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HEAT ENGINE
Another look:
Air Fuel
Thermal
Energy
Combustion Mechanical Mechanical
Chamber Mechanism Work
Heat Engine
Internal External
Combustion Combustion
Air
Power
CE HE ME
Fuel
Air Power
CE HE HE ME
Fuel Boiler Steam Engine
IC ENGINE MECHANISMS
Chemical
Energy
Combustion
Chamber
Thermal
Energy
Cylinder
Piston
Mechanism
Mechanical
Energy
Crank Shaft
Mechanism
Shaft
Power
The Internal Combustion Engines are classified on various bases. The very common
bases are
1. Type of Ignition
2. Mechanical Cycle
3. Type of Fuel
4. Method of Cooling
5. Number of Cylinders
6. Arrangement of Cylinders
INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
COMPRESSION
TWO STROKE DIESEL AIR BASIC
IGNITION
MULTI-
SPARK IGNITION FOUR STROKE PETROL WATER
CYLINDER
No Character Detail
1 Ignition Method Spark, Compression
2 Mechanical Cycle 2 Stroke, 4 Stroke
3 Fuel used Petrol, Diesel
4 Cooling Method Air, Water
5 Number of Cylinders 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, .
6 Arrangement of cylinders Horizontal, vertical. V, W,
Opposed, Radial etc
According to Type of Ignition
1. If the combustion process is started by the spark of fire, it is called Spark Ignition
Engine.
2. If the combustion process is started by the heat generated by compression of air,
it is called Compression Ignition Engine.
1. If the thermal cycle is completed in two strokes of the engine, it is called two
stroke engine.
2. If the thermal cycle is completed in four strokes of the engine, it is called four
stroke engine.
1. If the engine is cooled by air flowing over and around the cylinder, it is called Air
Cooled Engine, e.g. motorcycles e.t.c.
2. If the engine is cooled by circulating water in jackets around the cylinder, it is
called Water Cooled Engine.
V Engine
W Engine
Opposite Engine
Opposed Piston
IC ENGINE NOMENCLATURE
1. BORE (D):
It is diameter of cylinder.
2. DEAD CENTERS:
These are locations on cylinder where piston reverses motion in cylinder at top
and bottom.
3. STROKE or STROKE LENGTH ( ):
It is distance between TDC and BDC
4. CLEARANCE LENGTH ( ):
It is distance between TDC and top of
cylinder
5. DISPLACEMENT VOLUME ( ):
It is volume of cylinder from TDC to BDC.
2
=
4
6. CLEARANCE VOLUME ( ):
It is volume of space between TDC and top of cylinder
= 2
4
7. CYLINDER VOLUME: = +
8. COMPRESSION RATIO (CR): =
9. CAPACITY:
It is volume of air taken in by the engine in its one cycle.
= =
BASE IC ENGINE
There are several types of two stroke engines. A common example is the uniflow type
where ports are used to introduce air into the cylinder and a valve is used for the
exhaust.
Four Stroke Basic Diesel Engine
Engine
Parts
ROTATING PARTS:
Crank Shaft, Fly Wheel, Camshaft,
Timing Gear, Valves,Crankshaft Gear
etc
Moving
Parts
RECIPROCATING PARTS:
Piston. Connecting rods, Gidgeon Pin,
Piston Rings,Valve tappets
Engine Block Components:
Roughly the parts are grouped as attached to Top, Bottom, Front and Rear on
engine block.
1. Timing belt cover 17. Oil pressure switch 35. Dipstick tube
2. Timing belt cover back 18. Oil pump 36. Oil filler tube
plate 19. Oil pump plug 37. Oil filler cap
3. Thermostat outlet 20. Plug and O ring 38. Sump plug
4. Camshaft cover 21. Oil pressure relief valve 39. Oil sump
5. Coolant thermistor spring 40. Oil sump gasket
6. Thermostat 22. Oil pressure relief valve 41. Front main bearing cap
7. Thermostat housing plunger 42. Main bearing shells
8. Cylinder head 23. Oil filter cartridge 43. Intermediate main
9. Dowel 24. Timing belt tensioner bearing cap
10. Cylinder head stud 25. Water pump pulley 44. Centre main bearing
long 26. Deflector cap
11. Cylinder head bolt 27. Water pump 45. Thrust washers
12. Cylinder head stud 28. Cylinder block 46. Intermediate main
short 29. Cylinder head gasket bearing cap
13. Spark plug 30. Knock sensor 47. Rear main bearing cap
14. Alternator/water pump 31. Crankshaft rear oil seal 48. Dowel
belt 32. Gearbox adapter plate 49. Oil separator
15. Crankshaft pulley 33. Crankshaft sensor 50. Oil strainer and O ring
16. Oil seal 34. Dipstick
Internal Engine Components:
1 Cam Shaft Assembly Cam shaft, Valve-Follower Assembly, Timing Belt Assembly
2 Crank Shaft Assembly Crankshaft, Piston-Connecting Rod Assy, Crankshaft Gear &
Pulley Assy.
1. Timing belt tensioner 15. Connecting rod and 28. Connecting rod RH
2. Timing belt piston LH 29. Big-end bearing shell
3. Camshaft gear 16. Gudgeon pin 30. Pulley bolt
4. Camshaft front oil seal 17. Compression rings 31. Washer
5. Camshaft 18. Oil control ring 32. Crankshaft pulley
6. Camshaft rear oil seal 19. Piston 33. Gear flange
7. Tappet 20. Exhaust valve seat 34. Crankshaft gear
8. Shim insert 35. Gear flange
9. Cotters 21. Inlet valve seat insert 36. Pulley and gear key
10. Cup 22. Valve guide 37. Oil pump key
11. Spring 23. Exhaust valve 38. Crankshaft
12. Valve stem seal 24. Inlet valve 39. Flywheel dowel
13. Seat 25. Crankshaft washers 40. Connecting rod nut
14. Deflector 26. Main bearing shell 41. Connecting rod cap
27. Connecting rod bolt
WORKING OF IC ENGINE
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
Bore (D) = 8 cm
Stroke Length ( ) = 7 cm
1 2
Stroke Volume [cm3] =
4
2 Clearance Volume [cm3]
2
=
4
3 Total Volume [cm3]
= +
4 Compression
=
Ratio
5 Capacity [cm3]
=
5. Identify the parts as identified on the
diagram.
Crankshaft
Piston
Big- End Bearing
Fuel Injector
Piston Rings
Valve
Connecting Rod (Con-rod)
Gudgeon Pin
6. Identify five major parts and describe their function on the Base Engine.
7. Sketch shows internal side of engine, identify three major assemblies and
describe three parts in each assembly.
Top
Front
Rear
Bottom