Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Chapter 28
Guangzhou - The only port where China allowed foreign trade
Opium - A habit-forming narcotic that British merchants smuggled into China
Opium War - An open clash between the British and Chinese which resulted from
Chinas pleas being unanswered
Treaty of Nanjing - Peace treaty signed because of Chinas defeat which gave Britain
the island of Hong Kong
Extraterritorial rights - Foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou
and four other Chinese ports
Hong Xiuquan - Recruited followers to build a Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace
Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace - A kingdom where all Chinese people would
share Chinas vast wealth
Taiping Rebellion - Name of the movement of building the kingdom
Taiping - great peace
Dowager Empress Cixi - In command at the Qing imperial palace and supported the
self-strengthening government
Dowager - A widow who holds a title or property from her deceased husband
Sphere of influence - Area where a foreign nation controlled trade and investment in
China
Open Door Policy - Declared by the US which allowed merchants of all nations to
trade with China
Guangxu - Emperor who was modernizing China but got arrested by Qing officials
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists - Secret organization by poor peasants
and workers
Boxers - People from the secret organization
Boxer Rebellion - Campaign against the Dowager Empresss rule and foreigner
privilege which failed but sparked nationalism in China
Matthew Perry - US Commodore who took four ships into Japan along with a letter
from the US President
Millard Fillmore - US President who sent a letter to Japan asking to allow free trade
between the two countries
Treaty of Kanagawa - Opened two ports for US ships
Mutsuhito - Emperor of Japan during the Meiji Era
Meiji Era - Era when Japan modernized
Meiji - enlightened rule
Hands-off agreement - Japan and China pledged to not send armies into Korea
Sino-Japanese War - War which resulted from China breaking the agreement and
ended with China losing and Japan gaining colonies
Manchuria - Region that Japan and Russia fought over
Russo-Japanese War - Resulted from Japan launching a surprise attack on Russian
ships and ended with Russia losing
Theodore Roosevelt - US President who helped draft the treaty for Japan and Russia
Portsmouth, New Hampshire - Where Japan and Russia signed the treaty
Treaty of Portsmouth - Gave Japan captured territories and forced Russia to
withdraw from Manchuria and to stay out of Korea
Protectorate - A country under the partial control and protection of another nation
which is what Japan made Korea to be
Annexation - Bringing a country under ones control which is what Japan did to
Korea
Caudillo - a military dictator of a Latin American country
Monroe Doctrine - announced by president James Monroe in 1823; a US policy of
opposition to European interference in Latin America
Jose Marti - A Cuban writer who even in exile in New York worked to raise an army to
battle for Cubas independence
Spanish-American War - conflict between US and Spain which was caused by the
support of the Americans for Cubas fight for independence against Spanish rule
Panama Canal - human-made waterway that connected the Atlantic and Pacific
Ocean and was built in Panama by the Americans
Roosevelt Corollary - President Roosevelts extension to the Monroe Doctrine which
declares that the USA had the right to exercise police power throughout the
Western Hemisphere
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - one of Latin Americas most powerful caudillos who
played a leading role in Mexicos fight for independence from Spain; became
president in 1833
Benito Juarez - Santa Annas complete opposite not only in political beliefs but also
their backgrounds; rallied for Liberty, Order and Progress
La Reforma - A liberal reform movement started by Benito Juarez that had 3 main
goals: redistribution of land, separation of church and state, and increase in
educational opportunities for the poor
Porfirio Diaz - rose to power as a caudillo by ousting Juarez; favored only those who
supported him, wanted only Order and Progress
Francisco Madero - believed in democracy but after being elected as president in
1911, some citizens felt that his policies were either too liberal or too conservative;
ended up resigning from his position when he realized that he could not hold onto
his power
Francisco Poncho Villa - leader of the Mexican Revolution in the north that had a
robin hood policy
Emiliano Zapata - leader of the revolution in the south who was determined to give
farmers their land back and wanted laws to protect their rights; Tierra y Liberdad
or Land and Liberty!!
Chapter 29
Nationalism - deep devotion to ones nation.
Imperialism - extending a country's power and influence through
diplomacy or military force.
Militarism - policy of glorifying military power.
Otto von Bismarck - Prussias blood-and-iron chancellor who freely
used war to unify Germany.
Triple Alliance - secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy.
Kaiser Wilhelm II - German emperor and king of Prussia.
Triple Entente - alliance between Britain, France, and Russia.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand - archduke of Austria-Hungary who was
assassinated on a visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.
Gavrilo Princip - Serbian and member of The Black Hand who
assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife.
The Black Hand - secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of
Austrian rule.
Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and
Bulgaria.
Allies - Great Britain, France, and Russia.
Sir Edward Grey - Britains foreign minister.
Western Front - zone of fighting in Western Europe, in which the
German army engaged the armies to its west.
Schlieffen Plan - attacking and defeating France in the west and then
rushing east to fight Russia.
Alfred Graf von Schlieffen - general who created the Schlieffen Plan.
First Battle of Marne - first major clash on the Western Front that
resulted in an Allied victory against the German army.
Trench Warfare - building of deep, parallel trenches as a defense
against the enemy.
The Dardanelles - a narrow sea strait leading to Constantinople.
Gallipoli Campaign - a strategy of the Allies intending to take
Constantinople by taking the Dardanelles.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - sinking all ships in surrounding
waters without warning.
Lusitania - British passenger ship sunk by Germany, killing 128 U.S.
citizens.
U-boat - a submarine.
Arthur Zimmermann - Germanys foreign secretary.
Zimmermann Note - telegram saying Germany will help Mexico
reconquer its land; made U.S. join the war.
Total War - countries devote all resources to the war effort.
Rationing - system where people can buy only small amounts of certain
items.
Propaganda - designed to keep up morale and encourage support for
war efforts.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin - communist leader who forced Czar Nicholas to
step down and ended Russias involvement in the war.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - truce between Germany and Russia that ended
between them.
Second Battle of Marne - the Allies attack on the Germans, weakened
after crossing the Marne River.
Armistice - an agreement to stop fighting.
The Big Four - the 4 people who made the major decisions in the
Versailles meeting.
Woodrow Wilson - U.S. representative; Big Four.
Georges Clemenceau - French representative; Big Four.
David Lloyd George - British representative; Big Four.
Vittorio Orlando - Italian representative; Big Four.
Fourteen Points - peace proposals by President Wilson.
Self-determination - allowing the people to decide for themselves what
government they prefer.
Treaty of Versailles - a compromise to end the war.
League of Nations - international association meant to keep peace
among the nations.
Chapter 30
Proletariat The working class
Bolsheviks The more radical subgroup of Russian Marxists that supported a small
number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change
Lenin The name Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov adopted; has an engaging personality and
was an excellent organizer, qualities that helped him become the commander of the
Bolsheviks
Bloody Sunday The event wherein about 200,000 workers and their families went
to the Czars winter palace carrying a petition for better working conditions
Rasputin A self-proclaimed holy man who was allowed by Czarina Alexandra to
make key political decisions, some of which are opposing reform measures and
obtaining powerful positions for his friends, after healing the hemophilia of Alexis,
the son of the Czarina
Kuomintang The Nationalist Party of China who was pushing for modernization
and nationalization
Sun Yixian The first great leader of the Kuomintang and the first president of
China; hoped to establish a government based on the Three Principles of the
People
1) Nationalism or end to foreign control,
2) Peoples rights or democracy, and
3) Peoples livelihood or economic security for all Chinese
Yuan Shikai A powerful general to whom Sun turned the presidency over to, who
quickly betrayed the democratic ideals of revolution
May Fourth Movement A gathering of 3,000 students in the center of Beijing, along
with workers, shopkeepers, and professionals, on May 4, 1919, due to the effects of
the Treaty of Versailles on the former territories of China that have been conquered
by Germany
Treaty of Versailles Under this treaty, the Allied leaders gave Japan the former
territories of China that have been conquered by Germany
Chinese Communist Party The Communist party of China, founded by Mao Zedong
and others
Mao Zedong One of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party; believes in a
Communism wherein the peasants in a rural country could be the true
revolutionaries
Jiang Jieshi a son of a middle-class merchant who, after Sun died, headed the
Kuomintang and was against the objectives of the Communists; promised
democracy and political rights to the Chinese but eventually governed with a
steadily less democratic and more corrupt hand
The Long March A 6,000-mile journey of some 100,000 Communist forces as they
were surrounded and outnumbered by Jiangs army in their stronghold in the
mountains
Big Era 8
World War I great war in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November
1918
World War II global war that lasted from 1 Sept 1939 to 2 Sept 1945
Great Depression biggest economic downturn in history
Total War all resources of the country will go to war effort
Bolshevik Party - radical Marxist-Leninist group
Tsar title given to Russian leaders
Tsar Nicholas II last Russian emperor
modern global culture consisted of silent film, tango, flappers, jazz
Communism radical socialism
Fascism government has complete control over everything in the country
Joseph Stalin dictator of USSR from 1920-1953,
Adolf Hitler leader of Nazi Germany
Benito Mussolini leader of Italy
Axis Powers WW2 alliance that consisted of Italy, Germany, Japan
Allied Powers WW2 alliance that consisted of US, Great Britain, USSR
Marshall Plan where Americans aided Western Europe with rebuilding
Chapter 28
Early 17th century
Japan was shut off from nearly all other nations.
Early 19th century
Westerners tried to have the Japanese to open their ports for trading.
1853
Commodore Matthew Perry arrived with a letter from Pres. Millard Fillmore (USA)
requesting free trade between the Americans and Japanese.
1854
The Treaty of Kanagawa opened two ports for American trading.
Japanese were intimidated by American warships.
1860s
Japan became open to trade with other Westerners.
1867
The last Tokugawa shogun stepped down.
Mutsuhito takes power as new emperor. (Beginning of Meiji reign)
1872
The first Japanese railroad line was built.
1875
Coal production was 0.5 million tons.
1913
Coal production exploded to 21 million tons.
1914
The railroad network grew to over 7000 miles of rail.
Early 20th century
Japans economy was comparable to other modern economies in the world back
then, especially in the West.
1876
Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports to Japanese trade.
1885
Japan and China signed a hands-off agreement for Korea.
1890
Japan had several dozen warships and 500,000 well-armed, well-trained soldiers.
June 1894
China breaks the hands-off agreement from Korea, starts the war between China
and Japan (Sino-Japanese War).
1895
China loses the war, signs a peace treaty with Japan.
1903
Russia starts showing some presence in Manchuria.
Japan offered recognition of Russias rights on Manchuria if the Russians would stay
out of Manchuria.
Russia refused the offer.
February 1904
Japan launched a surprise attack on Russian ships off the Manchurian coast.
This triggered the Russo-Japanese war.
Japan would defeat the Russians.
1905
The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed after the Russian defeat in the war.
This gave Japan lots of new territories as a result of their victory.
Japan declares hold on Korea as protectorate.
1907
Korean king would give up power over his land.
1909
The Korean Imperial Army disbands completely.
1910
Korea was annexed by Japan.
11th century
China had acquired a quick-growing strain of rice from Southeast Asia
17th-18th Century
Spanish and Portuguese traders brought maize, sweet potatoes and peanuts from
the Americas.
Late 18th Century
British smuggle opium into China for nonmedical use.
1835
12 million Chinese had become addicted to Opium.
1839
A Qing emperor adviser wrote a letter to Queen Victoria of England about the
addiction problem.
The Opium War between the British and Chinese would begin.
Late 1830s
Hong Xiuquan started recruiting followers for the Heavenly Kingdom of Great
Peace.
1842
The Treaty of Nanjing was signed, ending the Opium War and giving Hong Kong over
to the British as a sign of their victory.
1844
A separate treaty granted extraterritorial rights to Americans and other foreigners.
1850
Chinas population reached 430 million, a 30% growth in only 60 years
1853
Hong Xiuquan, together with the around 1 million of his followers, captured Nanjing
and declared it as the capital of their government, the Taiping.
1864
The Taiping govt was brought down by internal fighting and outside assaults.
1862-1908
Dowager Empress Cixi held lone rule over China.
She backed the self-strengthening movement in the 1860s.
Late 19th century
Many foreign nations attacked China
June 1898
Young emperor Guangxu introduced measures for the modernization of the nation.
1899
USA proposed and implemented the Open Door Policy on China.
1900
The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) descended on Beijing.
DEATH TO THE FOREIGN DEVILS!
1905
A group of government officials were sent by Cixi (who was somehow reinstated as
empress) to go on a world tour to study the structures of foreign governments.
Spring 1906
Touring officials expressed consent to restructure the Chinese govt.
1908
The Chinese court would announce that a full constitutional government would be
instituted by 1917.
Chapter 29
Late 1800s
Europe was enjoying peace
1870
Franco-Prussian War
1881
Francs signs a treaty with Russia
1882
Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) is formed
1888
Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler
1890
Foreign policy changes begin with the dismissal of Bismarck
1907
Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) is formed
Early 1900s
Many groups in Balkans win independence
1908
Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia and Herzegovina
June 1914
Serbian rebel kills Austro-Hungarian royal official, Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Austria declares war on Serbia
Russia comes to aid Serbia
Mid-August 1914
Two sides at war throughout Europe, Central Powers and Allies
1915
Allies move to capture Ottoman Dardanelles strait
1916
Battle of Verdun
Battle of Somme
1917
U.S. declares war against Germany, joining the Allies
Civil unrest in Russia causes tsar to step down
1918
Russia signs a treaty with Germany and pulls out of the war
Allies win war, armistice signed in November
1919
Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany
Chapter 30
1881
Alexander II is assassinated by revolutionaries
Alexander III becomes czar, succeeded his father
halts all reforms, reinstitutes autocracy, gains total power over Russia
1891
start construction of Trans-Siberian Highway, world's longest continuous rail line
1894
Nicholas II succeeds his father
1903
Marxist revolutionaries split into the radical Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, and the
moderate Mensheviks
1900
Russia becomes the 4th-ranking producer of steel
1900s
Lenin flees to Western Europe to avoid arrest by czarist regime
February 1904
Japan retaliates Russia's disregard of their treaty with an attack on Port Arthur,
Manchuria
1905
January 22 - Bloody Sunday - 200,000 workers and their families revolt, asking for
better working conditions. Soldiers are told to open fire, killing and wounding a total
of over 1000 people
October - Nicholas approves the creation of Russia's first parliament, Duma
1906
May - first parliament meeting. It is disbanded 10 weeks later.
1914
August 1 - WWI starts
September 5 - czar becomes Commander-in-Chief
1915
Nicholas moves his headquarters to the war front
1916
Rasputin is murdered by nobles
1917
February 23 -women protest in Petrograd
February 24 - students and workers join protest
March 2 - Nicholas II abdicates
April 16 - Lenin returns from exile
June 18 - June Offensive - unsuccessful war offensive is called by Kerensky
July 3 - July Days - soldiers and industrial workers engage in spontaneous armed
demonstrations against the provisional government
July 8 - Kerensky becomes Prime Minister
August 25 - Kornilov Affair - a coup d'tat is attempted against the provisional
government by the army's Commander-in-Chief, Lavr Kornilov
October 25 - Bolshevik Revolution
October 26 - provisional government is overthrown
November - Petrograd Red Guards take over Winter Palace
1918
March - Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, surrendering a large part of its territory
to Germany and its allies
July 17 - Nicholas II's family is executed at Yekaterin burg
Civil War starts in Russia
1920
Bolsheviks win Russian Civil War
March 1921
Lenin institutes small-scale version of capitalism called the New Economic Policy
December 30, 1922
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created
Big Era 8
1900s
Big Era 8 begins
1914
World War 1 begins
1917
Successful revolution in Russia by the Bolsheviks
1918
World War 1 ends
Tsar Nicholas is executed
1920s
Silent film, tango, jazz and flappers become popular
1929
The great Depression begins
1930s
Rapid Soviet economy growth
Rise of fascism
1937
Second Sino-Japanese War begins
1939
The Great Depression ends
Germans invade Poland
1941
Germany invades the Soviet Union
Russia joins the Allies
Bombing of Pearl Harbor, US joins the war
1945
World War 2 ends
1949
China becomes 2nd major communist power after the revolution
1950s
End of Big Era 8
Social Science Mind Maps
Chapters 28, 29, 30 and Big Era 8
9 - Potassium
Social Science Maps
Chapters 28, 29, 30 and Big Era 8
9 - Potassium
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Big Era 8