
YOU ?
THEY ?
I AM GOING TO PLAY
YOU ARE
HE IS
SHE IS
IT IS
WE ARE
YOU ARE
THEY ARE
AM I GOING TO PLAY ?
ARE YOU ?
IS HE ?
IS SHE ?
IS IT ?
ARE WE ?
ARE YOU ?
ARE THEY ?
HE IS GOING TO GO
HE IS NOT GOING TO BE
(Have) 2. ________ you ___________ enough money for your car insurance next month?
(Be) 3. Sarah ______________________ at home tomorrow evening.
Practise examples using the simple future tense (be going to):
(Have) 2. ________ you ___________ enough money for your car insurance next month?
M I N I T E S T #6
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE FUTURE ( WILL & BE GOING TO )
(ATTEND, NOT, BE GOING TO) 10. Sarah ________________________ class next week
(LIKE) 11. Ilija _____________ Ana, but Ana (LIKE, NOT) __________________ Ilija.
(WAIT) 15. ___________ your brother ___________ for us after the show finishes
tonight?
M I N I T E S T #6
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS )
PAST CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE FUTURE ( WILL & BE GOING TO )
( BLOW ) 1. The wind _________________ hard when I came to work this morning.
( MOVE ) 7. __________ Mark and Mary ____________ into their new house last
Monday?
(ATTEND, NOT, BE GOING TO) 10. Sarah ________________________ class next week
(LIKE) 11. Ilija _____________ Ana, but Ana (LIKE, NOT) __________________ Ilija.
(TAKE) 12. The Anderson family _______________ a long vacation last summer.
(STUDY) 13. While my friends ________________________ for the test, I was at the
movies. That is why I failed the test!
(WAIT) 15. ___________ your brother ___________ for us after the show finishes
tonight?
DEFINITION: The Past Perfect expresses that an activity was completed (began and finished)
before another activity (or time) in the past.
(Past Perfect pokazuje da se jedna radnja dogodila (poela i zavrila) prije druge
radnje ili vremena u prolosti.)
EXAMPLES: 1. My parents had already eaten lunch by the time I got home.
(Moji roditelji su ve ruali dok sam ja doao kui.)
2. Sam had finished his homework by the time Joseph came over.
(Sam je zavrio svoju zadau dok je Josip doao k njemu.)
PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
KEY WORDS:
Already
By the time
* Before
* After
* Ako se before ili after upotrebljavaju u reenici, onda nije potrebno koristiti Past Perfect jer se zna da
se je neto dogodilo prije neke druge radnje. U tom sluaju, moe se Simple Past upotrebiti.
I HAD PLAYED
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
HAD I PLAYED ?
YOU ?
HE ?
SHE ?
IT ?
WE ?
YOU ?
THEY ?
HAD I SEEN ?
YOU ?
HE ?
SHE ?
IT ?
WE ?
YOU ?
THEY ?
M I N I T E S T #8
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS )
PAST CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE FUTURE ( WILL AND BE GOING TO )
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
( FIX, NOT ) 15. I ______________________ your car later on today .I'm too busy.
_________
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SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS
-- sadanje vrijeme koje -- prolo vrijeme koje pokazuje -- sadanje vrijeme koje -- prolo vrijeme koje pokazuje
pokazuje to radimo svaki da se je neto dogodilo u pokazuje da se neto da su se 2 radnje dogodile
dan, ponekad, inae, itd. 1 odreeno vrijeme u dogaa upravo sada istodobno u odreeno vrijeme,
prolosti. (u trenutku govorenja). ali 1 radnja je poela prije 2.
-- pria o injenicama i i bila je u toku kada se je
navikama. -- dogaaj je poeo i zavrio. -- esto, neka aktivnost moe 2. radnje dogodila.
biti u toku: ovaj tjedan, ovaj (esto je 2. radnja presjekla
********************************** -- znate kada se je neto mjesec, itd. 1. radnju.)
dogodilo.
**moe se koristiti u buduem vremenu ************************************** -- moe se dogoditi da su se 2
kada govorimo o buduim dogaajima **koristi pravilne i radnje dogaale istodobno,
nad kojima mi nemamo kontrole. nepravilne glagole. **moe se koristiti u buduem vremenu kada ali nijedna nije presjekla
Inae se pria a rasporedima, planovima netko pria o svojim buduim planovima. drugu.
ili uputama. Npr. To su fiksni planovi koji su ve unaprijed
a) His father retires in September. dogovoreni (npr. putovanje, drutveni planovi)
b) Christmas is on Sunday this year.
-- Everyday, every week, ..... -- Yesterday, yesterday morning -- Now, right now, at this time, -- While
yesterday afternoon, ....... at this moment.
-- Always, usually, often, -- As
sometimes, seldom, rarely, -- Last night, last week, -- Look!, Listen!, Shhh!
never. last Monday, ........ -- When
-- What are you doing?
-- Once, twice, 3 times, ..... -- A month ago, 2 weeks ago, What is he doing? -- What were you doing?
10 days ago, ....... -- What was he doing?
-- How often do you...?
How often does he..? -- In 1995, in March, in the
wintertime, .......
SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS
Za pravilne gl. (poz. oblik):
_____________________________ __________________________
An ADVERB modifies a verb. It helps tell how, when or where the action took place. For
example, She ran quickly., She ran yesterday. or She ran to the store.
An adverb can also modify another adverb. For example, She ran very quickly to the store.
**More adverbs exist and you can add them to this list.
ARTICLES: A/AN THE 0
A is used in front of a singular count noun or an adjective that begins with a consonant.
(A se koristi ispred brojne imenice u jednini ili ispred pridjeva koji poinje sa suglasnikom).
AN is used in front of a singular count noun or an adjective that begines with a vowel.
(AN se koristi ispred brojne imenice u jednini ili ispred pridjeva koji poinje sa samoglasnikom).
** Izuzeci: A university
An hour
An honest man
A (or AN) is used with a singular count noun when talking about one thing (or person) that is
not specific or it is mentioned for the first time in a sentence.
(A ili AN se koriste ispred brojne imenice u jednini kada pria o 1 stvari (ili 1 osobi) koja je neodreena ili se
prvi put spominje u reenici.
(The speaker is saying that he saw 1 dog in his backyard. It is only 1 out of the
whole group of animals called dogs. The speaker does not know this dog.
It was not a specific dog.)
(Govornik je vidio 1 psa u dvoritu. To je 1 iz cijele skupine pasa. Govornik
ne poznaje tog psa. Pas nije odreen.)
(The speaker is making a generalization. He is talking about any dog, all dogs, dogs in
general. Not one dog specifically.)
(Govornik generalizira. Govori o bilo kojem psu, svim psima, openito o psima. Ne govori
o jednom odreenom psu.)
THE is used in front of a singular count noun (ex. the dog), a plural count noun (ex. the dogs) and a noncount
noun (ex. the money) when the speaker and the listener are thinking about the same specific thing.
(THE se koristi ispred brojne imenice u jednini (npr. pas), brojne imenice u mnoini (npr. psi) i
nebrojne imenice (npr. novac) kada govornik i sluatelj misle o istoj odreenoj stvari i osobi.)
(The listener and speaker are thinking about the same specific dog that was
mentioned before.)
(Sluatelj i govornik misle na istog psa koji je ranije spomenut.)
(The lights are not mentioned a second time, but the listener knows which
lights the speaker is talking about.)
(Svijetla nisu spomenuta po drugi put , ali sluatelj zna o kojim svijetlima pria govornik.)
a) ordinal numbers / rednim brojevima: the first, the second, the third, the fourth...
b) names of seas / imenima mora: The Adriatic Sea, The Black Sea...
c) names of oceans / imenima oceana: The Atlantic Ocean, The Pacific Ocean...
d) names of rivers / imenima rijeka: The Sava River, The River Gacka ...
e) names of people (as a group) / imenima ljudi (kao skupina):
The Pairoa, The Incas ...
f) names of island chains / imenima lanaca otoka: The Bahamas, The Island of Krk,
The 1000 Islands, The Canary Islands ....
g) names of mountain ranges / imenima lanaca planina:
The Rocky Mountains, The Velebit...
h) names of deserts / imenima pustinja: The Sahara Desert, The Atacama Desert ...
i) names of some countries / imenima nekih drava:The USA, The Netherlands, The Philippines,
The Dominican Republic, The United Kingdom
j) names of geographical areas / imenima geog. podruja:
The Middle East, The West...
k) points on the globe / tokama na globusu: The Equator, The North Pole...
l) names of forests / imenima uma: The Black Forest
m) names of gulfs / imenima zaljeva: The Persian Gulf, The Gulf of Mexico...
n) names of peninsulas / imenima poluotoka: The Balkan Peninsula, The Iberian Peninsula...
o) names of a group of lakes / imenima skupine jezera:
The Great Lakes
NO ARTICLE (0) is used with a plural count noun (ex. dogs, pencils,) and with a noncount noun (money,
fruit,).
(LANOVI se ne koriste s brojnim imenicama u mnoini (npr. psi, olovke...) i s nebrojnim imenicama (novac,
voe...).
The speaker is making a generalization. He is talking about any dog, any fruit, all dogs, all fruit, dogs
in general, fruit in general. The speaker is not talking about something specific.
(Govornik generalizira. Govori o bilo kojem psu, bilo kojem vou, svim psima, svakom vou, openito o psima,
openito o vou. Ne govori se o odreenoj stvari ili osobi).
TVORBA 0 - KONDICIONALA:
IF _______________________, _______________________
(simple present) (simple present)
EXAMPLES:
TVORBA 1. KONDICIONALA:
IF _______________________, ________________________
(simple present) (simple future)
EXAMPLES:
Exercises:
TVORBA 2. KONDICIONALA:
IF ________________________, _______________________________
(simple past) (modalni glagol + infinitiv)
inae WOULD
EXAMPLES:
Exercises:
TVORBA 3. KONDICIONALA:
IF __________________, _______________________________________
(past perfect) (would have + past participle)
EXAMPLES:
Exercises:
SINGULAR PLURAL
COUNT a chair chairs Some nouns are called count nouns:
NOUN one chair 2 chairs 1) In the singular, they can be
3 chairs preceded by a/an or one.
some chairs 2) They have a plural form:
several chairs -s or -es.
a lot of chairs
many chairs
a few chairs
How many apples did you buy? Many is used with count nouns.
How much money did you spend? Much is used with noncount nouns.
I took some books home with me. Some is used in positive sentences.
I took some fruit from the table.
I did not take any books home with me. Any is used in negative sentences.
I did not take any fruit from the table.
A) There are a lot of vegetables on the table. There are is used with count nouns.
B) There is a lot of fruit on the table. There is is used with noncount nouns.
COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS
Natural phenomena:
Weather Rain Daylight
Dew Sleet Moonlight
Fog Snow Sunlight
Hail Thunder Sunshine
Heat Wind Electricity
Humidity Darkness *Fire
Lightning *Light Gravity
**If the reporting verb (for example, said) is in the past, then the verb in the noun clause will usually also be in the past form.
**Immediate reporting: A: What did the teacher just say? I didn't hear him. Later reporting: A: I didn't go to class yesterday.
B: He said (that) he wants us to read Chapter Six. Did Mr. Smith give us any homework?
B: Yes. He said (that) he wanted us to read
Chapter Six.
**Sometimes you must change the time/place in the sentence. For example:
now ---- then, at the time this week ---- that week
today ---- that day last week ---- the week before, the previous week
yesterday ---- the day before, the previous day here ---- there
tomorrow ---- the next day, the following day this ---- that
these ---- those
Change the quoted speech (direct speech) to reported speech (indirect speech):
14. David said, The plane will probably get in late. _____________________________
15. The boss said, I have to finish this report by tonight. _________________________
24. The boy said to me, I'm only 8 years old. _________________________________
GERUNDS
Be fond of
Get bored with
Give up
Be happy about doing something
Look forward to gerund
Be good at
Be bored with
MODAL AUXILIARIES MODALNI GLAGOLI
AUXILIARY USES PRESENT/FUTURE PAST
Be to 1) strong expectation 1) You are to be here at 8:00. 1) You were to be here at 8:00.
Must 1) strong necessity 1) I must go to school today. 1) I had to go to school today.
2) prohibition (negative) 2) You must not open that door.
3) 95% certainty 3) Kathy isn't in class. 3) Kathy must have been ill
She must be ill today. yesterday.
Have to 1) necessity 1) I have to go to school today. 1) I had to go to school
yesterday.
2) lack of necessity (neg.) 2) I don't have to go to school 2) I didn't have to go to school
today. yesterday.
Have got to 1) necessity 1) I have got to go to school 1) I had to go to school
today. yesterday.
Will 1) 100% certainty 1) Kathy will be here at 8:00.
2) willingness 2) The phone is ringing.
I will get it.
3) polite request 3) Will you please pass the salt?
Be going to 1) 100% certainty 1) Kathy is going to be here
at 8:00.
2) definite plan 2) I am going to build a garage. 2) I was going to build a
garage, but I ran out of money.
Can 1) ability/possibility 1) I can run fast. 1) I could run fast when I was a
child.
2) informal permission 2)You can use my car tomorrow
3) informal polite request 3) Can I borrow your pen?
4) impossibility (neg.) 4) That can't be true! 4) That can't have been true.
Could 1) past ability 1) I could run fast when I was a
child.
2) polite request 2) Could I borrow your pen?
3) suggestion 3) I have a big problem. 3) You could have talked to the
You could talk to the school school psychologist.
psychologist.
4) less than 50% certainty 4) Where's Kathy? 4) Where was Kathy?
She could be at the library. She could have been at the
library.
5) impossibility 5) That couldn't be true! 5) That couldn't have been true!
Be able to 1) ability 1a) I am able to help you. 1) I was able to help you.
1b) I will be able to help you.
Would 1) polite request 1) Would you mind if I left
work early today?
2) preference 2) I would rather go to the 2) I would rather have gone to
movies than stay home. the movies than stayed at
home.
3) repeated action in the 3) When I was a child, I would
past visit my grandma every Sunday
Used to 1) repeated action in the 1) I used to visit my grandma
past. every Sunday.
Shall 1) polite question to make 1) Shall I open a window?
a suggestion
2) future with I or we 2) I shall come at 8:00.
as subject (will = more common)
THE PASSIVE
Active: Bob mailed the package.
subject verb object
FORM:
Subject + Verb to be + Past Participle + by phrase
Simple Future (will) Mary will help John. John will be helped by Mary.
Simple Future (be going to) Mary is going to help me. I am going to be helped by Mary.
Mary is going to help John. John is going to be helped by Mary.
Mary is going to help them. They are going to be helped by Mary
Past Continuous Mary was helping John. John was being helped by Mary.
Mary was helping them. They were being helped by Mary.
Present Perfect Mary has helped John. John has been helped by Mary.
Mary has helped them. They have been helped by Mary.
Past Perfect Mary had helped John. John had been helped by Mary.
** Usually, the passive is used without the by phrase. The passive is usually used when it is not known or not important to know exactly
who performs the action.
** Inae, pasiv se koristi bez by fraze. Pasiv se inae koristi kada se ne zna ili nije vano znati tko tono obavlja tu radnju.
** If it is important to know who performs the action, then the by phrase is used.
** Ako je vano znati ili naglasiti tko obavlja radnju, onda se by fraza koristi.
Change the following sentences from active to passive (all verb forms):
He
John is helped by Mary. She helps/watches..
It
_________________________ ________________________________________ __________________________________
Simple Past John was helped by Mary. IThey helped..
or
They were chosen by Mary. IThey chose (2. red tablice)
_________________________ ________________________________________ __________________________________
Simple Future (will) John will be helped by Mary. IThey will help..
John shall be helped by Mary. IThey shall help..
_________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________________
Simple Future I am going to be helped by me. I am going to help..
(be going to)
He
John is going to be helped by Mary. She is going to help..
It
We
We are going to be helped by them. You are going to help..
They
_________________________ ________________________________________ __________________________________
Present Continuous I am being helped by me. I am helping..
He
John is being helped by Mary. She is helping..
It
We
We are being helped by them. You are helping..
They
_________________________ ________________________________________ __________________________________
Past Continuous I
John was being helped by Mary. He was helping..
She
It
We
They were being helped by us. You were helping..
They
_________________________ ________________________________________ __________________________________
Present Perfect I
John has been helped by you. We helped
You have or
John has been chosen by you. They chosen (3. red)
6. The test will be given to us by our teachers at five o'clock this afternoon.
**A question tag is a question that is added onto the end of a sentence. An auxiliary verb is used
in a tag question.
**The speaker uses a tag question because he/she expects the listener to agree with him/her.
The speaker gives his/her idea while asking a question at the same time.
They didn't play last week, did they? No, they didn't.
He didn't know Mary, did he? No, he didn't.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Verb Tenses:
Other Grammar:
Adverbs(Prilozi)
Articles(lanovi)
Auxilliary Verbs (To Be, To Do, To Have)(Pomoni glagoli)
Comparison of Adjectives(Komparacija pridjeva)
Conditionals(Kondicionali)
Count & Noncount Nouns(Brojne i nebrojne imenice)
Direct & Indirect Speech(Upravni i neupravni govor)
Gerunds(Glagolska imenica)
Modal Verbs(Modalni glagoli)
The Passive(Pasiv -- iz aktiva u pasiv i iz pasiva u aktiv)
Question Tags(Dodatak pitanju/Upitna fraza)