01578-Peru Coca Survey 2005

Government of Peru
Peru
Coca Cultivation Survey
June 2006
Peru Coca Survey for 2005
Abbreviations
ENACO National Coca Enterprise

GIS Geographical Information Systems
GPS Global Positioning System
ICMP UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme
DIRANDRO Anti-Drugs Directorate, Peruvian National Police
OFECOD Drug Control Office, Peruvian Ministry of Interior
NAS Narcotics Affairs Section, United States Embassy
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
CONTRADROGAS Committee for the Fight Against Drug Consumption
DEVIDA National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs
CORAH Control and Reduction of Coca Leaf in Upper Huallaga
Acknowledgements
The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2005 coca
cultivation survey in Peru, and to the preparation of the present report:
Government of Peru:
National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs (DEVIDA)
UNODC:
Humberto Chirinos, Project Coordinator, Peru

Paloma Lumbre, Digital Classification, Cartography and GIS Specialist, Peru
Aldo Gutarra, Multi-spectral Analysis Specialist, Peru
Germán Galvez, Surveying, Cartography and GIS Specialist, Peru
Lorenzo Vallejos, Digital Classification, Cartography and GIS Specialist, Peru
Victor Rojas, Photo-Interpretation and Cartography Specialist, Peru
Carlos Coello, Cartographic Technician, Peru
Aldo Lale-Demoz, UNODC Representative for Peru and Ecuador
Coen Bussink, Remote Sensing and GIS expert (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section - ICMP)
Denis Destrebecq, Regional Illicit Crop Monitoring Expert (UNODC – Research and Analysis
Section - ICMP)
Anja Korenblik, Programme Manager (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section - ICMP)
Thibault le Pichon, Chief (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section)
Thomas Pietschmann, Research Officer (UNODC-Research and Analysis Section)
Martin Raithelhuber, Programme Officer (UNODC-Research and Analysis Section)
Javier Teran, Statistician (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section – ICMP)
The implementation of UNODC’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in the Andean countries and
the Peru survey in 2005 was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Governments
of the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, France and Austria.
This report and other ICMP survey reports can be downloaded from:
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html
2
PREFACE
The total surface of coca cultivation in Peru in 2005 was estimated at 48,200 hectares, a 4%
decrease compared to 2004 (50,300 ha).
This assuages concerns of the disturbing rise surveyed in 2004, which provoked fears of a
possible return to the 1990s when Peru was the world’s leading coca producer. Indeed, it suggests
that 2004 was an exception in a steady downward trend that has cut coca cultivation by more than
half in the past decade.
The downward trend is mainly due to resolute eradication campaigns in the Alto Huallaga region
(San Martin) and in the San Gaban valley.
At the same time, as in other Andean countries, the sustainability of positive trends and social
progress cannot be assured in the absence of viable alternatives.
Peru – in partnership with key donors and UNODC– has many commercially viable examples of
alternative development products. This is not aid. Coffee, cocoa, palm hearts, organic cotton, rice
and other products are sold successfully in international and national markets. The farmers
enterprises supported by UNODC alone sold nearly US$ 40 million worth of products in 2005,
mostly in sophisticated export markets.
However, the number of farmers being assisted through such programmes is limited, probably to
only ten percent of those who need it. It is essential to expand these activities. Otherwise farmers
will not break their dependence on illicit crops and coca will remain economically attractive for
families in regions where poverty is very high and where there are no alternative livelihoods.
A word of caution. We know there have been improvements in techniques to increase coca leaf
and cocaine production yields. This means that reductions in coca surface could be undone by an
increase in yields. UNODC will soon be in a position to apply updated indicators to measure yields
more accurately.
UNODC calls on donors and international financial institutions to support Peru in the delivery of
integrated drug control actions. This includes increasing and expanding the opportunities which
alternative development creates in coca growing areas to reduce supply and increase the
development prospects of Peru’s impoverished farmers. It is equally important for the main cocaine
consuming markets in the Americas and Europe to strengthen their demand reduction efforts.
Antonio Maria Costa

Executive Director
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
3
4
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 8
2 FINDINGS.................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1 COCA CULTIVATION .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.1 Regional analysis......................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.1.1 Coca cultivation in Alto Huallaga ......................................................................................... 16
2.1.1.2 Coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene........................................................................................ 24
2.1.1.3 Coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares.......................................................................... 30
2.1.1.4 Coca cultivation in Inambari-Tambopata ............................................................................. 34
2.1.1.5 Coca cultivation in San Gaban ............................................................................................ 35
2.1.1.6 Coca cultivation in Marañon, PutumayoHuallaga Central and Bajo Huallaga .................... 36
2.1.1.7 Coca cultivation in Aguaytia..................................................................................................38
2.1.1.8 Coca cultivation in Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea........................................................................ 39
2.1.2 Production coca leaf and derivatives........................................................................................... 43
2.2 PRICES OF COCA LEAF AND ITS DERIVATIVES ....................................................................................... 45
2.3 REPORTED OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION .............................................................................................. 48
2.4 REPORTED ERADICATION ................................................................................................................... 49
2.5 REPORTED SEIZURE........................................................................................................................... 51
3 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 52
3.1 COCA CULTIVATION ............................................................................................................................ 52
3.2 OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION ................................................................................................................ 57
3.3 PRICES .............................................................................................................................................. 57
4 ANNEX .................................................................................................................................................... 58
Index of maps
Map 1: Coca cultivation density in Peru, 2005 ............................................................................................ 10

Map 2: Coca cultivation density in the Andean region, 2005 ...................................................................... 11
Map 3: Coca cultivation by region in Peru, 2001 – 2005 ............................................................................. 13
Map 4: Coca cultivation density in Alto Huallaga, 2005............................................................................... 15
Map 5: Verification overflight with GeoVideo, Alto Huallaga ....................................................................... 22
Map 6: Coca cultivation density in Apurimac-Ene, 2005 ............................................................................. 23
Map 7: Verification overflight with GeoVideo, Apurimac.............................................................................. 28
Map 8: Coca cultivation density in La Convención y Lares, 2005 ............................................................... 29
Map 9: Coca cultivation density in Inambari-Tembopata – San Gaban, 2005 ............................................ 33
Map 10: Coca cultivation density in Aguaytia and Palcazu-Pichis-Pichitea, 2005 ........................................ 37
Map 11: Verification overflight with GeoVideo, Aguyatia, Palcazu – Pichis – Pachitea ................................ 42
Map 12: Potential opium poppy cultivation(DIRANDRO)............................................................................... 47
Map 13: Reported eradication of coca cultivation, Peru, 2005 ...................................................................... 50
Map 14: Satellite images used for the coca survey, Peru 2005..................................................................... 54
5
FACT SHEET – PERU COCA SURVEY FOR 2005
Variation
2004 2005
on 2004
Coca cultivation 50,300 ha - 4% 48,200 ha
Of which in Alto Huallaga 16,900 ha -5% 16,000 ha
Apurimac-Ene 14,700 ha + 6% 15,500 ha
La Convencion y Lares 12,700 ha - 2% 12,500 ha
Elsewhere 6,000 ha - 30% 4,200 ha
Weighted average sun-dried coca leaf yield 2,200 kg/ha 2,200 kg/ha
Potential production of sun-dried coca leaf 110,000 mt - 4% 106,000 mt
Potential production of cocaine hydrochloride 190 mt - 5% 180 mt
in percent of world illicit cocaine production 20 % 20 %
Average farm-gate price of sun-dried coca leaf US$ 2.8/kg US$ 2.9 /kg
Potential farm-gate value of sun-dried coca leaf US$ 304 million US$ 307 million
Farm-gate value of coca leaf production as
0.4% 0.4%
percentage of 2004 GDP (US$ 68.5 billion)
Average price of cocaine paste US$ 640/kg US$ 640/kg
Average price of cocaine hydrochloride US$ 890/kg US$ 890/kg
Reported eradication of coca cultivation 10,257 ha + 19% 12,232 ha
Reported seizure of cocaine paste 6,330 kg - 49% 3,199 kg
Reported seizure of cocaine hydrochloride 7,303 kg - 70% 2,199 kg
Reported opium poppy cultivation 1,447 ha n.a.
Reported seizure of opium latex 451 kg + 12% 505 kg
6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 2005, the total area under coca cultivation in Peru was estimated at 48,200 ha. This represents
a decrease of 4% over 2004 (50,300 ha). The decrease was mainly due to the eradication
campaigns implemented in the department of San Martin in Alto Huallaga region and in the San
Gaban valley. In these two regions alone, coca cultivation decreased from 4,000 ha in 2004 to 670
ha in 2005. This decrease was slightly offset by increases in others regions of Atlo Huallaga, and
by relatively small increases in Apurimac-Ene and Aguaytia.
In 2005, the insecurity prevailing in the coca growing areas prevented further work on coca leaf
yields. Assuming an average sun-dried coca leaf yield of 2,200 kg/ha similar to the average yield
obtained in 2004, the total sun-dried coca leaf production in Peru was estimated at 106,000 metric
tons for 2005. Of this amount, a study of the National Institute of Statistics and Computer Science
(INEI) estimated that about 9,000 metric tons corresponded to the annual demand for coca leaves
for traditional, commercial or industrial uses. The balance is used for cocaine production.
Assuming a cocaine yield per hectare of 4.1 kg/ha – similar to the average yield obtained in 2004 -,
the total potential cocaine production in Peru was estimated at 180 metric tons. Thus, potential
cocaine production in Peru decreased by 5% compared to 190 metric tons estimated for 2004.
Potential Peruvian cocaine production represents 20% of world potential cocaine production.
The potential farm-gate value of the sun-dried coca leaf production amounted to about US$ 307
million, estimated from the sale of 106,000 metric tons of coca leaf at 2.9 US$/kg in 2005. This
represents about 0.4% of the 2004 GDP estimated at US$ 68.6 billion1.
The Peruvian government reported the eradication of 12,232 ha of coca fields in 2005, of which
8,966 ha were eradicated by CORAH as part of its forced eradication programme and 3,266 ha
were voluntary eradicated as part of DEVIDA-CADA’s programme of voluntary eradication. This
corresponds to an increase of 19% compared to the 10,257 ha eradicated in 2004.
Between 2004 and 2005, according to the Peruvian anti-narcotics police (DIRANDRO), seizures of
cocaine paste and cocaine hydrochloride decreased. However, destruction and seizures of coca
leaves increased. Seizures of cocaine hydrochloride decreased from 7,3 mt in 2004 to 2,1 mt in
2005, while seizures and destruction of coca leaves increased from 916 mt to 1,525 mt.
The monitoring system in Peru is part of UNODC global Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme. This
programme has been assisting the Peruvian Government in the implementation and refinement of
a national coca monitoring system since 1998.
1
World Bank, latest available estimate as of May 2006
7
1 INTRODUCTION
In response to the decisions of the 1998 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on
Drugs, UNODC developed and implemented a global Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP).
Through this programme, UNODC supports member states in establishing a crop monitoring
system to monitor illicit cultivation of coca and opium poppy. The Programme is currently
operating in Afghanistan, Myanmar, Laos, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Morocco.
In 1998, UNODC started working with DEVIDA to develop a national coca monitoring system in
Peru. Using aerial photography, the project produced a detailed mapping (at 1/20,000 scale) of all
the coca cultivation areas in 2000. Every year since then, satellite images were used to update the
estimates. This report presents the findings of the 2005 Survey.
In Peru, the General Law on Drugs enacted in 1978 prohibits the cultivation of coca and seedlings
in new areas within the national territory. This reference to “cultivation” includes the grafting and
renovation of existing coca bushes. In 1978, another law established the National Coca Enterprise
(ENACO), which has a monopoly on the commercialization and industrialization of the coca leaves.
Therefore, the selling of coca leaves to any party other than ENACO is considered illicit by national
law.
The Government also established in 1996 a Committee for the Fight Against Drug Consumption
(CONTRADROGAS), renamed National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs
(DEVIDA) in 2002. DEVIDA’s objectives are to design, coordinate and implement policies and
activities aimed at national drug control.
Until the mid-1990’s, Peru was the world’s main coca cultivating country. Today, it is the second
major producer of coca far behind Colombia.
The reduction in coca cultivation in Peru in the mid-1990’s was linked to the sharp decline in both
the coca leaf prices and the demand for Peruvian coca leaf. In 1995, trade in coca leaf on the local
market ceased and, from 1995 to 1998, the prices of coca leaf remained lower than its production
costs. Farmers abandoned their coca fields and coca cultivation dropped from 115,300 ha to
38,700 ha, or 66%, between 1995 and 1999.
After 1999, coca prices increased slowly while the prices of licit crops (coffee and cacao)
decreased. Farmers started to re-activate their abandoned coca fields and coca cultivation rose
again in Peru. To some extent, the increase has been contained by the presence of alternative
development projects, as well as the introduction of eradication measures, which include both
forced eradication conducted by CORAH (Ministry of Interior) and voluntary eradication schemes
conducted by DEVIDA.
8
2 FINDINGS
2.1 COCA CULTIVATION
In 2005, the total area under productive coca cultivation in Peru was estimated at 48,200 ha. This
represented a decrease of 4 % over the estimate for 2004 of 50,300 ha.
Figure 1. Coca cultivation in Peru, 1995 – 2005 (ha)
130,000
120,000
110,000
100,000
90,000
80,000
Hectares
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
-
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hectares 115,300 94,400 68,800 51,000 38,700 43,400 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200
Sources United States Department of States National Monitoring System Supported by UNODC
The decrease in coca cultivation observed in 2005 was the results of the eradication campaigns
implemented by CORAH during that year. Eradication efforts were particularly important in two
departments: the department of Puno in San Gabán’s valley, and the department of San Martin in
Alto Huallaga region. As a result, in San Gaban’s valley, coca cultivation decreased from 2,700 ha
as of September 2004 to 300 ha as of July 2005, corresponding to a reduction of 91%. In the
department of San Martin, coca cultivation in the valleys of Mishollo and the region of Pizana-
Polvora, where most the eradication campaign took place, totalled 1,316 ha in 2004, but only 369
ha in 2005, corresponding to a decrease of 72%.
The decrease in coca cultivation in San Gaban and Mishollo/Pizano-Polvara was offset by small
increases in others regions of Atlo Huallaga, and by increases in Apurimac-Ene and Aguaytia.
9
Despite the decrease between 2004 and 2005, coca cultivation in Peru remained the second
largest after Colombia. It represented 30% of the 2005 global coca cultivation, compared to 33% in
2004. A percentage that remained much lower than ten years ago, when coca cultivation in Peru
accounted for 54% of the cultivation in the world.
The decreases in Peru and Bolivia were offset by the increase in coca cultivation in Colombia, and
the global level of coca cultivation remained unchanged between 2004 and 2005.
Figure 2. Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1995 – 2005 (ha)

250,000
200,000
150,000
hectares
100,000
50,000
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Bolivia Colombia Peru
Table 1: Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1995- 2005 (ha)

%
change
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
2004-
2005
Bolivia 48,600 48,100 45,800 38,000 21,800 14,600 19,900 21,600 23,600 27,700 25,400 -8%
Peru 115,300 94,400 68,800 51,000 38,700 43,400 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200 -4%
Colombia 50,900 67,200 79,400 101,800 160,100 163,300 144,800 102,000 86,000 80,000 86,000 +8%
Total 214,800 209,700 194,000 190,800 220,600 221,300 210,900 170,300 153,800 158,000 159,600 + 1%
Sources United States Department of States National Monitoring Systems Supported by UNODC
12
2.1.1 REGIONAL ANALYSIS
In Peru, most coca cultivation is concentrated in 14 large valleys and 8 smaller valleys. These
valleys can be grouped in three main regions, making up 91% of the total cultivation in 2005: Alto
Huallaga, Apurimac-Ene and La Convención y Lares. Each region has its own characteristics:
While La Convención y Lares is the main supplier of the domestic consumption of coca leaf, coca
cultivation in Apurimac-Ene and Alto-Huallaga are almost exclusively oriented for the production of
cocaine for domestic and international markets.
Coca cultivation in others areas like San Gaban and Inambari-Tambopata at the border with Bolivia,
Aguaytía and Palcazu- Pichis- -Pachitea in the central part of the country, Marañon in the northern
area close to the border with Ecuador and Putumayo of Loreto department close to Colombia, only
accounted for 9% of the 2005 total. Coca cultivation in these areas has mainly been oriented
towards the production of cocaine.
Altogether, in 2005 coca cultivation could be found at various levels in 12 out of the 24
departments of Peru (Cajamarca, Amazonas, La Libertad, San Martín, Loreto, Huanuco, Ucayali,
Pasco, Junin, Ayacucho, Cusco and Puno).
Figure 3. Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

18,000
16,000
14,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
12,000
10,000
hectares
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
Alto Huallaga Apurimac-Ene La Convención - Inambari - Aguaytía Marañon, San Gaban Palcazu -
Lares Tambopata Putumayo Pichis -
Pachitea
Table 2: Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

Change
% of 2005
Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2004 –
total
2005
Alto Huallaga 14,481 15,286 13,646 16,900 16,039 -861 33%
Apurimac-Ene 12,600 14,170 14,300 14,700 15,530 830 32%
La Convención - Lares 13,980 12,170 12,340 12,700 12,503 -197 26%
Inambari - Tambopata 2,520 2,430 2,260 2,000 2,250 250 5%
Aguaytía 1,051 1,070 510 500 917 417 2%
Marañon, Putumayo 1,250 1,250 450 500 500 0 1%
San Gaban n.a. n.a. 470 2,700 292 -2,408 1%
Palcazu - Pichis -Pachitea 350 350 250 300 211 -89 0%
Rounded Total 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200 -2,100 100%
Source: National monitoring system supported by UNODC
14
2.1.1.1 Coca cultivation in Alto Huallaga
The Alto Huallaga region is located on the Eastern side of the Andes mountain range, in the high
tropical or subtropical forests of the departments of San Martin and Huamuco. In this region, coca
bush is cultivated between 400 and 1,400 meters above sea level. Deforestation is important in the
region and mostly due to agricultural exploitation of land that should rather be protected or devoted
to forest or forestry activities.
The Alto Huallaga is one of the three main coca growing regions of Peru where coca cultivation
has long been established. The 16,039 ha estimated in 2005 accounted for 33% of the national
total. It represented a 5% decrease compared to 2004, but despite this decrease, Alto Huallaga
remained in 2005 the main centre of coca cultivation in Peru, ahead of Apurimac and La
Convención y Lares.
Between 2004 and 2005, a decrease of 5% was noted in Alto Huallaga. The decrease is mostly the
result of intense eradication campaigns implemented by CORAH and that took place throughout
2005. The eradication campaigns targeted in particular the lower valley of the Mishollo river, the
coca fields around the villages of Pizana, Yanjanca and Huamuco, as well as the lower valley of
the Tocache river (on the left bank). The eradication implemented by CORAH eliminated seedbeds,
new fields that had not yet been harvested, as well as coca fields in full production.
Eradicated coca fields, sector Mishollo, March 2006 Eradicated coca fields, sector Pizana, March 2006
Table 3: Coca cultivation in the valleys of the Alto Huallaga region, 2002 – 2005 (ha)
% of
% change
Coca growing areas 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005
2004-2005
total
Monzon 10,935 10,659 11,325 11,230 -1% 70%
Tulumayo 1,438 1,188 1,507 1,507 0% 9%
Pendencia – Aucayacu 1,147 560 711 632 -11% 4%
Aspuzana 488 373 335 469 40% 3%
Cuchara - Madgalena - S. Marta -
587 510 1,080 1,278 18% 8%
Camote – Frijol – Yanajanca – Huamuco
Tocache – Chontayacu 691 356 677 554 -18% 3%
Mishollo 408 187 -54% 1%
Puerto Pizana 908 182 -80% 1%
Rounded total for Alto Huallaga 15,300 13,600 16,900 16,039 -5% 100%
16
Figure 4. Coca cultivation in the valleys of the Alto Huallaga region, 2002 – 2005 (ha)
12,000
10,000
2002 2003 2004 2005

hectare 8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Monzon Tulumayo Pendencia - Aspuzana Cuchara - Tocache - Mishollo Puerto
Aucayacu Madgalena - Chontayacu Pizano
S. Marta -
Comote -
Frijol
Beside the decrease in coca cultivation in the areas mentioned above, coca cultivation actually
increase in other areas like in the small valleys of the Aspuzana, Cuchara, Magdalena, Santa
Martha, Camote, Frijol, Huamuco and on the leaf bank of the Huallaga river. In these areas, coca
cultivation increased by about 13% between 2004 and 2005. During the verification over flight, it
was also noted that farmers were preparing new fields, of the size and in environment usually
suitable for coca cultivation. This could be an indication that there could be more coca cultivation in
these areas in 2006.
As was the case in previous years, most of Alto Huallaga’s coca cultivation took place in the
Monzon valley. Monzon accounted for 70% of the coca cultivation of the Alto Huallaga, and 23% of
the national total with 11,230 ha. This amount of coca cultivation was roughly similar to the 11, 325
ha registered in 2004. As there were no eradication efforts conducted in this valley in 2005, nor any
alternative development activities, and that prices of coca leaf and its derivatives remained high,
the difference between 2004 and 2005 was mainly attributed to the different type of satellite
images used for both years. Indeed, in 2005, it was not possible to cover the whole Alto Huallaga
with SPOT5 images like in 2004 because of intense cloud cover and it was therefore decided to
use a combination of IKONOS (more precise but smaller than SPOT images) and Landsat5
images (less precise but larger than SPOT images).
17
Peru C oca Survey for2005
C om parison ofLandsat5,SPO T5,and IKO N O S satellite im ages overcoca grow ing areas ofPeru.
18
Although coca cultivation rem ained relatively stable betw een 2004 and 2005 in M onzon area, it
w as noted during the verification flights that farm ers w ere preparing new fields suitable for coca
cultivation, and even new fields of less than one year old w hich w ere not counted in the 2005
census,butthatw illbe productive in 2006.
C oca fields have long been established in M onzón valley and m ostofthem are over 20 years old.
Typically, coca fields in M onzón valley are less productive than in other parts of Alto H uallaga.
H ow ever, there w ere recent reports over the past three years of farm ers interspersing new coca
plants am ong oldercoca plants to increase the density and thereby theircoca leafyield.
The econom y ofM onzón valley is alm ostexclusively dependenton coca cultivation for the cocaine
m arket. U p-to-date data on the num ber of persons living in this valley does not exist. H ow ever
localauthorities usually m entioned about 35,000 inhabitants living in the valley, but this does not
take into account the externallabour recruited for harvesting of coca leaf and processing of coca
paste.The coca farm ers organizations ofM onzón strongly opposed the efforts ofthe governm ent
to reduce coca cultivation, and the insecurity and violence brought by these organizations w ere
constantin 2005.These tense conditions,w hich prevailed forthe pastthree years,have prevented
the localauthorities and the personnelofalternative developm entprojects from entering the valley
and w orking w ith the 1,200 people registered as beneficiaries ofAlternative D evelopm entprojects
in M onzón.
Although there w as no eradication ofcoca fields in M onzon valley in 2005,the anti-narcotic police,
D IR AN D R O , conducted a num ber of operations aim ed at the destruction of m aceration pits,
seizures ofm aterials and destruction ofclandestine laboratories.
H igh density ofcoca fields and deforestation, C oca fields in various developm entstages
C uyacu -M onzon,M arch 2006 C ashapam pa -M onzon,M arch 2006
H igh density ofcoca fields in strong slope, Panoram ic view ofa sm allvalley w ith coca fields,
C aunarapa -M onzon,M arch 2006 Shipaco-M onzon, M arch 2006
19
R ecently planted coca fields.C oca plants are grouped and putin sm allholes
C aunarapa - M onzon,M arch 2006
The second m ostim portantareas ofcoca cultivation in Alto H uallaga,butfarbehind M onzon valley,
is the valley of Tulum ayo. In 2005, coca cultivation in this region represented 9% of the coca
cultivation in Alto H uallaga,butonly 3% ofthe nationallevel.Betw een 2004 and 2005,the levelof
coca cultivation rem ained stable at 1,507 ha. H ow ever, it w as noted during field visits and
overflights that farm ers w ere preparing new fields, suitable for coca cultivation, an indication that
coca cultivation could increase.
H igh density ofcoca fields in production and recently C oca fields in production and recently planted,
harvested,M aronas,M arch 2006 Supte,M arch 2006
20
Snapshots of the video taken during the verification flights.
A camera video linked to a GPS was used to verify the initial interpretation of the satellite images.
The yellow dots represent the flight path, the blue arrow the position of the plane when the video
was paused. The white line matches a coca field spotted on the video and the corresponding field
on the satellite image. The verification flights were conducted jointly by UNODC and CADA.
Snapshot of the video taken over Monzon region
Snapshot of the video taken over Tulumayo, Alto Huallaga.
Snapshot of the video taken over Aucayacu, Alto Huallaga.
21
Verification overflight wiht geovide in Alto Huallaga
76°30'W 76°0'W
Peru
Puerto Alto
Alto Biavo Huallaga
Pizana
Mishollo
8°0'S
8°0'S
Polvora
Pto. Pizana
SAN MARTIN
AL
ollo
Mish
TOH
UA
Bambamarca
LL
AG
A
Tocache
Pucayacu
e
ch
ca
To
Uchiza
Tocache - Chontayacu
Shunte Tocache
Santa Lucia
LORETO
Uc
Uchiza hiz
te
a
o
Cam
8°30'S
8°30'S
Nuevo Progreso
Aspuzana
acu Camote - Frijol
tay Yanajanca
hon
jol
C
Fri
ca
j an
na
Ya
a
Huamuco
u z an
Asp
Cholon Aspuzana
Jose Crespo y Castillo UCAYALI

Sta. M
artha
AL
Pendencia - Aucayacu
TO
Aucayac
u
HU
Santa Martha
A
Aucayacu
LL
HUANUCO
A
a
len
GA
Huavaybamba
da
ag
M
9°0'S
9°0'S
Magdalena
Cochabamba ra
Cucha cia
en
nd
Pe
Pendencia Hermilio Valdizan
Arancay Cuchara Rupa-Rupa
ANCASH Jircan Taz
o
Cultivation density M
on
zo
(ha/km 2 ) n
Monzon Cachicoto Luyando Tulumayo
0.1 - 1.0
M
on
zo
1.1 - 2.0
n
Monzon
Tu
Tingo Maria
lum
2.1 - 4.0
ay
Singa
o
Tantamayo
4.1 - 8.0 Monzon
> 8.0 Mariano Damaso Beraun
Overflight
Miraflores Punchao wiht geovideo
Department boundaries 0 20 40
9°30'S
9°30'S
District boundaries km
Puños
Geographic coordinates WGS 84
River Marias
Village center
76°30'W 76°0'W
Source: Govemment of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODC

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations
Coca cultivation density in Apurimac - Ene, 2005
74°0'W 73°30'W
Masamari
Peru
An
Quempiri
ap
ati
Apurimac
Ene
Ene
12°0'S
12°0'S
Pangoa
JUNIN
em piri
Qu
Rio Tambo
Valle
Esmeralda
i ro
Yav
ENE
Ma
nta
r o
Canayre
Villa
Virgen
AP
UR
IM
AC
Pichari
Chuimacota Llochegua
ar i
ch
12°30'S
12°30'S
Pi
Echarate
on
Sivia
Ac
Sivia
Pichari
CUSCO
iri
imb
Qu
e
Pien
San Francisco Quimbiri

Quimbiri
AYACUCHO
Apurimac
Santillana Sta. Rosa
AP
UR
Ayna
I M
os a
AC
.R
Palmapampa
Sta
Santa Rosa
Huanta
Monterrico
Cultivation density Tambo

(ha/km2) ba
b am
0.1 - 1.0 c hu San Antonio
un
Ch
1.1 - 2.0
13°0'S
13°0'S
uain Huamanguilla
Villa Virgen
2.1 - 4.0
San Miguel
4.1 - 8.0 Anco
Pacaycasa
Quinua > 8.0
Vilcabamba
Department boundaries
0 15 30
acucho
Major roadAcos Vinchos Geographic coordinates WGS84
River Chilcas
Village center 74°0'W 73°30'W
San Juan Bautista
Source: Government of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODC

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or aceptance by the United Nations
2.1.1.2 Coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene
The region is situated in the central part of the country extending over 12,000 sq km in the valleys
of the rivers Apurimac and Ene, among the departments of Ayacucho, Cusco and Junín. The relief
is uneven, and coca cultivation takes place at altitudes ranging between 550 and 2,000 meters
above sea level.
Coca cultivation has long been established in Apurimac-Ene, predominantly on the steep slopes
areas where the only other crops that can be grown are coffee and a few leguminous. To a lesser
extent coca is also grown in areas of lower slopes, sharing the land with annual crops like maize,
yucca, beans, sesame and permanent crops like cacao and fruit trees.
Apurimac-Ene is the second largest coca growing region of Peru, and with 15,530 ha in 2005, it
represented 32% of the national total. This represented an increase of 6% compared to 2004. The
increase was distributed over the valley, and it was not possible to identify a particular region
where an increase took place. The main centers of coca cultivation continued to be around the
villages of Santa Rosa, Palmapampa, Llochegua, Monterrico, Catarata and Alto Pichari.
Recently planted coca fields with high density of Recently planted coca fields on small terraces
plants/ha, Palmapampa, March 2006 Santa Rosa, March 2006
Table 4: Distribution of coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene,2001 – 2005 (ha)

% change
% of 2005
Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2004 -
total
2005
Apurimac 12,600 13,283 13,777 13,382 14,125 6% 91%
Ene 0 887 923 1,319 1,405 7% 9%
Rounded total 12,600 14,170 14,300 14,700 15,500 5% 100%
Figure 5. Distribution of coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene,2001 – 2005 (ha)

16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
hectare
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Apurimac Ene
24
C oca cultivation in Apurim ac-Ene is notoriously m ore sophisticated than in other valleys,
characterized by a high density of the coca plants (up to 100,000 plants/ha) com bined w ith an
intense use of fertilizers and pesticides. N ew plants are readily available from existing seedbeds,
either to be planted on new fields or to increase the plant density of old fields. There w ere also
reportoffarm ers being advised by experts to im prove their coca yields.For these reasons,itis in
Apurim ac-Ene thatthe highestcoca yields are obtained.R eports ofannualyield above 4,000 kg/ha
are m ore and m ore often frequent.
According to the population statistics of IN EI, in 1994 there w ere 93,800 inhabitants (18,500
fam ilies) in Apurim ac-Ene. Since then, the population has naturally increased, but it is also likely
that it counts now w ith new m igrants from the poorest areas of the Andean region w ho arrived in
Apurim ac-Ene, attracted by the dem and for labour in the coca fields. A large m ajority of the
population in Apurim ac-Ene benefits directly orindirectly from coca cultivation.
In 2005,no forced eradication w as im plem ented in the region,m ainly due to the strong opposition
from the farm ers organizations.The socialtensions surrounding the issue ofcoca cultivation w ere
noticeable for the past three years and im peded the w ork of various organizations w orking in
alternative developm ent projects. Since 1995, U N O D C has been im plem enting Alternative
D evelopm entprojects to im prove coffee and palm trees production,benefiting about1,100 persons.
The sam e socialtensions also prevented the im plem entation of voluntary eradication program m e
(4.4 ha voluntarily eradicated in 2005).There w ere how everregularoperations ofthe anti-narcotics
police to destroy coca m aceration pits and clandestine laboratories.
C oca fields,Santa R
osa,M arch 2006
25
C oca seed beds and recently planted fields,Progreso,M arch 2006
C oca seed beds,Sivia,O ctober2005
26
Snapshots ofthe video taken during the verification flights.
A cam era video linked to a G PS w as used to verify the initialinterpretation ofthe satellite im ages.
The yellow dots represent the flight path, the blue arrow the position ofthe plane w hen the video
w as paused.The w hite line m atches a coca field spotted on the video and the corresponding field
on the satellite im age.The verification flights w ere conducted jointly by U N O D C and C AD A.
Snapshotofthe video overApurim ac
Snapshotofthe video overApurim ac
27
Verification overflight with geovideo in Apurimac - Ene
74°0'W 73°30'W
Masamari
Peru
An
ap
Quempiri
ati
Apurimac
Ene
Ene
12°0'S
12°0'S
Pangoa
JUNIN
em piri
Qu
Rio Tambo
Valle
Esmeralda
i ro
Yav
ENE
Ma
nta
r o
Canayre
Villa
Virgen
AP
UR
IM
AC
Pichari
Chuimacota Llochegua
ar i
ch
12°30'S
12°30'S
Pi
Echarate
on
Sivia
Ac
Sivia
Pichari
CUSCO
iri
imb
Qu
e
Pien
San Francisco Quimbiri

Quimbiri
AYACUCHO
Apurimac
Santillana Sta. Rosa
AP
UR
Ayna
I M
os a
AC
.R
Palmapampa
Sta
Santa Rosa
Huanta
Monterrico
Cultivation density Tambo

(ha/km2) ba
b am
0.1 - 1.0 c hu San Antonio
un
Ch
1.1 - 2.0
13°0'S
13°0'S
uain Huamanguilla
Villa Virgen
2.1 - 4.0
San Miguel
4.1 - 8.0 Anco
Pacaycasa
Quinua > 8.0
Vilcabamba
Overflight with geovideo

0 15 30
Department boundaries km
acucho District boundaries
Acos Vinchos Geographic coordinates WGS84
River Chilcas
San Juan Bautista

Coca cultivation density in La Convencion - Lares, 2005
72°30'W
Peru
La Convencion
Yavero and Lares
12°30'S
12°30'S
Ya
ve
Quellouno
ro
Lares
Ur u
Palma Real bam
b a Yanati
Quellouno le
Quebrada
Honda
Ya
na
til
e
La Convención
ota
n
lca
Vi
Echarate lle s
Yanatile
rsa
ba
Ve
m
Ocoba
Quillabamba
Santa Ana Kquellccaybamba
Vi l
c an
ota
Ocobamba
Maranura
Maranura
13°0'S
13°0'S
Huayopata
CUSCO
mba
V ilcaba Huayopata Luc
u ma
Cultivation density
2
(ha/km )
0.1 - 1.0
Vilcanota
1.1 - 2.0
2.1 - 4.0
SANTA TERESA Machupicchu
4.1 - 8.0 Urubamba
Ollantaytambo
> 8.0
0 15 30
Geographic coordinates WGS 84 Y
Major road
Maras
River
Village Center 72°30'W
Source: Government of Peru - National of monitoring system supported by UNODC

2.1.1.3 Coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares
The region is situated in the province of La Convencion in the department of Cusco. The natural
vegetation is made of subtropical forests. Due to intense deforestation, the primary forest is
nowadays only found in the higher parts of the region. Coca is mostly cultivated between 800 and
2,000 meter above sea, in the valleys of the rivers Urubamba and Yanatile.
In 2005, coca cultivation reached 12,503 ha, representing 26% of the national total, which ranked
the region third in terms of coca cultivation, behind Alto Huallaga and Apurimac. Compared to 2004
there was a slight decrease of 2% in coca cultivation. This small difference was mainly attributed to
the farmers’ practice of cutting their coca fields after three or four year of continuous production.
Coca fields on steep slopes (typical of La Convencion) Sprouting coca fields (after pruning)
Echarate, March 2006 Huayanay, February 2005
Table 5: Distribution of coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

% change % of 2005
Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2004 – regional
2005 total
La Convención 8,455 6,086 5,476 5,339 5,481 3% 44%
Lares 5,525 6,084 6,864 7,361 7,022 -5% 56%
Rounded total 13,980 12,170 12,340 12,700 12,500 -2% 100%
Figure 6. Distribution of coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares, 2001 – 2005 (ha
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
hectare
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
La convencion Lares
30
H istorically,the region has been considered as the coca cultivation centre for the traditionaluse of
coca leaves.In 1978,the state com pany EN AC O registered 12,685 coca farm ers forthe cultivation
of10,670 ha ofcoca bush.Itw as estim ated atthattim e thatthe coca leafproduction am ounted to
7,400 m etric tons per year,ofw hich 3,764 m etric tons (or 51% ) w ere destined to EN AC O ,the rest
being sm uggled outside the controlof EN AC O . Since then, the diversion of coca leaf intensified
due to the better price offered for coca leafoutside EN AC O ’s m arket.In particular,in the pastfew
years,itw as noted thatfarm ers im proved theircoca leafyields by increasing the coca plantdensity
and the use offertilizers and pesticide.
H ow ever, coca leaf production from the region is supposed to be m ainly oriented tow ards
traditionaluses like chew ing,and nottow ards narco-trafficking.There w as no reportoferadication
nordestruction ofm aceration pits orclandestine laboratories.
In 2005, a regional decree authorized coca cultivation, thereby recognizing the region as a
traditional center of coca cultivation. The decree gave to the coca plant the status of R egional
N atural,Biologicaland C ulturalH eritage ofC usco,as w ellas botanicalresource integrated to the
culture and cosm ovision of the Andean w orld and to the m edicinal custom s and traditions. It
recognized the region as traditional coca producing area and legalized coca cultivation in the
valleys ofLa C onvencion,i.e.the valleys ofYanatile in the province ofC alca and Q osñipata in the
province ofPaucartam bo,allin the departm entofC usco.H ow ever,the decree w as invalidated by
the C onstitutionalC ourt.
O ld coca fields replanted w ith young plants,Vilcanota,N ovem ber2005
31
C oca fields associated w ith papaya trees,Sam baray,February 2005
C oca seed beds undershadow ,Vilcanota February 2005
32
Coca cultivation density in San Gaban and Inambari - Tambopata, 2005
70°30'W 70°0'W 69°30'W 69°0'W
12°30'S
Peru Laberinto
San Gaban and

Inambari - Tambotapa
RI
BA
AM
IN
13°0'S
13°0'S
Inambari
Masuco MADRE DE DIOS
Araza Loro
Mayo
Chaspa
San Gaban
Yah
CUSCO uarm
a yo
San Gaban TA
MB
OP
AT
A
13°30'S
13°30'S
Coasa
aban
San Gaban IN
AM
G
BA
RI
San
Ayapata San Juan del Oro

Limbani
Ollachea
Ituata
INA
MB
AR
I
PUNO
Isilluma Az
ata
14°0'S
14°0'S
Alto Inambari San Ignacio La
nza
Macusani Inambari
Masiapo Putinapunco
Usicayos Phara San
Ajoyani d ia
San Juan Tambopata
uari
del Oro
amba
A
Huari H
AT
OP
Pablob
MB
Sandia
Patambuco
TA
Crucero Yanahuaya
Antauta
Cultivation density Potoni

2
(ha/km )
Quiaca
14°30'S
14°30'S
0.1 - 1.0 Sina

San- Anton Cuyocuyo
1.1 2.0
2.1 - 4.0
4.1 - 8.0
> 8.0 Bolivia
ORURILLO San Jose Muñani Ananea
International boundaries Putina
Department
Asillo boundaries
0 20 40
Major road Geographic coordinates WGS 84
River Azangaro
Quilcapunco
I 70°30'W Village
Tirapata center
70°0'W 69°30'W 69°0'W

2.1.1.4 Coca cultivation in Inambari-Tambopata
The rivers Inambari and Tambopata constitute the two main valleys for coca cultivation in the
province of Macusani in Puno department. According to the National System of Land Classification,
only 1% of the land would be suitable for agricultural activities while 99% of the land is on steep
slopes considered protected areas because of their vulnerability to erosion. Coca cultivation mainly
takes place on these steep slopes, between 800 and 1,800 meter above sea.
In 2005, coca cultivation was estimated at 2,250 ha, representing 5% of the national total. This
corresponded to a slight increase compared to the level of coca cultivation in 2004 estimated at
2,000 ha. In this region, coca cultivation is concentrated in the small valley of the river Inambari.
Table 6: Distribution of coca cultivation in Inambari-Tambopata, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

% Change % of 2005
Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2004 – regional
2005 total
Inambari 1,903 1,761 1,441 1,913 1,997 17% 87%
Tambopata 617 669 819 87 253 -12% 11%
Rounded total 2,520 2,430 2,260 2,000 2,300 15% 100%
In the 80’s, this area was considered as a traditional coca growing region. ENACO in 1988
registered 1,778 coca farmers for a declared area of coca cultivation of 783 ha. In the 90’s, the
production increased and was apparently more and more oriented towards narco-trafficking.
Recently, there were reports of production and marketing of cocaine paste. There were also
reports of illegal smuggling of inputs necessary for the production of cocaine paste or
hydrochloride, like kerosene, sulfuric acid and chalk among others.
During the field verification process, it was noted that in this region coca cultivation was often
interspersed or associated with other crops or bushes, which makes the detection of coca
cultivation more difficult. It was also noticeable that farmers tended to improve the management of
their coca fields to increase their yields, in particular an increase in plant density and use of
fertilizers.
In general, coca farmers living in this region do not depend exclusively from coca cultivation, but
also have other crops like coffees, or have developed activities in neighboring areas. It is rare to
find farmers who only cultivate coca bush.
In 2005, there was no report of eradication or auto-eradication in the valley. It should be noted that
access to this valley is increasingly difficult and risky because of the coca production destined for
narco-trafficking.
34
2.1.1.5 Coca cultivation in San Gaban
San Gaban region is presented on the same map as Inambari-Tambopata region. The valley of the
San Gaban river is part of the larger watershed of the Inambari river. It is situated in the north-
western part of the department of Puno bordering Bolivia. The relief is uneven and covered by high
altitude tropical forest. Coca cultivation mostly takes place between 400 and 1,200 meter above
sea level, on the high slope areas situated in the middle and low parts of the San Gaban valley, up
to its connection with the Inambari river. The area includes by the localities of Juliaca, Puerto
Maldonado and Iñapari at the border with Brazil.
The analysis of the SPOT5 image acquired in July 2005 over that area, showed that there were
292 ha of coca cultivation in this region. This corresponded to a decrease of 90% compared to the
2,700 ha registered in 2004, and only 0.6% of the national total. This spectacular decrease
followed intense eradication efforts by CORAH, that reported the eradication of 1,900 ha of coca
cultivation between October and December 2005.
The decrease in coca cultivation and its replacement by grasses and shrubs, can be noted in the
following snapshots of satellite images taken in 2004 and 2005.
35
2.1.1.6 Coca cultivation in Marañon, Putumayo, Huallaga Central and Bajo Huallaga
There were marginal levels of coca cultivation in the higher areas of the Marañon valley, situated in
the northern part of the Andean region, as well as in the Putumayo region close to the border with
Colombia in the north-eastern part of the country. Coca cultivation was estimated at only 350 ha for
these two regions.
In Marañon, in 1978, ENACO registered 900 coca farmers in the areas of Huayobamba and Balzas,
for a total of about 300 ha.
The Putumayo region is situated along the Putumayo river that makes the border with Colombia.
Although close to the important coca cultivation of Putumayo on the Colombian side of the river,
coca cultivation on the Peruvian side was considered very low in 2005. Coca cultivation was
estimated at about 100 ha in 2005.
For the past three years, various eradication campaigns have been conducted in the regions of
Huallaga Central and Bajo Huallaga. In 2005, only about 150 ha of coca cultivation were detected
on the satellite images.
36
Coca cultivation density in Aguaytia and Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea, 2005
75°30'W 75°0'W
Peru
A
TI
AY
U
AG
dro
jan
UCAYALI Aguaytia and
Ale
Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea
San
Aguaytia
Von Humbolth
Honoria
San Alejandro
Padre Abad
Irazola
9°0'S
9°0'S
Huipoca
Tornavista
Boqueron Aguaytia
Puerto Inca
Daniel Alomias
Robles
9°30'S
9°30'S
HUANUCO
Yanayacu
Yuyapichis Yuyapichis
Codo del Pozuzo Pachitea

EA
PACHIT
Po
zu
zo
Santa Isab Sta. Isabel

el
Cultivation density
(ha/km 2 ) Palcazu Ciudad
Constitucion
PALCAZU
0.1 - 1.0
1.1 - 2.0 PICHIS PASCO
2.1 - 4.0
4.1 - 8.0
Pichis
10°0'S
10°0'S
> 8.0
Department boundaries
District boundaries
0 15 30
Major road km
River Geographic coordinates WGS84

2.1.1.7 Coca cultivation in Aguaytia
Aguaytia is a valley situated in Aguaytia province in the department of Ucayali. The region is made
flat alluvial land and hills where coca cultivation takes place between 300 and 600 meters above
sea level.
Coca cultivation increased from 500 ha in 2004 to 917 ha in 2005, representing a 74% increase.
During the verification overflight, many new coca fields and recently prepared fields were noted.
This would mean that coca cultivation might continue to increase in 2006. However, coca
cultivation in Aguaytia only represented 2% of the national total.
Table 7: Coca cultivation in Aguaytia region(ha)

Change
% of 2005
Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2004 –
total
2005
Aguaytía 1,051 1,070 510 500 917 417 2%
Most of the coca cultivation was concentrated around the locality of Huipoca, and small patches of
coca cultivation could also be found along the Shambillo river. Coca fields were relatively less
dense and productive then in other regions. It could be found mixed with other crops and under
trees canopy. In these cases, the yield was probably even lower then on pure coca fields. There
were little reports on the use of agrochemicals in the coca fields in this region.
Coca fields in production and others Coca fields (note the spot where coca leaves
recently planted are being dried)
Huipoca, March 2006 Huipoca, March 2006
Although coca cultivation from Aguaytia was destined for the cocaine market, coca cultivation did
not represent any longer the basis of the agricultural economy of the region. Most of the crops
were banana, pineapple, cotton, and recently palm oil plantation supported by UNODC. The palm
oil plantation of 2000 ha benefited to 400 persons, most of them former coca growers.
There were a few operations of voluntary eradication conducted in the area of Campo Verde (451
ha) and in Aguaytia (1,001 ha). In 2005, DIRANDRO also reported the seizure of 393 kg of cocaine
paste and 500 kg of cocaine hydrochloride.
38
2.1.1.8 Coca cultivation in Palcazu – Pichis - Pachitea
The valleys of the rivers Palcazu, Pichis and Pachitea are situated in the province of Oxapampa in
the department of Pasco, and the region is often referred to as ‘Selva Central’, the country central
forest. The landscape is predominantly hilly, alternating with flat areas. Coca cultivation is found
between 300 and 500 meters above sea level.
In 2005, coca cultivation was estimated at about 211 ha, representing only 0.4% of the national
total, and a decrease of 17% compared to the 300 ha found in 2004. As there was no eradication
in the region in 2005, the decrease was attributed to the limitation of the satellite images to detect
coca cultivation below tree canopy.
Table 8: Distribution of coca cultivation in Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

Change % of 2005
Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
2004 – 2005 total
Palcazu 100 150 102 161 151 -6% 76%
Pichis 100 98 73 96 43 -55% 22%
Pachitea 150 102 75 43 17 -60% 9%
Rounded total 350 350 250 300 200 -33% 100%
The presence of coca cultivation in this region has been attested since 1986. In the early 1990s,
coca cultivation in this region reached up to 12,000 ha for a production of coca leaves oriented
towards cocaine production. The prices fall of the mid-nineties caused the end of coca cultivation in
the region. In 2004, coca cultivation often took place below tree canopy to avoid detection, which
resulted in very low coca leaf yield.
In 2000, UNODC launched an alternative development project mainly oriented towards the genetic
improvement of cattle, and the training of native communities in the extraction of latex from Hevea
trees.
During the verification overflight in the north-western part of the region (between San Matias, and
the rivers Santa Isabel and Yanayacu in the district of Yuyapichis), a considerable amount of new
coca fields were spotted, along with coca seedbeds and newly prepared fields.
Coca fields under shadow,Santa Isable, March 2006
39
R ecently planted coca fields,Santa Isabel,M arch 2006
C oca seed beds and recently planted coca fields,Santa Isabel,M arch 2006
R ecently planted coca fields,Santa Isabel,M arch 2006
40
Snapshots of the video taken during the verification flights.
A camera video linked to a GPS was used to verify the initial interpretation of the satellite images.
The yellow dots represent the flight path, the blue arrow the position of the plane when the video
was paused. The white line matches a coca field spotted on the video and the corresponding field
on the satellite image. The verification flights were conducted jointly by UNODC and CADA.
Snapshot of the video over Aguaytia
Snapshot of the video over Aguaytia
Snapshot of the video over Pichis-Pacazu-Pachitea
41
Verification overflight with geovideo in Aguaytia and Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea
75°30'W 75°0'W
Peru
A
TI
AY
U
AG
dro
jan
UCAYALI Aguaytia and
Ale
Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea
San
Aguaytia
Von Humbolth
Honoria
San Alejandro
Padre Abad
Irazola
9°0'S
9°0'S
Huipoca
Tornavista
Boqueron Aguaytia
Puerto Inca
Daniel Alomias
Robles
9°30'S
9°30'S
HUANUCO
Yanayacu
Yuyapichis Yuyapichis
Codo del Pozuzo Pachitea

EA
PACHIT
Po
zu
zo
Santa Isab Sta. Isabel

el
Cultivation density
(ha/km 2 ) Palcazu Ciudad
Constitucion
PALCAZU
0.1 - 1.0
1.1 - 2.0 PICHIS PASCO
2.1 - 4.0
4.1 - 8.0
Pichis
10°0'S
10°0'S
> 8.0
Overflight with geovideo
Department boundaries 0 15 30
River Geographic coordinates WGS84

2.1.2 PRODUCTION COCA LEAF AND DERIVATIVES
UNODC continuously endeavours to refine its estimation of coca leaf and cocaine production. In
2004, a coca leaf yield survey was initiated. As coca leaves are harvested several times during the
year, it is important that such yield survey spanned over a year or more. However, the field
activities planned in 2005 and that should have validated the results obtained in 2004 could not be
implemented because of the insecurity for staff prevailing in the main coca growing regions. The
results obtained in 2004 thus continued to be used, but further work on the topic is needed to refine
and complement these results in particular the conversion rate from coca leaf to cocaine.
In 2005, assuming an average sun-dried coca leaf yield of 2,200 kg/ha, the total sun-dried coca
leaf production in Peru was estimated at 106,000 metric tons. Of this amount, a study2 of the
National Institute of Statistics and Computer Science (INEI) estimated that about 9,000 metric tons
corresponded to the annual demand for coca leaves for traditional, commercial or industrial uses.
The rest being destined for narco-trafficking.
Assuming a cocaine yield per hectare of 4.1 kg/ha – similar to the average yield obtained in 20043 -,
the total rounded cocaine production in Peru was estimated at 180 metric tons. Thus, cocaine
production in Peru decreased by 5% compared to 190 metric tons produced in 2004.
Figure 7. Peru potential cocaine production 1995 – 2005 (in metric tons)
500
450
400
350
300
Metric ton
250
200
150
100
50
-
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Metric tons 460 435 325 240 175 141 150 165 155 190 180
In 2005, potential cocaine production in Peru accounted for 20% of the global potential cocaine
production of 910 metric tons. This was a much lower percentage than ten years ago, when
potential cocaine production in Peru represented about 49% of the global potential cocaine
production.
2
“Encuesta Nacional sobre consumo tradicional de hoja de coca en los hogares”, INEI – DEVIDA, November 2004
3
After deduction of 4,100 ha of coca cultivation corresponding to the production of 9,000 mt of coca leaf for traditional
demand
43
Table 9: Potential cocaine production in the Andean region 1995 - 2005 (in mt)
%
% of
change
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005
2004-
total
2005
Bolivia 240 215 200 150 70 43 60 60 79 107 90 -16% 10%
Peru 460 435 325 240 175 141 150 165 155 190 180 -5% 20%
Colombia 230 300 350 435 680 695 617 580 550 640 640 0% 70%
Total 930 950 875 825 925 879 827 805 784 937 910 -3% 100%
Source: UNODC World Drug Report
Figure 8. Potential cocaine production in the Andean region 1995 - 2005 (in mt)
44
2.2 P R IC ES O F C O C A LEA F A N D ITS D ER IVA TIVES
In Peru, the annualaverage price of coca leaf in 2005 (SO L 9.4/kg or U S$ 2.9/kg) w as very sim ilar to the
annualaverage of2004 thatestablished atSO L 9.4 /kg (U S$ 2.8/kg),illustrating the stability ofthe coca leaf
prices. Even though a decrease could be noted for the prices of coca leaf betw een Septem ber and
D ecem ber, a decrease also noted for the cocaine paste prices betw een the sam e period, this trend m ight
have been seasonal, corresponding in a peak of harvest of coca leaf during the rainy season. In addition,
prices usually felltow ards the end ofthe year,as farm ers tend to harvestjustbefore C hristm as to covertheir
expenses during the festive period.Atthe regionallevel,prices ofcoca leafrem ained the highestin M onzon
region,w here coca cultivation is w idespread and the dem and high.
R egionalprices ofcoca leafin Peru,2005

R egion SO L/kg U S$/kg
Alto H uallaga:M onzon 12.0 3.7
Alto H uallaga:South 10.4 3.2
Alto H uallaga:N orth 8.5 2.6
Apurim ac 7.0 2.2
Inam bari 9.8 2.9
Aguaytia 8.4 2.6
Allregions 9.4 2.9
The detailed m onthly prices perregion for2005 and 2004 are annexed.
C oca leaf,2004-2005 m onthly average prices,Peru (U S$/kg)

2004 2005
3.6 12.0
3.4
11.0
3.2
10.0
3.0
U S$/kg
SO L/kg
2.8 9.0
2.6
8.0
2.4
7.0
2.2
2.0 6.0
J- F- M - A- M- J- J- A- S- O- N- D- J- F- M - A- M- J- J- A- S- O - N- D-
04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05
US$ SO L
/kg /kg
In 2005, the potential farm -gate value of the sun-dried coca leaf production am ounted to about
U S$ 307 m illion, estim ated from the sale of 106,000 m etric tons of coca leaf at 2.9 U S$/kg. This
represented about0.4% ofthe 2004 G D P estim ated atU S$ 68.6 billion4.
The stability of the prices of coca leaf w as reflected in the stability of the price of cocaine paste.
Prices ofcocaine paste rem ained unchanged betw een 2004 and 2005 atU S$640 /kg.Like for the
prices of coca leaf, prices of cocaine base have been decreasing betw een Septem ber and
D ecem ber2005,butthis decrease m ighthave only reflected a seasonalvariation.
4
W orld Bank,latestavailable estim ate as ofM ay 2006
45
Prices for cocaine paste are usually highest in Monzon and Apurimac regions, the two main
centers of illicit cultivation which represented respectively 23% and 32% of the national coca
cultivation in 2005.
Regional prices of cocaine paste in, 2005

Region US$/kg
Alto Huallaga: Monzon 680
Alto Huallaga: South 640
Alto Huallaga: North 580
Apurimac 690
Aguaytia 680
All regions 640
Cocaine paste, 2004-2005 average prices for Alto Huallaga North, Monzon and Apurimac (US$/kg)
750
700
650
600
US$/kg
550
500
450
400
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05
Alto Huallaga: North Alto Huallaga: Monzon Apurimac
Like the prices of coca leaf and cocaine paste, prices of cocaine remained virtually unchanged in
Peru between 2004 and 2005, at US$890 /kg. The annual average cocaine prices recorded in Peru
is much lower then the average prices in Colombia (US$ 1,860/kg) and Bolivia (US$ 1,800/kg).
The difference might be due to the fact that the price in Peru refers to the price in the producing
region, close to its processing, whereas prices in Colombia and Bolivia refer to whole sale prices in
the main cities.
Regional prices of cocaine in Peru, 2005

Region US$/kg
Alto Huallaga: Monzon 970
Alto Huallaga: South 890
Alto Huallaga: North 830
Aguaytia 1,080
All regions 890
46
2.3 REPORTED OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION
The UNODC-supported national illicit crop monitoring system has not yet established a reliable
methodology for the detection of opium poppy in Peru. However, opium poppy cultivation was
considered negligible in 2005. Opium poppy was mainly cultivation in the mountain range. A report
of August 2004 of CADA (Alternative Development Assistance Body) mentioned that there would
be 223 districts with potential land for opium poppy cultivation in the departments of Amazonas,
Piura, Cajamarca, La Libertad and San Martín. There was also evidence of opium poppy
cultivation in Pasco, Huánuco, Ayacucho and Huancavelica.
Table 10: Reported opium poppy cultivation in Peru, 1995 – 2005 (ha)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
599 649 720 652 873 748 1,361 n.a. n.a. 1,447 n.a.
Source: DIRANDRO, n.a. = not available
DIRANDRO reported annual opium latex yield of about 8 kg/ha, and a conversion rate of 10 kg of
opium latex for 1 kg of heroin. Based on this estimates, heroin production would have been around
around 1 metric tons in 2004. A relatively small production compared to neighbouring Colombia
where heroin production is estimated at 2.5 metric tons in 2005.
In 2005, DIRANDRO reported the eradication of about 95.5 ha of opium poppy cultivation.
Table 11: Reported opium poppy eradication in Peru, 1998 – 2005 (ha)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
4 18 26 155 14 57 98 95.5
Source: DIRANDRO
DIRANDRO reported that most of the opium latex production was transported by land in direction
of Ecuador and by river towards Colombia. Seizure of opium latex increased by 12% between
2004 and 2005 to reach 505 kg. Heroin seizures also increased, from 1 kg reported in 2004 to 8.2
kg reported in 2005.
Table 12: Reported seizure of opium latex, morphine and heroin, Peru, 1995-2005 (kg)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Opium latex 24 37 7 12 66 508 244 234 433 451 505
Morphine 1 15 11 6 0 0 0
Heroin 16 4 1 8.2
Source: DIRANDRO
48
2.4 REPORTED ERADICATION
In 2005, the Peruvian government reported the eradication of 12,232 ha of coca fields, of which
8,966 ha eradicated by CORAH as part of its programme of forced eradication and 3,266 ha
eradicated by CADA as part of its programme of voluntary eradication. This corresponded to an
increase of 19% compared to the 10,257 ha of eradicated coca cultivation reported in 2004.
Figure 9. Coca cultivation and eradication of coca fields in Peru, 1995 - 2005
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
hectare
60,000
40,000
20,000
-
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Eradication 1,259 3,462 7,834 14,733 6,206 6,436 7,134 11,312 10,257 12,232
Coca cultivation 115,300 94,400 68,800 51,000 38,700 43,400 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200
Eradication Coca cultivation
Sources: Coca cultivation USG 1995-1999 and National Monitoring System Supported by UNODC 2000-2005
Eradication: DEVIDA, CORAH
49
2.5 REPORTED SEIZURE
Between 2004 and 2005, according to the reported data of the Peruvian anti-narcotics police,
DIRANDRO, seizures of cocaine paste and cocaine hydrochloride decreased but destruction and
seizures of coca leaves increased. Seizures of cocaine hydrochloride decreased from 7,3 mt in
2004 to 2,1 mt kg in 2005, while seizures and destruction of coca leaves increased from 916 mt to
1,525 mt.
Table 13: Drug seized in Peru, 2003 – 2005 (kg or otherwise specified)
Item seized 2003 2004 2005
Destruction and seizure of coca leaf 1,328,347 916,024 1,525,739
Cocaine paste 4,366 6,330 3,199
Cocaine hydrochloride 3,574 7,303 2,119
Source: DIRANDRO
51
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 COCA CULTIVATION
The monitoring of coca cultivation in Peru is based on the interpretation of various types of satellite
images. For the 2005 census, a 29 satellite images were used, of which 15 IKONOS multi-spectral
(ground resolution of 4 sq meter), 13 SPOT 5 (ground resolution of 10 sq meter) and one Landsat5
(ground resolution of 30 sq meter).
Area covered
Region Satellite Acquisition date
(Sq km)
Rio Monzon IKONOS 19/9/2005 223
Rio Rondos IKONOS 19/9/2005 138
Tulumayo IKONOS 13/10/2005 223
Tulumayo2 IKONOS 31/7/2005 163
Nuevo Progreso IKONOS 19/9/2005 183
Yanajanca IKONOS 19/9/2005 256
Aspuzana IKONOS 19/9/2005 266
Pizana IKONOS 27/12/2005 200
Pizana2 IKONOS 17/8/2005 154
Uchiza IKONOS 29/11/2005 300
Uchiza2 IKONOS 29/11/2005 180
Aucayacu IKONOS 16/9/2005 203
Aucayacu2 IKONOS 19/9/2005 263
Aucayacu3 IKONOS 19/9/2005 262
Tingo Maria LANDSAT 5 28/7/2005 34225
Pizana SPOT 5 28/11/2005 1800
Monzon alto SPOT 5 23/11/2005 1800
La Convencion y Lares SPOT 5 11/6/2005 3600
La Convencion y Lares SPOT 5 28/7/2005 1800
Apurimac SPOT 5 28/7/2005 3600
Apurimac SPOT 5 23/7/2005 3600
Aguaytia SPOT 5 1/8/2005 1800
Inambari SPOT 5 4/9/2005 1800
San Gaban SPOT 5 29/7/2005 3600
Marañon SPOT 5 6/9/2005 3600
Marañon SPOT 5 31/7/2005 900
Pichis SPOT 5 12/7/2005 900
Pichis SPOT 5 11/7/2005 3600
52
1) Identification and acquisition of the image
The 2005 Peru coca survey relied mostly on SPOT5 images, and to a lesser extent on IKONOS
and Landsat5 images. In 2005, the cloud cover did not permit to acquire SPOT images over the
whole Alto Huallaga, and alternatives censors like IKONOS and Landsat5 were used.
Quick Look SPOT 5: sector Monzon - Alto Quick Look SPOT 5: sector Uchiza - Alto
Huallaga, November 2005 Huallaga, June 2005
SPOT5 possesses very good characteristics for crop monitoring. In combination with the older
SPOT4 satellite, the chances of acquisition of cloud free images are higher than with other sensors.
In addition, due to an off-nadir viewing capability an area can be monitored more frequently. With a
spectral sensitivity from the visible to the medium infrared and a spatial resolution from 2.5 meter
(panchromatic) to 10 meter (multispectral), SPOT fulfils the requirements for vegetation monitoring.
The main disadvantage of this sensor is its relatively high price, which impedes the coverage of
large areas on a regular basis. With a swath width is of 60 km, about 300 SPOT images would be
necessary to cover the entire country. However, SPOT offers the possibility to purchase half or
quarter of images. This option enabled to reduce the cost to cover the area of interest.
2) Image pre-processing
The SPOT 5 images are received at the level 1A. Depending on the cloud covers and haze
present on the image, the images are filtered with an convolution algorithm. If the study area is
made of several images, the contrasts are levelled out.
The images were geo-referenced on the basis of ground control points from maps at the 1/50,000
scale and the 2001, 2004 ortho-rectified images.
53
3) Definition of interpretation keys
The appearance of the coca fields on the satellite images depends on the field slope, the sun
exposure (shaded or sunny areas of the satellite images) and the stage of development of the
vegetation.
First the remote sensing experts defined the interpretation patterns of the different categories and
stage of coca fields. Their experience enabled them to distinguish the following five patterns of
coca cultivation:
a) Young coca field

This category corresponds to coca fields of
about 12 months old. The coverage of coca
foliage accounts for 20% to 40% of the spectral
characteristics of these fields, while the
remaining spectral characteristics come from
the soil. Ground information and previous
year’s mapping information are a crucial help
for the interpretation the coca fields.
b) Mature coca field

This category corresponds to coca fields from
12 to 24 months old and older. Three or four
months after the harvest, these coca fields
have a high coca foliage density and show a
high level of contrast on the satellite images.
Generally speaking, the higher the density of

coca plants, the higher the reflectance on the
satellite image. It is therefore easier to identify
coca fields in areas where density is high, like
in Apurimac, than in areas where it is lower,
like in Monzon and La Convencion-Lares.
c) Harvested coca field

This category corresponds to coca fields on
which the leaves have been harvested and
only nude plants and stems remain. Most of
the spectral characteristics of these fields
come from the colour of the soil. The
identification and mapping of these fields
therefore requires the use of additional
information, such as the 2001 census, as well
as field data on the surrounding environment.
55
d) Rehabilitated coca field

This category corresponds to abandoned coca
fields recently rehabilitated. The rehabilitation
process includes weeding and planting of new
coca plants in addition to old coca plants.
These coca fields can be productive in a very
short time. The first harvest can take place as
early as 3 to 4 months after the rehabilitation.
The spectral characteristics of these fields are

the same as for mature coca, but the use of
the 2001 coca mapping enables the
identification of these rehabilitated coca fields.
e) Mixed crops
This category includes parcels where the coca
crop, while maintaining its structure in the field
(furrows and/or alternating lines), shares the
ground with licit crops. Associated crops are
generally annual agricultural products, such as
maize and cassava.
The spectral characteristics of these fields are

the combination of the spectral characteristics
of the coca foliage, the associated crop and of
the soil.
Once these patterns had been defined, coca fields were visually interpreted and their borders
digitized on screen on a few sample areas. The resulting classification was printed at the scale
1/50,000 for field verification.
4) Field verification and correction of the interpretation key
The field work enabled to refine the interpretation key, and to improve the characterization of
confusing land use, mostly shrubby areas (‘purma’), annual crops with short vegetation period,
small pastures and small cleared areas.
5) Visual interpretation of coca fields
After the interpretation key had been corrected and refined, coca fields were classified visually on
screen for the entire area of interest. The experts have acquired a good knowledge of the areas of
interest during the field verification process and have long experience with the project. They also
relied on the aerial photography at the 1/20,000 scale acquired in 1999 and 2000, as well as the
previous year satellite images, to facilitate their interpretation.
56
6) Verification flights
Like in previous years, the results of the visual interpretation was checked during over-flight. In
2005, the project used during these overflights a video camera linked to a GPS. With this new
device, it was possible to replay the video on the computer and track the flight path on the satellite
image using the software GeoVideo. A total of 15 hours of overflights were performed over the
regions of Alto Huallaga (including Monzon), Apurimac, Pichis-Palcazu-Pachitea and Aguaytia.
Snapshots of the video and the corresponding satellite images are in the chapter presenting the
regional findings. The overfligths and the video recording was implemented in cooperation with
CADA, the government body for Alternative Development.
7) Correction for slope
In Peru, 90% of the coca fields are on slope steeper than 20 degrees. To improve the overall
results, a digital elevation model based on 1/50,000 contour lines is used to correct the initial area
with the inclination of the underlying slope.
Table 14: Correction for slope

Area (ha)
Initial interpretation 42,000
After slope correction 48,200
3.2 OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION
The UNODC-supported national illicit crop monitoring system has not yet established a reliable
methodology for the detection of opium poppy in Peru and no data was available for 2005.
Nevertheless, the level of opium poppy cultivation is considered negligible in Peru.
3.3 PRICES
Prices of sun-dried coca leaf and other commodities are collected through a network of 13
collection points located in the following areas: Aguaytia (1), Apurimac (3), Inambari (3), Monzon
(2), Tocache (1), and Uchiza (3).
Prices are collected once a month by project staff through semi-structured interviews of key
informants selected among farmers, storekeepers and people who participate in the production
and distribution of illicit drugs.
57
4 ANNEX
58
PRICES MONITORING: PERU, SUN-DRIED COCA LEAF
La Convención-
Simple average of regional averages Alto Huallaga: Monzon Algo Huallaga: South Alto Huallaga: North Apurimac Inambari Aguaytia Selva Central
Lares
SOL US$ Exchange SOL US$ SOL US$ SOL US$ SOL US$ SOL US$ SOL US$ SOL SOL
Period n n n n n n n n n
/kg /kg rate /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg
2005 9.4 2.9 181 3.27 12.0 3.7 16 10.4 3.2 35 8.5 2.6 70 7.0 2.2 12 9.8 2.9 36 8.4 2.6 12
Dec-05 7.8 2.3 15 3.35 8.7 2.6 1 8.4 2.5 3 6.7 2.0 6 5.2 1.6 1 8.8 2.6 3 8.7 2.6 1
Nov-05 8.5 2.6 14 3.32 9.4 2.8 1 9.1 2.7 2 7.1 2.1 6 4.3 1.4 1 12.5 3.7 3 8.7 2.7 1
Oct-05 9.9 3.0 16 3.27 11.8 3.7 2 11.7 3.5 3 9.5 2.9 6 7.4 2.3 1 10.1 3.0 3 8.7 2.7 1
Sep-05 10.6 3.3 16 3.25 14.1 4.4 2 11.3 3.5 3 10.5 3.3 6 7.4 2.3 1 10.0 2.9 3 10.4 3.2 1
Aug-05 9.7 3.0 16 3.25 13.2 4.1 2 9.9 3.1 3 9.0 2.8 6 7.0 2.2 1 11.3 3.3 3 7.8 2.4 1
Jul-05 9.8 3.0 16 3.23 15.0 4.7 2 10.6 3.3 3 9.3 2.9 6 7.0 2.2 1 9.1 2.7 3 7.8 2.4 1
Jun-05 9.6 3.0 15 3.24 14.1 4.3 1 11.2 3.5 3 9.0 2.8 6 6.1 1.9 1 8.7 2.6 3 8.5 2.7 1
May-05 9.5 2.9 15 3.26 12.8 3.9 1 11.8 3.6 3 9.0 2.8 6 7.0 2.2 1 8.7 2.6 3 7.8 2.4 1
Apr-05 8.4 2.6 15 3.26 11.9 3.7 1 8.9 2.7 3 7.1 2.2 6 7.0 2.2 1 7.8 2.3 3 7.8 2.4 1
Mar-05 8.0 2.5 15 3.24 11.3 3.5 1 7.1 2.2 3 5.8 1.8 6 7.8 2.5 1 8.6 2.5 3 7.4 2.3 1
Feb-05 10.1 3.1 15 3.27 10.8 3.3 1 11.7 3.6 3 9.9 3.1 6 9.6 2.9 1 10.1 3.0 3 8.7 2.7 1
Jan-05 10.5 3.2 13 3.28 11.4 3.5 1 13.6 4.2 3 8.9 2.8 4 8.7 2.6 1 11.6 3.4 3 8.7 2.7 1
2004 9.8 2.8 3.51 12.6 3.6 12.3 3.5 7.7 2.2 8.2 2.3 9.9 2.8 8.1 2.3 7.0
Dec-04 8.8 2.7 3.28 14.0 4.3 8.7 2.6 6.3 1.9 7.8 2.4 10.3 3.1 7.8 2.4 7.0
Nov-04 11.5 3.5 3.33 16.8 5.0 15.3 4.6 8.4 2.5 10.4 3.1 10.3 3.1 7.8 2.3
Oct-04 11.0 3.2 3.40 13.3 3.9 13.5 4.0 9.0 2.6 11.3 3.3 11.2 3.3 7.8 2.3
Sep-04 10.9 3.1 3.48 12.7 3.7 13.0 3.8 8.7 2.5 10.4 3.0 10.4 3.0 10.1 2.9
Aug-04 11.1 3.2 3.51 12.2 3.5 13.9 4.0 8.7 2.5 12.2 3.5 8.7 2.5
Jul-04 10.2 2.9 3.56 12.4 3.5 12.2 3.4 7.4 2.1 8.7 2.4
Jun-04 8.9 2.5 3.59 12.8 3.6 11.3 3.1 6.1 1.7 6.5 1.8 9.6 2.7 7.0 1.9
May-04 9.3 2.6 3.60 12.5 3.5 12.2 3.4 7.4 2.0 7.4 2.1 8.3 2.3 7.8 2.2
Apr-04 8.5 2.4 3.58 11.4 3.2 10.7 3.0 7.0 1.9 6.5 1.8 7.4 2.1 7.8 2.2
Mar-04 9.3 2.6 3.58 10.6 3.0 12.2 3.4 9.1 2.5 6.5 1.8 9.6 2.7 7.8 2.2
Feb-04 9.4 2.6 3.59 10.1 2.8 12.6 3.5 8.5 2.4 7.8 2.2 7.8 2.2
Jan-04 9.0 2.5 3.58 12.8 3.6 11.7 3.3 5.6 1.6 7.0 1.9 7.8 2.2
Source: National Monitoring System Supported by UNODC
Coca leaf, 2004-2005 monthly average prices, Peru (US$/kg)

Peru, coca leaf
3.6 12.0
In Peru, the annual average price of coca leaf for 2004 (SOL 9.8/kg) was very similar to the annual
3.4 average of 2005 of SOL 9.4/kg, illustrating the stability of the coca leaf prices. Even though a decrease
11.0
could be noted between September and December (also reflected in a decrease for coca paste price
3.2 between the same period), this trend might well be seasonal, corresponding in a peak of harvest of coca
10.0 leaf during the rainy season. In addition, prices usually fell at the end of the year, as farmers tend to
3.0 harvest just before Christmas to cover their expenses during this festive period.
2.8 9.0 At the regional level, prices of coca leaf remained the highest in Monzon region. Coca cultivation is
US$/kg
SOL/kg
widespread in Monzon region, with coca cultivation in this vallay accounting to 23% of the total coca
2.6 cultivation of the country in 2004.
8.0
2.4
7.0
2.2
2.0 6.0
J-04 F-04 M-04 A-04 M-04 J-04 J-04 A-04 S-04 O-04 N-04 D-04 J-05 F-05 M-05 A-05 M-05 J-05 J-05 A-05 S-05 O-05 N-05 D-05
US$ SOL
/kg /kg
PRICES MONITORING: PERU, COCAINE PASTE ("Pasta de cocaína lavada")
Simple average of Alto Huallaga: Algo Huallaga: Alto Huallaga: La Convención-

Apurimac Inambari Aguaytia Selva Central
Period regional averages Monzon South North Lares
US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n
2005 640 84 680 6 640 36 580 58 690 12 680 2
Dec-05 562 600 1 587 3 459 5 600 1
Nov-05 608 620 1 607 3 556 5 650 1
Oct-05 692 720 1 693 3 634 5 720 1
Sep-05 686 10 730 1 693 3 672 5 650 1
Aug-05 641 10 700 1 633 3 580 5 650 1
Jul-05 654 10 700 1 633 3 584 5 700 1
Jun-05 630 9 613 3 576 5 700 1
May-05 636 9 613 3 576 5 720 1
Apr-05 637 9 607 3 584 5 720 1
Mar-05 580 9 497 3 522 5 720 1
Feb-05 660 10 647 3 622 5 720 1 650 1
Jan-05 718 8 803 3 650 3 720 1 700 1
2004 640 720 600 590 560
Dec-04 590 647 500 700
Nov-04 730 833 657 700 650
Oct-04 690 713 673 700 650
Sep-04 700 727 663 600
Aug-04 700 733 700 600
Jul-04 520 593 593
Jun-04 610 733 513 530 600
May-04 670 780 607 520
Apr-04 580 683 527 530 500
Mar-04 670 787 660 530 500
Feb-04 640 723 630 520 500
Jan-04 570 717 493 520 500
Cocaine paste, 2004-2005 average prices for Alto Huallaga North, Monzon and Apurimac (US$/kg) Peru, prices of cocaine paste
750
The stable trend in the prices of coca paste is similar to the trend of
700 the prices of coca leaf. Prices remained practically unchanged
between 2004 and 2005. Like for the price of coca leaf, prices have
650
been decreasing between September and December 2005, but this
600
decrease might just reflect a seasonal variation.
US$/kg
550 Prices for cocaine paste are usually highest in Monzón and Apurimac
regions, the two main centres of illicit coca cultivation which
500
represented respectively 23% and 29% of the national coca
450 cultivation in 2004.
400
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05
Alto Huallaga: North Alto Huallaga: Monzon Apurimac

PRICES MONITORING: PERU, COCAINE
Simple average of Alto Huallaga: Algo Huallaga: Alto Huallaga: La Convención-

Apurimac Inambari Aguaytia Selva Central
Period regional averages Monzon South North Lares
US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n US$/kg n
2005 890 103 970 6 890 36 830 57 1,080 4
Dec-05 920 10 820 1 807 3 754 5 1,300 1
Nov-05 810 9 850 1 817 3 764 5
Oct-05 1,012 9 1,100 1 1,017 3 920 5
Sep-05 1,012 9 1,050 1 993 3 992 5
Aug-05 918 9 1,000 1 933 3 820 5
Jul-05 921 9 1,000 1 933 3 830 5
Jun-05 910 9 900 3 830 5 1,000 1
May-05 863 7 900 3 825 4
Apr-05 804 8 810 3 798 5
Mar-05 712 8 693 3 730 5
Feb-05 892 9 847 3 830 5 1,000 1
Jan-05 941 7 1,000 3 823 3 1,000 1
2004 890 960 820 870
Dec-04 789 917 690 700
Nov-04 900 1,027 807 800
Oct-04 897 967 860 800
Sep-04 811 900 727 800
Aug-04 900 983 817
Jul-04 821 867 717 1,000
Jun-04 867 940 793
May-04 933 967 900
Apr-04 978 1,033 923
Mar-04 979 1,000 950 1,000
Feb-04 1,017 1,083 957 1,000
Jan-04 773 847 700
Cocaine, 2004-2005 average prices for Alto Huallaga South and North, (US$/kg)
2004 2005 Peru, prices of cocaine
1,200
Like the prices of coca leaf and coca paste, prices of cocaine remained
1,100 virtually unchanged in Peru between 2004 and 2005.
1,000
The annual average cocaine price recorded in Peru is much lower than
the average prices in Colombia (US$1,860/kg) and Bolivia (US$
1,800/kg). The difference might be due to the fact that the price in Peru
900 refers to the price in the producing region, close to its processing, while
US$/kg
in Colombia and Bolivia prices refer to whole sale prices in the main
800
cities.
700
600
J- F- M- A- M- J- J- A- S- O- N- D- J- F- M- A- M- J- J- A- S- O- N- D-
04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05
Algo Huallaga: South Alto Huallaga: North

NATIONAL COCA ENTERPRICE
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION - 1978

EXTENSION YIELD
OFICCE Nº Farmers
ha TM
NORTH REGION
TRUJILLO 22 2.74 1.918
SIMBAL 126 50.70 35.491
CASCAS 143 30.75 21.527
RANCHO GRANDE 105 29.14 20.394
COMPIN 499 9.77 6.841
HUAYOBAMBA 704 196.78 137.744
Sub-Total 1,599 319.88 223.915
CAJAMARCA 23 16.73 11.714

BALZAS 219 107.08 74.952
Sub- Total 242 123.81 86.666
CHACHAPOYAS 116 42.22 29.557

TINGO 121 44.59 31.209
LUYA 14 5.14 3.600
Sub-Total 251 91.95 64.366
HUAMACHUCO 237 85.27 59.689

SALTIBAMBA 384 197.35 138.143
CHAGUAL 1,067 246.88 172.812
Sub-Total 1,688 529.49 370.644
PALLASCA 315 50.13 35.091

Sub-Total 315 50.13 35.091
TOTAL OF REGION 4,095 1,115.27 780.682
CENTRE REGION
AYACUCHO
SIVIA 622 70.34 49.238
LLOCHEGUA 731 200.35 140.245
SAN FRANCISCO 1,416 421.13 294.791
SANTA ROSA 814 317.99 222.593
Sub-Total 3,583 1,009.81 706.867
HUANUCO
TINGO MARIA 4,783 5,321.55 3,725.085
Sub-Total 4,783 5,321.55 3,725.085
TOTAL OF REGION 8,366 6,331.36 4,431.952
SOUTH REGION
JULIACA
SANDIA 1,778 783.00 551.054
Sub-Total 1,778 783.00 551.054
QUILLABAMBA 5,000 4,001.03 2,800.721

LA QUEBRADA 815 1,050.00 735.000
QUELLOUNO 2,000 1,281.00 826.700
SANTA MARIA 2,047 1,751.78 1,226.246
PALMA REAL 1,064 614.69 430.283
COLCA 461 495.57 346.899
SAN LORENZO 200 193.00 135.100
KITENI 56 83.00 58.100
PUTUCUSI 267 500.00 350.000
MARANURA 785 700.00 490.000
Sub-Total 12,695 10,670.07 7,399.049
TOTAL OF REGION 14,473 11,453.07 7,950.103
NATIONAL TOTAL 26,934 18,899.70 13,162.737

Note: Yield average 700kg/ha

01578-Peru Coca Survey 2005

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Government of Peru

ENACO National Coca Enterprise

Humberto Chirinos, Project Coordinator, Peru

Aldo Lale-Demoz, UNODC Representative for Peru and Ecuador

Antonio Maria Costa

Map 1: Coca cultivation density in Peru, 2005 ............................................................................................ 10

FACT SHEET – PERU COCA SURVEY FOR 2005

2.1 COCA CULTIVATION

Figure 1. Coca cultivation in Peru, 1995 – 2005 (ha)

Figure 2. Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1995 – 2005 (ha)

Bolivia Colombia Peru

Table 1: Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1995- 2005 (ha)

2.1.1 REGIONAL ANALYSIS

Figure 3. Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

Table 2: Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

2.1.1.1 Coca cultivation in Alto Huallaga

2002 2003 2004 2005

Snapshots of the video taken during the verification flights.

Snapshot of the video taken over Monzon region

Snapshot of the video taken over Tulumayo, Alto Huallaga.

Snapshot of the video taken over Aucayacu, Alto Huallaga.

Jose Crespo y Castillo UCAYALI

Source: Govemment of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODC

San Francisco Quimbiri

Cultivation density Tambo

Source: Government of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODC

2.1.1.2 Coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene

Table 4: Distribution of coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene,2001 – 2005 (ha)

Figure 5. Distribution of coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene,2001 – 2005 (ha)

C oca seed beds and recently planted fields,Progreso,M arch 2006

C oca seed beds,Sivia,O ctober2005

Snapshots ofthe video taken during the verification flights.

Snapshotofthe video overApurim ac

Snapshotofthe video overApurim ac

San Francisco Quimbiri

Cultivation density Tambo

Overflight with geovideo

Source: Government of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODC

Source: Government of Peru - National of monitoring system supported by UNODC

2.1.1.3 Coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares

Table 5: Distribution of coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

Figure 6. Distribution of coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares, 2001 – 2005 (ha

O ld coca fields replanted w ith young plants,Vilcanota,N ovem ber2005

C oca fields associated w ith papaya trees,Sam baray,February 2005

C oca seed beds undershadow ,Vilcanota February 2005

San Gaban and

Masuco MADRE DE DIOS

Ayapata San Juan del Oro

Cultivation density Potoni

0.1 - 1.0 Sina

Source: Government of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODC

2.1.1.4 Coca cultivation in Inambari-Tambopata

Table 6: Distribution of coca cultivation in Inambari-Tambopata, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

2.1.1.5 Coca cultivation in San Gaban

Codo del Pozuzo Pachitea

Santa Isab Sta. Isabel

Village center 75°30'W 75°0'W

Source: Government of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODC

2.1.1.7 Coca cultivation in Aguaytia

Table 7: Coca cultivation in Aguaytia region(ha)

2.1.1.8 Coca cultivation in Palcazu – Pichis - Pachitea

Table 8: Distribution of coca cultivation in Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea, 2001 – 2005 (ha)

Coca fields under shadow,Santa Isable, March 2006