English Comprehension 2 : Bridges

1 - The bridges have to withstand the forces of their weight and the loads that they carry such as cars and all types of vehicules , also
the forces imposed by the environmental forces

2 The bridges and their advantages :

Types of Beam Arch Cantilever Suspension Cable-stayed Truss

Bridges

The bridge deck is

reinforced with
The weight of the An arch made of girders and Reduces the bending in Strong, light,
One person on see-saw
bridge and everything bricks or stones will trusses the mid-section of the and relatively
can be balanced in mid-
that travels over it is pack together tightly underneath. It deck and, unlike a cheap to
air providing another
Advantages supported by a beam . when a load is hangs from many, suspension bridge, can construct and
person is at the other end
which, itself, is placed on it , making relatively thin, be supported from a is often used
counterbalancing them
supported by vertical a more solid vertical single pier in the middle to carry
over a pivot ,each section
pillars at either side structure suspender cables railroad lines
of the bridge deck is
supported by the over rivers or
balanced across the peirs
longer, thicker roads.
by the sections on either
main cables that
side of it
stretch between
the vertical piers

Pontoon Bow-string

The load in a pontoon bridge pushes vertically down onto It's called a tied-arch bridge, because the vertical bars running
floating boats, which limits the weight this type of bridge can from the arch down to the bridge deck "tie" the arch rigidly in
carry. place, preventing it from pushing outward at the two ends.

3 - The difficulties of building tunnels are water pouring into the tunnel from aquifers (natural underground water reservoirs), dust
from blasting, trapped gas, and the heat and humidity of working deep beneath Earth's surface. All these things can kill construction
workers, also the risk of collapsing .