. .

.
2014
 University of Technology

Building and Construction

Engineering Dep.

Highways and Bridges

Asphalt Laboratory

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

MANUAL ADOPTED FOR

LABORATORY TESTS

Prepared by :

Lec. Dr. Zaynab I. Qasim

Asphalt Lab. Supervisor

August 2014
Introduction:
The quality of the engineering properties of the materials used
in roads construction is the most important factor that affects the
quality of the roads, and in order to keep high quality it's important
to good implementation according to the specifications of the
standard methods of construction. The engineering properties of
materials are measured by sampling and necessary laboratory
experiments to verify the quality and engineering specifications
then compared the actual results of the tests with the required
specifications for implementation, so as to acceptance or rejection
of these materials.
This manual is intended to focus on methods of testing the
basic laboratory experiments of roads in the asphalt laboratory,
according to standard specifications of AASHTO and ASTM.
List of Content:

Test No. 1 Penetration Test

Test No. 2 Ductility Test
Test No. 3 Loss On Heating Test
Test No. 4 Softening Point Test
Test No. 5 Saybolt Viscosity Test
Test No. 6 Flash And Fire Points Test
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
Test No. 7
(CBR) TEST
Test No. 8 MARSHALL TEST
 TEST NO. 1

PENETRATION TEST
Spec.: ASTM D5 -2006
AASHTO T 49- 2010
 TEST NO. 2

DUCTICILITY TEST
Spec.: ASTM D113-1999
AASHTO T 51-2006
 TEST NO. 3

LOSS ON HEATING TEST

Spec.: ASTM D 1754- 2002
AASHTO T 47- 2005
 TEST NO. 4

SOFTENING POINT TEST

Spec.: ASTM D 36- 95
AASHTO T53- 06
 TEST NO. 5

SAYBOLT VISCOSITY TEST

Spec.: ASTM D 88 - 94
 TEST NO. 6

FLASH AND FIRE POINTS TEST

(Cleveland open cup)

Spec.: ASTM D 92- 2005

AASHTO T 48- 2005
 TEST NO. 7

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

(CBR) TEST
Spec.: ASTM D 1883 -99
 TEST NO. 8

MARSHALL TEST
Spec.: ASTM 6926- 2010
ASTM 6927- 2010
 Designation: D 5 97

Standard Test Method for

Penetration of Bituminous Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope TABLE 1 Precision Criteria

1.1 This test method covers determination of the penetration Standard

Acceptable
Deviation or
of semi-solid and solid bituminous materials. Material Coefficient of
Range of Two
Test Results
1.2 The needles, containers and other conditions described Variation (Is) or
(d2s) or (d2s %)
in this test method provide for the determinations of penetra- (Is %)

tions up to 500. Single-operator precision:

Asphalts at 77F (25C) below 50 0.35 1
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be considered penetration, units
standard. Asphalts at 77F (25C) 60 penetration 1.4 4
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the and above, percent of their mean
Tar pitches at 77F (25C)A percent of 5.2 15
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the their mean
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Multilaboratory precision:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Asphalts at 77F (25C) below 50 1.4 4
penetration, units
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Asphalts at 77F (25C) 60 penetration 3.8 11
and above, percent of their mean
2. Referenced Documents Tar pitches at 77F (25C),A units 1.4 4
A
2.1 ASTM Standards: Estimates of precision for tar pitches are based on results from 2 pitches with
penetration of 7 and 24. Estimates may not be applicable to appreciably harder or
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements softer materials.
for Test Methods for Construction Materials2
D 36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring- 4. Summary of Test Method
and-Ball Apparatus)3
4.1 The sample is melted and cooled under controlled
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers4
conditions. The penetration is measured with a penetrometer
E 77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Liquid-
by means of which a standard needle is applied to the sample
in-Glass Thermometers4
under specific conditions.
2.2 ANSI Standard:
B46.1 Surface Texture5 5. Significance and Use
2.3 ISO Standard: 5.1 The penetration test is used as a measure of consis-
ISO Standard 468 Surface RoughnessParameters, Their tency. Higher values of penetration indicate softer consistency.
Values and General Rules for Specifying Requirements5
6. Apparatus
3. Terminology
6.1 Penetration ApparatusAny apparatus that permits the
3.1 Definitions: needle holder (spindle) to move vertically without measurable
3.1.1 penetration, nconsistency of a bituminous material friction and is capable of indicating the depth of penetration to
expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimeter that a the nearest 0.1 mm, will be acceptable. The weight of the
standard needle vertically penetrates a sample of the material spindle shall be 47.5 6 0.05 g. The total weight of the needle
under known conditions of loading, time, and temperature. and spindle assembly shall be 50.0 6 0.05 g. Weights of 50 6
0.05 g and 100 6 0.05 g shall also be provided for total loads
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-4 on Road of 100 g and 200 g, as required for some conditions of the test.
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 on The surface on which the sample container rests shall be flat
Rheological Tests.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1997. Published February 1998. Originally and the axis of the plunger shall be at approximately 90 to this
published as D 5 59 T. Last previous edition D 5 95. surface. The spindle shall be easily detached for checking its
2
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. weight.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.
4 6.2 Penetration Needle:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
5
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th 6.2.1 The needle (see Fig. 1) shall be made from fully
Floor, New York, NY 10036. hardened and tempered stainless steel, Grade 440-C or equal,

Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1

FIG. 1 Needle for Penetration Test
HRC 54 to 60. The standard needle shall be approximately 50
mm (2 in.) in length, the long needle approximately 60 mm (24
in.).6 The diameter of all needles shall be 1.00 to 1.02 mm
(0.0394 to 0.0402 in.). It shall be symmetrically tapered at one
end by grinding to a cone having an angle between 8.7 and 9.7
over the entire cone length. The cone should be coaxial with
the straight body of the needle. The total axial variation of the
intersection between the conical and straight surfaces shall not
be in excess of 0.2 mm (0.008 in.). The truncated tip of the
cone shall be within the diameter limits of 0.14 and 0.16 mm
(0.0055 and 0.0063 in.) and square to the needle axis within 2.
The entire edge of the truncated surface at the tip shall be sharp
and free of burrs. When the surface texture is measured in
accordance with American National Standard B 46.1 or ISO
468 the surface roughness height, Ra, of the tapered cone shall
be 0.2 to 0.3 m (8 to 12 in.) arithmetic average. The surface
roughness height, Ra, of the needle shank shall be 0.025 to
0.125 m (1 to 5 in.). The needle shall be mounted in a
non-corroding metal ferrule. The ferrule shall be 3.2 6 0.05
mm (0.126 6 0.002 in.) in diameter and 38 6 1 mm (1.50 6
0.04 in.) in length. The exposed length of the standard needle
shall be within the limits of 40 to 45 mm (1.57 to 1.77 in.), and
the exposed length of the long needle shall be 50 to 55 mm
(1.97 to 2.19 in.). The needle shall be rigidly mounted in the
ferrule. The run-out (total-indicator reading) of the needle tip
and any portion of the needle relative to the ferrule axis shall
not exceed 1 mm (0.04 in.). The weight of the ferrule needle
assembly shall be 2.50 6 0.05 g. (A drill hole at the end of the
ferrule or a flat on the side is permissible to control the weight.)
Individual identification markings shall be placed on the ferrule
of each needle; the same markings shall not be repeated by a
manufacturer within a 3-year period.
6.2.2 Needles used in testing materials for conformance to
specifications shall be shown to have met the requirements of
6.2.1 when tested by a qualified agency.
6.3 Sample Container7A metal or glass cylindrical, flat-
bottom container of essentially the following dimensions shall
be used:
For penetrations below 200:
Diameter, mm
Internal depth, mm
For penetrations between 200 and 350:
Diameter, mm
Internal depth, mm
6.4 Water BathA bath having a capacity of at least 10 L
and capable of maintaining a temperature of 25 6 0.1C or any
6
Long needles are available from Stanhope-Seta, Park Close, Englefield Green,
Egham, Surrey, U.K. TW20 OXD.
7
Sample Containers are available from Ellisco Inc., 6301 Eastern Ave., Balti-
more MD, 21224 and Freund Can Co., 155 West 84th St., Chicago IL, 606201298.
D5
other temperature of test within 0.1C. The bath shall have a
perforated shelf supported in a position not less than 50 mm
from the bottom and not less than 100 mm below the liquid
level in the bath. If penetration tests are to be made in the bath
itself, an additional shelf strong enough to support the pen-
etrometer shall be provided. Brine may be used in the bath for
determinations at low temperatures.
NOTE 1The use of distilled water is recommended for the bath. Take
care to avoid contamination of the bath water by surface active agents,
release agents, or other chemicals; as their presence may affect the
penetration values obtained.
6.5 Transfer DishWhen used, the transfer dish shall have
a capacity of at least 350 mL and of sufficient depth of water
to cover the large sample container. It shall be provided with
some means for obtaining a firm bearing and preventing
rocking of the container. A three-legged stand with three-point
contact for the sample container is a convenient way of
ensuring this.
6.6 Timing DeviceFor hand-operated-penetrometers any
convenient timing device such as an electric timer, a stop
watch, or other spring activated device may be used provided
it is graduated in 0.1 s or less and is accurate to within 60.1 s
for a 60-s interval. An audible seconds counter adjusted to
provide 1 beat each 0.5 s may also be used. The time for a
11-count interval must be 5 6 0.1 s. Any automatic timing
device attached to a penetrometer must be accurately calibrated
to provide the desired test interval within 60.1 s.
6.7 ThermometersCalibrated liquidinglass thermom-
eters of suitable range with subdivisions and maximum scale
error of 0.1C (0.2F) or any other thermometric device of
equal accuracy, precision and sensitivity shall be used. Ther-
mometers shall conform to the requirements of Specification
E 1.
6.7.1 Suitable thermometers commonly used are:
ASTM Number Range
17C or 17F 19 to 27C (66 to 80F)
63C or 63F 8 to + 32C (18 to 89F)
64C or 64F 25 to 55C (77 to 131F)
6.7.2 The thermometer used for the water bath shall peri-
odically be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E 77.
7. Preparation of Test Specimen
7.1 Heat the sample with care, stirring when possible to
prevent local overheating, until it has become sufficiently fluid
to pour. In no case should the temperature be raised to more
than 60C above the expected softening point for tar pitch in
accordance with Test Method D 36, or to more than 90C
above it for petroleum asphalt (bitumen). Do not heat samples
55
35 for more than 30 min. Avoid incorporating bubbles into the
sample.
55 7.2 Pour the sample into the sample container to a depth
70
such that, when cooled to the temperature of test, the depth of
the sample is at least 10 mm greater than the depth to which the
needle is expected to penetrate. Pour two separate portions for
each variation in test conditions.
7.3 Loosely cover each container as a protection against
dust (a convenient way of doing this is by covering with a
lipped beaker) and allow to cool in air at a temperature between
15 and 30C for 1 to 1.5 h for the small container and 1.5 to 2
2
 D5
h for the taller. Then place the two samples together with the NOTE 3The positioning of the needle can be materially aided by using
transfer dish, if used, in the water bath maintained at the an illuminated poly-methyl methacrylate tube.
prescribed temperature of test. Allow the smaller container to 9.4 Make at least three determinations at points on the
remain for 1 to 1.5 h and the taller (6 oz) container to remain surface of the sample not less than 10 mm from the side of the
for 1.5 to 2 h. container and not less than 10 mm apart. If the transfer dish is
used, return the sample and transfer dish to the constant
8. Test Conditions temperature bath between determinations. Use a clean needle
8.1 Where the conditions of test are not specifically men- for each determination. If the penetration is greater than 200,
tioned, the temperature, load, and time are understood to be use at least three needles leaving them in the sample until the
25C (77F), 100 g, and 5 s, respectively. Other conditions may three determinations have been completed.
be used for special testing, such as the following:
10. Report
Temperature, C (F) Load, g Time, s
0 (32) 200 60 10.1 Report to nearest whole unit the average of three
4 (39.2) 200 60 penetrations whose values do not differ by more than the
45 (113) 50 5
46.1 (115) 50 5 following:
0 to 50 to 150 to 250 to
In such cases the specific conditions of test shall be reported. Penetration 49 149 249 500
Maximum difference between highest 2 4 12 20
9. Procedure and lowest penetration

9.1 Examine the needle holder and guide to establish the
absence of water and other extraneous materials. If the pen-
etration is expected to exceed 350 use a long needle, otherwise
use a short needle. Clean a penetration needle with toluene or
other suitable solvent, dry with a clean cloth, and insert the
needle into the penetrometer. Unless otherwise specified place
the 50-g weight above the needle, making the total weight 100
6 0.1 g.
9.2 If tests are to be made with the penetrometer in the bath,
place the sample container directly on the submerged stand of
the penetrometer (Note 2). Keep the sample container com-
pletely covered with water in the bath. If the tests are to be
made with the penetrometer outside the bath, place the sample
container in the transfer dish, cover the container completely
with water from the constant temperature bath and place the
transfer dish on the stand of the penetrometer.
NOTE 2For referee tests, penetrations at temperatures other than 25C
(77F) should be made without removing the sample from the bath.
9.3 Position the needle by slowly lowering it until its tip just
makes contact with the surface of the sample. This is accom-
plished by bringing the actual needle tip into contact with its
image reflected on the surface of the sample from a properly
placed source of light (Note 3). Either note the reading of the
penetrometer dial or bring the pointer to zero. Quickly release
the needle holder for the specified period of time and adjust the
instrument to measure the distance penetrated in tenths of a
millimetre. If the container moves, ignore the result.
11. Precision and Bias
11.1 Use the following criteria for judging the acceptability
of penetration results for asphalt at 25C. The precision at other
temperatures is being determined.
11.1.1 Single Operator PrecisionThe single operator co-
efficient of variation has been found to be 1.4 % for penetra-
tions above 60, and the single operator standard deviation has
been found to be 0.35 % for penetrations below 50. Therefore,
the results of two properly conducted tests by the same
operator on the same material of any penetration, using the
same equipment, should not differ from each other by more
than 4 % of their mean, or 1 unit, whichever is larger.
11.1.2 Multilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratory co-
efficient of variation has been found to be 3.8 % for penetra-
tions above 60, and the multilaboratory standard deviation has
been found to be 1.4 for penetrations below 50. Therefore, the
results of two properly conducted tests on the same material of
any penetration, in two different laboratories, should not differ
from each other by more than 11 % of their mean, or 4 units,
whichever is larger.
NOTE 4These values represent, respectively, the d1s (or d1s %) and
d2s (or d2s %) limits as described in Practice C 670.
11.1.3 BiasThis test method has no bias because the
values determined are defined only in terms of the test method.
12. Keywords
12.1 asphalt; bitumen; penetration

The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your
views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual
reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585
(phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (http://www.astm.org).

3
 Designation: D 113 99
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Ductility of Bituminous Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The ductility of a bituminous material is measured by
the distance to which it will elongate before breaking when two
ends of a briquet specimen of the material, of the form
described in Section 4, are pulled apart at a specified speed and
at a specified temperature. Unless otherwise specified, the test
shall be made at a temperature of 25 6 0.5C and with a speed
of 5 cm/min 6 5.0 %. At other temperatures the speed should
be specified.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
for Test Methods for Construction Materials2
D 5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials3
D 1754 Test Method for Effects of Heat and Air on Asphal-
tic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)3
D 2872 Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving
Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test)3
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers4
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
poses5
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method provides one measure of tensile prop-
erties of bituminous materials and may be used to measure
ductility for specification requirements.
4. Apparatus
4.1 MoldThe mold shall be similar in design to that
shown in Fig. 1. The mold shall be made of brass, the ends b
and b8 being known as clips, and the parts a and a8 as sides of
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-4 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 on
Rheological Tests.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1999. Published May 1999. Originally
published as D 113 21 T. Last previous edition D 113 86(1992).
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
1
American Association State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T51
the mold. The dimensions of the assembled mold shall be as
shown in Fig. 1 with the permissible variations indicated.
4.2 Water BathThe water bath shall be maintained at the
specified test temperature, varying not more than 0.18F
(0.1C) from this temperature. The volume of water shall be
not less than 10 L, and the specimen shall be immersed to a
depth of not less than 10 cm and shall be supported on a
perforated shelf not less than 5 cm from the bottom of the bath.
4.3 Testing Machine For pulling the briquet of bituminous
material apart, any apparatus may be used which is so
constructed that the specimen will be continuously immersed
in water as specified in 5.3, while the two clips are pulled apart
at a uniform speed, as specified, without undue vibration.
4.4 Thermometer A thermometer having a range as shown
below and conforming to the requirements prescribed in
Specification E 1 (Note 1).
Temperature Range ASTM Thermometer No.
8 to 32C 63C
NOTE 1In those cases where the ductility specimens are aged in the
standard penetration bath at 25C, the thermometer as prescribed for Test
Method D 5 may be substituted in place of the above.
5. Procedure
5.1 Assemble the mold on a brass plate. Thoroughly coat the
surface of the plate and interior surfaces of the sides a and a8,
Fig. 1, of the mold with a thin layer of a mixture of glycerin
and dextrin, talc, or kaolin (china clay) to prevent the material
under test from sticking. The plate upon which the mold is
placed shall be perfectly flat and level so that the bottom
surface of the mold will be in contact throughout. Carefully
heat the sample to prevent local overheating until it has become
sufficiently fluid to pour. Strain the melted sample through a
300-m sieve conforming to Specification E 11. After a thor-
ough stirring, pour it into the mold. In filling the mold, take
care not to disarrange the parts and thus distort the briquet. In
filling, pour the material in a thin stream back and forth from
end to end of the mold until the mold is more than level full.
Let the mold containing the material cool to room temperature
for a period of from 30 to 40 min and then place it in the water
bath maintained at the specified temperature of test for 30 min;
then cut off the excess bitumen with a hot straightedged putty
knife or spatula to make the mold just level full.
5.2 Keeping Specimen at Standard TemperaturePlace the
brass plate and mold, with briquet specimen, in the water bath
and keep at the specified temperature for a period of from 85
to 95 min. Then remove the briquet from the plate, detach the
 D 113

ADistance between centers, 111.5 to 113.5 mm.

BTotal length of briquet, 74.5 to 75.5 mm.
CDistance between clips, 29.7 to 30.3 mm.
DShoulder, 6.8 to 7.2 mm.
ERadius, 15.75 to 16.25 mm.
FWidth at minimum cross section, 9.9 to 10.1 mm.
GWidth at mouth of clip, 19.8 to 20.2 mm.
HDistance between centers of radii, 42.9 to 43.1 mm.
IHole diameter, 6.5 to 6.7 mm.
JThickness, 9.9 to 10.1 mm.
FIG. 1 Mold for Ductility Test Specimen

side pieces, and immediately test the briquet.
5.3 TestingAttach the rings at each end of the clips to the
pins or hooks in the testing machine and pull the two clips apart
at a uniform speed as specified until the briquet ruptures. A
variation of 65 % from the speed specified will be permissible.
Measure the distance in centimetres through which the clips
have been pulled to produce rupture. While the test is being
made, the water in the tank of the testing machine shall cover
the specimen both above and below it by at least 2.5 cm and
shall be kept continuously at the temperature specified within
0.5C.
6. Report
6.1 A normal test is one in which the material between the
two clips pulls out to a point or thread until rupture occurs at
the point where the thread has practically no cross-sectional
area. Report the average of three normal tests as the ductility of
the sample.
6.2 If the bituminous material comes in contact with the
surface of the water or the bottom of the bath, the test shall not
be considered normal. Adjust the specific gravity of the bath by
the addition of either methyl alcohol or sodium chloride so that
the bituminous material neither comes to the surface of the
water, nor touches the bottom of the bath at any time during the
test.
6.3 If a normal test is not obtainable on three tests, report the
ductility as being unobtainable under the conditions of the test.
7. Precision
7.1 Criteria for judging the acceptability of ductility test
results at 25C obtained by this test method are shown in Fig.
2.
NOTE 2The precision statement for ductility, as presented in Fig. 2, is
based on tests performed on asphalt cements. The precision of tests on
residues, such as those obtained by Test Methods D 1754 and D 2872,
have not been established.
NOTE 3The numbers plotted in Fig. 2 represent the (1S) and (D2S)
limits for single operator precision and multilaboratory precision as
described in Practice C 670.
NOTE 4Insufficient data are available to properly define precision at
15.6C. However, analysis of data resulting from tests by 13 laboratories
on one asphalt for which the average ductility test result was 45 cm shows
a multi-laboratory precision (D2S) of 23 cm.
8. Keywords
8.1 ductility; ductility mold; ductilometer

2
 D 113

FIG. 2 Precision Data

The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your
views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

3
 Designation: D 1754 97 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film
Oven Test)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1754; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effects
of heat and air on a film of semisolid asphaltic materials. The
effects of this treatment are determined from measurements of
selected asphalt properties before and after the test.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials2
D 113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials2
D 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
(Bitumens)2
D 2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum
Capillary Viscometer2
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers3
E 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
Ventilation Ovens4
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 A film of asphaltic material is heated in an oven for 5 h
at 163C (325F). The effects of heat and air are determined
from changes incurred in physical properties measured before
and after the oven treatment. An optional procedure is provided
for determining the change in sample mass.
3.2 Precision values for the method have been developed for
viscosity, viscosity change, penetration change, mass change,
and ductility.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.46 on
Durability and Distillation Test.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 1997. Published February 1998. Originally
published as D 1754 60 T. Last previous edition D 1754 94.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This method indicates approximate change in properties
of asphalt during conventional hot-mixing at about 150C
(302F) as indicated by viscosity, penetration, or ductility
measurements. It yields a residue which approximates the
asphalt condition as incorporated in the pavement. If the
mixing temperature differs appreciably from the 150C
(302F) level, more or less effect on properties will occur.
5. Apparatus
5.1 OvenThe oven shall be electrically heated and shall
conform to the performance requirements of Specification
E 145, Type IB (Gravity-Convection), for operating tempera-
tures up to 180C (356F). During the tests for compliance to
Specification E 145 requirements, the oven shelf, properly
centered as described in 5.1.2 shall be in place and rotating.
5.1.1 ConstructionThe oven shall be rectangular, and
each interior dimension (exclusive of space occupied by the
heating element) shall be a minimum of 330 mm (13 in.) and
a maximum of 535 mm (21 in.). The oven shall have, in front,
a tightly fitted hinged door, which shall provide a clear opening
substantially the same as the interior height and width of the
oven. The door may contain a window with dimensions of at
least 100 by 100 mm (4 by 4 in.) and with two sheets of glass
separated by an air space, through which a vertical thermom-
eter, located as specified in 5.2, may be read without opening
the door; or the oven may be provided with an inner glass door,
through which the thermometer may be observed on opening
the outer door momentarily. The oven shall be adequately
ventilated by convection currents of air and for this purpose
shall be provided with openings for the entrance of air and for
the exit of heated air and vapors. Openings may be of any size
and arrangement provided the requirements of Specification
E 145, Type IB, are met.
5.1.2 Rotating ShelfThe oven shall be provided with a
single metal circular shelf having a minimum diameter of 250
mm (9.8 in.) and a maximum diameter of 450 mm (18 in.). The
shelf construction shall be such that it provides a flat surface
for support of the containers without blocking all air circulation
through the shelf when the containers are in place. The shelf
shall be suspended by a vertical shaft and centered with respect
to the horizontal interior dimensions of the oven and shall be
 D 1754 97 (2002)
provided with a mechanical means of rotating it at the rate of
5.5 6 1.0 r/min. The preferred vertical position for the shelf is
150 mm (6 in.) above the bottom of the oven (exclusive of
space occupied by the heating element), and the shelf shall be
located as close to this position as permitted by compliance
with the requirements of 5.2 regarding thermometer placement.
The shelf shall be constructed or marked in such a way that the
sample containers can be placed in the same position during
each test. There shall be a minimum of two and a maximum of
six sample container positions. Each sample container position
shall be symmetrical with respect to the shaft and to any holes
in the shelf. The number of sample container positions shall be
the maximum that will fit on the shelf without violating the
above requirements and without excessive overhang.
5.2 ThermometerAn ASTM Loss on Heat Thermometer
having a range from 155 to 170C and conforming to the
requirements for Thermometer 13C, as prescribed in Specifi-
cation E 1 shall be used for determining the test temperature.
The thermometer shall be supported from the shaft of the
circular shelf in a vertical position at a point equidistant from
the center and outer edge of the shelf. The bottom of the
thermometer bulb shall be 40 mm (1.5 in.) above the top of the
shelf. The thermometer shall be radially centered over a sample
container position..
5.3 ContainerA cylindrical pan, 140 mm (512 in.) in
inside diameter and 9.5 mm (38 in.) deep with a flat bottom.
Fifty millilitres of the sample in this size container give a film
thickness of approximately 3.2 mm (18 in.). Pans shall be made
of stainless steel and shall have a metal thickness of approxi-
mately 0.64 mm (0.025 in.).
NOTE 1Pans have a tendency to become warped or bent with use.
Although tests indicate that a small amount of warping does not
significantly affect results, frequent inspection to eliminate warped or
damaged pans is advisable. The indicated metal thickness has been found
to provide adequate rigidity without excessive weight. Stainless steel pans
manufactured from 0.6-mm thick (No. 24) stainless sheet gage steel
comply with the recommended thickness. Pans made from 0.48 mm-thick
(No. 26) stainless sheet gage metal are also acceptable but have a greater
tendency to warp during use.
6. Preparation of Samples
6.1 Place sufficient material for the test in a suitable
container and heat to a fluid condition. Extreme care should be
taken so that there is no local overheating of the sample and
that the highest temperature reached is not more than 150C
(302F). Stir the sample during the heating period, but avoid
incorporating air bubbles in the sample. Weigh 506 0.5 g into
each of two or more tared containers meeting the requirements
of 5.3.
6.2 At the same time, pour a portion of the sample into the
containers specified for measurement of original asphalt prop-
erties. Complete the tests by appropriate ASTM test methods.
6.3 If the quantitative value of the mass change is desired,
cool the samples for the oven test to room temperature and
weigh each sample separately to the nearest 0.001 g. If the
mass change is not required, allow the samples to cool to
approximately room temperature before placing in the oven as
directed in 7.2.
2
7. Procedure
7.1 Level the oven so that the shelf rotates in a horizontal
plane. The maximum tilt during rotation shall be not more than
3 from the horizontal.
7.2 Place an empty sample container in each of the prede-
termined sample container positions on the rotating shelf.
Adjust the temperature control so the specified thermometer
(see 5.2) reads 163 6 1C (325 6 2F) when the oven is at
equilibrium. Once adjustment is complete, the empty sample
containers may be removed at the discretion of the operator.
However, the temperature control shall not be readjusted once
any sample containers are removed.
NOTE 2Removing sample containers will affect convection patterns
in the oven, and may cause the thermometer reading to change from the
desired level. This is normal, and occurs because the thermometer is not
in the same location as the temperature control sensor. Replacing the
containers should cause the thermometer reading to return to the original
level.
7.3 With the oven preheated and adjusted as described in
7.2, quickly place the asphalt samples in the predetermined
sample container positions on the circular shelf (Note 3 and
Note 4). Fill any vacant positions with empty sample contain-
ers, so that every sample container position is occupied. Close
the oven door and start rotating the shelf. Maintain the
specified temperature range for 5 h after the sample has been
introduced and the oven has again reached that temperature.
The 5-h period shall start when the temperature reaches 162C
(323F) and in no case shall the total time that a sample is in
the oven be more than 514 h. At the conclusion of the heating
period, remove the samples from the oven. If the mass change
is not being determined, proceed in accordance with 7.5. If the
mass change is being determined, cool to room temperature,
weigh to the nearest 0.001 g, and calculate the mass change on
the basis of the asphalt in each container (Note 5).
NOTE 3Materials having different mass change characteristics should
not generally be tested at the same time due to the possibility of
cross-absorption.
NOTE 4This test method does not prohibit placing an asphalt sample
in the position under the thermometer. However, it is recommended that
this position not be used for a sample, and that an empty pan remain in this
position, in order to minimize the risk associated with thermometer
breakage.
NOTE 5When complete tests cannot be made in the same day, and if
the mass change is being determined, weigh the residues and store them
overnight before reheating. If the mass change is not being determined,
transfer the residue to the 240-mL (8-oz) container as described in 7.5
before storing overnight.
7.4 After weighing the samples, place them on a refactory-
board and then on the shelf of the oven maintained at 163C
(325F). Close the oven and rotate the shelf for 15 min, remove
the samples and board(s), and immediately proceed as de-
scribed in 7.5.
7.5 Transfer the material from each pan into an 240-mL
(8-oz) ointment tin. Remove substantially all of the material
from the pans by scraping with a suitable spatula or putty knife.
Stir the combined residues thoroughly, placing the 240-mL
(8-oz) container on a hot plate to maintain the material in a
 D 1754 97 (2002)
fluid condition if necessary. Complete the tests on residue by
appropriate ASTM test methods within 72 h of performing this
test.
NOTE 6Care should be taken if the sample is reheated more than
once, since excessive reheating can affect the apparent severity of the test.
8. Report
8.1 Report the values of the original asphalt properties
measured in 6.2 and the residue property values as measured in
7.5. Viscosity change may also be expressed as the ratio of the
residual asphalt viscosity to the original asphalt viscosity.
Penetration change is evaluated as the penetration of the
residue expressed as the percentage of the original penetration.
8.2 Report ductility or other test results in accordance with
the appropriate ASTM test methods.
8.3 When determined, report the average mass change of the
material in all containers as mass percent of the original
material. A mass loss shall be reported as a negative number,
while a mass gain shall be reported as a positive number.
NOTE 7This test can result in either a mass loss or a mass gain.
During the test, volatile components evaporate (causing a decrease in
mass), while oxygen reacts with the sample (causing an increase in mass).
The combined effect determines whether the sample has an overall mass
gain or an overall mass loss. Samples with a very low percentage of
volatile components will usually exhibit a mass gain, while samples with
a high percentage of volatile components will usually exhibit a mass loss.
9. Precision and Bias
9.1 Criteria for judging the acceptability of the viscosity at
60C (140F) and 135C (275F), viscosity ratio at 60C
(140F), change in penetration at 25C (77F), and mass
change test results obtained by this method are given in Table
1. The figures given in Column 2 are the standard deviations
that have been found to be appropriate for the materials and
conditions of test described in Column 1. The figures given in
Column 3 are the limits that should not be exceeded by the
difference between the results of two properly conducted tests.
The figures given in Column 4 are the coefficients of variation
that have been found to be appropriate for the materials and
conditions of test described in Column 1. The figures given in
Column 5 are the limits that should not be exceeded by the
difference between the results of two properly conducted tests
expressed as a percent of their mean.
9.2 Criteria for judging the acceptability of ductility data at
15.6C (60F) are given in Table 1. Each test result is the
average of three ductility measurements.
10. Keywords
10.1 aging; asphalt cement; Thin-Film Oven Test (TFOT)

TABLE 1 Precision of Test on Residue

Standard Coefficient of Variation Acceptable Range of
Acceptable Range of
Material and Type Index Deviation (percent of Two Results (percent
Two Results (d2s)
(1s) mean) (1s%) of mean) (d2s%)
Single-operator precision:
Percentage of retained penetration 1.43 4.0 ... ...
Change in mass percentage:
Not more than 0.4 % (max) 0.014 0.04 ... ...
Greater than 0.4 % ... ... 2.9 8.0
Viscosity at 60C (140F) ... ... 3.3 9.3
Viscosity at 135C (275F) ... ... 2.0 5.7
viscosity at 60C ~140F! after test ... ... 5.6 16.0
Ratio:
viscosity at 60C ~140F! before test
Ductility at 15.6C (60F), cmA 7 20
Multilaboratory precision:
Percentage of retained penetration 2.90 8.0 ... ...
Change in mass percentage:
Not more than 0.4 % (max) 0.055 0.16 ... ...
Greater than 0.4 % ... ... 14.0 40.0
Viscosity at 60C (140F) ... ... 11.6 33.0
Viscosity at 135C (275F) ... ... 6.4 18.0
Ratio:B ... ... 9.1 26.0
viscosity at 60C ~140F! after test
viscosity at 60C ~140F! before test
Ductility at 15.6C (60F), cmA 12 34
A
This is based on the analysis of data resulting from tests by 60 laboratories on four asphalts with average ductilities ranging from 20 to 40 cm.
B
Multilaboratory precision applicable to asphalt cements having viscosity ratios lower than 3.0. Precision for ratios greater than 3.0 have not been established.

3
 D 1754 97 (2002)
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. RECOMMENDED OVEN
X1.1 Research conducted in 1992 indicates that the severity
of this test is affected by thermometer position, number of
sample containers used, oven geometry and shelf geometry.
These factors were inadequately controlled in earlier versions
of this test, and the 1993 revision addresses these issues.
Factors relating to oven and shelf geometry are being handled
in this appendix as a recommendation rather than a require-
ment, in order to avoid obligating labs to purchase new ovens.
X1.2 A single type of oven was used by approximately
85 % of the 106 labs surveyed in 1992. This oven is described
below, and is now the recommended oven for this test. While
this oven is not required, its use would be expected to improve
reproducibility when compared to alternate ovens.5
X1.3 Recommended Oven Type and ControlThe oven
shall be electrically heated and shall conform to the perfor-
mance requirements of Specification E 145, Type IB (Gravity-
Convection), for operating temperatures up to 180C (356F).
During the tests for compliance to Specification E 145 require-
ments, the oven shelf shall be in place and rotating, with an
empty sample container in each of the four sample container
positions. The oven temperature shall be regulated by a
proportional temperature controller, using a platinum resis-
tance temperature detector or a thermistor sensor mounted 25
mm (1 in.) below the roof of the test chamber, and beneath one
of the vent holes. This temperature sensor shall not be used in
place of the test thermometer described in 5.2.
X1.4 Recommended Oven ConstructionThe oven shall be
rectangular with interior height of 380 mm (15 in.), interior
5
An oven meeting the requirements of the recommended oven is available from
Blue M Electric 138th & Chatham, Blue Island, IL 60406.
4
width of 480 mm (19 in.), and interior depth of 460 mm (18
in.). These dimensions are exclusive of space occupied by the
heating elements and the door. All heating elements shall be
located in the bottom of the oven. The oven shall have, in front,
a tightly fitted hinged door, which shall provide a clear opening
substantially the same as the interior height and width of the
oven. The door shall contain a window with dimensions of at
least 200 mm (8 in.) high and 300 mm (12 in.) wide. The
window shall consist of two sheets of glass separated by an air
space, through which a vertical thermometer, located as speci-
fied in 5.2, may be read without opening the door. The top of
the test chamber shall have exactly two vent openings, one on
each side of the oven. Each opening shall have a diameter of
25 mm (1 in.). Each opening shall be located 75 mm (3 in.)
from the side, and centered between the front and back of the
test chamber. These openings shall remain unobstructed when-
ever the oven is in operation. There shall be no openings on the
sides of the test chamber. Other openings may be of any size
and type provided the requirements of Specification E 145,
Type IB, are met.
X1.5 Recommended Rotating ShelfThe oven shall be
provided with a single cast aluminum shelf, with a diameter of
340 mm (13.5 in.), as shown in Fig. X1.1. The top of the shelf
shall have four raised ribs which define four sample container
positions. Fig. X1.2 shows an overhead view of the shelf, with
four sample containers properly positioned. The shelf shall be
suspended by a vertical shaft and centered with respect to the
horizontal interior dimensions of the test chamber. The shelf
shall be provided with a mechanical means of rotating it at a
rate of 5.5 6 1.0 r/min. The vertical position of the shelf shall
be 150 mm (6 in.) above the bottom of the oven (exclusive of
space occupied by the heating elements).
 D 1754 97 (2002)

NOTE 1There is no direct SI equivalent for screw threads and drill holes, therefore they have been omitted. The controlling dimensions of the screw
and the drill hole, however, have been converted to SI units.
FIG. X1.1 Recommended TFOT Shelf

5
 D 1754 97 (2002)

FIG. X1.2 Recommended TFOT Shelf With Four Pans

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in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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6
 Designation: D 88 94 (Reapproved 1999) American Association State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No: T72
Method 304Federal Test
Method Standard No. 791b
Replaces Method 4285 of Federal Test
Method Standard No. 141A

Standard Test Method for

Saybolt Viscosity1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 88; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity2

1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures for D 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
determining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosities (Bitumens)4
of petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21 D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
and 99C (70 and 210F). A special procedure for waxy Petroleum Products5
products is indicated. D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products5
NOTE 1Test Methods D 445 and D 2170 are preferred for the deter- E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers6
mination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and less
time, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be con-
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
verted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tables in Practice D 2161. It is poses7
recommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic rather E 102 Test Method for Saybolt Furol Viscosity of Bitumi-
than Saybolt viscosities. nous Materials at High Temperatures8
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the 3. Terminology
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.1 Furolan acronym of Fuel and road oils.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.2 Saybolt Furol viscositythe corrected efflux time in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- seconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibrated Furol
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity value is
reported in Saybolt Furol seconds, abbreviated SFS, at a
2. Referenced Documents specified temperature.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.1.3 Saybolt Universal viscositythe corrected efflux time
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens in seconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibrated
Closed Tester2 Universal orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity
D 117 Guide to Test Methods and Specifications for Elec- value is reported in Saybolt Universal seconds, abbreviated
trical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin3 SUS, at a specified temperature.
D 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials4 4. Summary of Test Method
D 244 Test Methods for Emulsified Asphalts4
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent 4.1 The efflux time in seconds of 60 mL of sample, flowing
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic through a calibrated orifice, is measured under carefully
Viscosity)2 controlled conditions. This time is corrected by an orifice
D 2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to factor and reported as the viscosity of the sample at that
temperature.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-8 on Roofing, 5. Significance and Use
Waterproofing, and Bituminous Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D08.05 on Solvent-Bearing Bituminous Compounds for Roofing and 5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing certain
Waterproofing. petroleum products, as one element in establishing uniformity
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 1994. Published November 1994. Originally
published as D 88 21 T. In 1923, combined with former Methods D 47. Last
previous edition D 88 81 (1987)e 1. 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
4 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.

Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 88
of shipments and sources of supply.
5.2 See Guide D 117 for applicability to mineral oils used as
electrical insulating oils.
5.3 The Saybolt Furol viscosity is approximately one tenth
the Saybolt Universal viscosity, and is recommended for
characterization of petroleum products such as fuel oils and
other residual materials having Saybolt Universal viscosities
greater than 1000 s.
5.4 Determination of the Saybolt Furol viscosity of bitumi-
nous materials at higher temperatures is covered by Test
Method E 102.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Saybolt Viscometer and Bath, as shown in Fig. 1 and
described in Annex A1.
6.2 Withdrawal Tube, as shown in Fig. 2.
6.3 Thermometer Support, as shown in Fig. 3.
6.4 Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers, as listed in Table 1, for
reading the temperature of the sample. Each thermometer shall
conform to the requirements listed in Specification E 1 for that
ASTM Thermometer Number.
6.5 Bath ThermometersSaybolt Viscosity thermometers,
or any other temperature-indicating means of equivalent accu-
racy.
6.6 Filter Funnel, as shown in Fig. 4, equipped with
interchangeable 150-m (No. 100) and 75-m (No. 200)
wire-cloth inserts meeting the requirements of Specification
E 11 with respect to the wire cloth.
6.7 Receiving Flask, as shown in Fig. 5.
6.8 Timer, graduated in tenths of a second, and accurate to
within 0.1 % when tested over a 60-min interval. Electric
timers are acceptable if operated on a controlled frequency
circuit.
7. Sampling
7.1 Sample the material in accordance with Practices D 140,
D 4057, or D 4177, as appropriate.
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 Use a Universal orifice or tip for lubricants and distil-
lates with efflux times greater than 32 s to give the desired
accuracy. Liquids with efflux times greater than 1000 s are not
conveniently tested with this orifice.
8.2 Use a Furol orifice or tip for residual materials with
efflux times greater than 25 s to give the desired accuracy. See
also 5.3.
8.3 Clean the viscometer thoroughly with an appropriate
solvent of low toxicity; then remove all solvent from the

NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).

FIG. 1 Saybolt Viscometer with Universal and Furol Orifice

2
 D 88

NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).

FIG. 3 Thermometer Support

TABLE 1 ASTM Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers

Standard Test ASTM Thermometer
Temperature Thermometer
C (F) No. Range C (F) Subdivisions, C (F)

21.1 (70) 17C (17F) 19 to 27 0.1 (0.2)

(66 to 80)
25.0 (77) 17C (17F) 19 to 27 0.1 (0.2)
(66 to 80)
37.8 (100) 18C (18F) 34 to 42 0.1 (0.2)
(94 to 108)
50.0 (122) 19C (19F) 49 to 57 0.1 (0.2)
(120 to 134)
54.4 (130) 19C (19F) 49 to 57 0.1 (0.2)
(120 to 134)
60.0 (140) 20C (20F) 57 to 65 0.1 (0.2)
(134 to 148)
82.2 (180) 21C (21F) 79 to 87 0.1 (0.2)
(174 to 188)
98.9 (210) 22C (22F) 95 to 103 0.1 (0.2)
(204 to 218)

NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).

FIG. 2 Withdrawal Tube for Use with Saybolt Viscometer
viscometer and its gallery. Clean the receiving flask in the same
manner.
NOTE 2The plunger commonly supplied with the viscometer should
never be used for cleaning; its use might damage the overflow rim and
walls of the viscometer.
8.4 Set up the viscometer and bath in an area where they
will not be exposed to drafts or rapid changes in air tempera-
ture, and dust or vapors that might contaminate a sample.
8.5 Place the receiving flask (Fig. 5) beneath the viscometer
so that the graduation mark on the flask is from 100 to 130 mm
(4 to 5 in.) below the bottom of the viscometer tube, and so that
the stream of oil will just strike the neck of the flask.
8.6 Fill the bath to at least 6 mm (14 in.) above the overflow
rim of the viscometer with an appropriate bath medium
selected from Table 2.
8.7 Provide adequate stirring and thermal control for the
bath so that the temperature of a test sample in the viscometer
will not vary more than 60.03C (60.05F) after reaching the
selected test temperature.
8.8 Do not make viscosity measurements at temperatures
below the dew point of the rooms atmosphere.
8.9 For calibration and referee tests, keep the room tem-
perature between 20 and 30C (68 and 86F), and record the
actual temperature. However room temperatures up to 38C
(100F) will not introduce errors in excess of 1 %.
9. Calibration and Standardization
9.1 Calibrate the Saybolt Universal viscometer at periodic
intervals by measuring the efflux time at 37.8C (100F) of an
appropriate viscosity oil standard, following the procedure
given in Section 10. See Annex A2 for viscosity oil standards
available.
9.2 The efflux time of the viscosity oil standard shall equal
the certified Saybolt viscosity value. If the efflux time differs
from the certified value by more than 0.2 %, calculate a
correction factor, F, for the viscometer as follows:
F 5 V/t (1)

3
 D 88

NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).

FIG. 4 Filter Funnel for Use with Saybolt Viscometer

where: 10.1.2 Standard test temperatures for measuring Saybolt

V 5 certified Saybolt viscosity of the standard, and
t 5 measured efflux time at 37.8C (100F), s.
NOTE 3If the calibration is based on a viscosity oil standard having an
efflux time between 200 and 600 s, the correction factor applies to all
viscosity levels at all temperatures.
9.3 Calibrate the Saybolt Furol viscometer at 50.0C
(122F) in the same manner as above, using a viscosity oil
standard having a minimum efflux time of 90 s.
9.4 Viscometers or orifices requiring corrections greater
than 1.0 % shall not be used in referee testing.
10. Procedure
10.1 Establish and control the bath temperature at the
selected test temperature.
10.1.1 Standard test temperatures for measuring Saybolt
Universal viscosities are 21.1, 37.8, 54.4, and 98.9C (70, 100,
130, and 210F).
Furol viscosities are 25.0, 37.8, 50.0, and 98.9C (77, 100, 122,
and 210F).
10.1.3 Other standard test temperatures in use include 60.0
and 82.2C (140 and 180F).
10.2 Insert a cork stopper, having a cord attached for its
easy removal, into the air chamber at the bottom of the
viscometer. The cork shall fit tightly enough to prevent the
escape of air, as evidenced by the absence of oil on the cork
when it is withdrawn later as described.
10.3 If the selected test temperature is above room tempera-
ture, the test may be expedited by preheating the sample in its
original container to not more than 1.7C (3.0F) above the test
temperature. Never preheat any sample to within 28C (50F)
of its flash point (see Test Methods D 93), because volatility
losses might alter its composition.
10.4 Stir the sample well; then strain it through the 150-m
(No. 100) wire cloth in the filter funnel directly into the

4
 D 88
NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.
FIG. 5 Receiving Flask
viscometer until the level is above the overflow rim.
10.5 The viscosities of steam-refined cylinder oils, black
lubricating oils, residual fuel oils, and similar waxy products
can be affected by their thermal histories. Use the following
preheating procedure with such products to obtain uniform
results at temperatures below 93C (200F):
10.5.1 Heat the sample in its original container to about
50C (122F), with stirring and shaking to dissolve and blend
waxy materials. Probe the bottom of the container with a
stirring rod to be certain that all waxy materials are in solution,
and mix well.
10.5.2 Pour about 100 mL into a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask.
Stopper loosely with a cork or rubber stopper.
10.5.3 Immerse the flask in a bath of boiling water for 30
min.
10.5.4 Mix well, remove the sample from the boiling water
bath, wipe the outside of the flask dry, and strain the sample
through the 75-m (No. 200) wire cloth in the filter funnel
directly into the viscometer until the level is above the
overflow rim.
5
10.6 Stir the sample in the viscometer with the appropriate
viscosity thermometer equipped with the thermometer support
(Fig. 3). Use a circular motion at 30 to 50 rpm in a horizontal
plane. When the sample temperature remains constant within
0.03C (0.05F) of the test temperature during 1 min of
continuous stirring, remove the thermometer.
NOTE 4Never attempt to adjust the temperature by immersing hot or
cold bodies in the sample. Such thermal treatment might affect the sample
and the precision of the test.
10.7 Immediately place the tip of the withdrawal tube (Fig.
2) in the gallery at one point, and apply suction to remove oil
until its level in the gallery is below the overflow rim. Do not
touch the overflow rim with the withdrawal tube; the effective
liquid head of the sample would be reduced.
10.8 Check to be sure that the receiving flask is in proper
position; then snap the cork from the viscometer using the
attached cord, and start the timer at the same instant.
10.9 Stop the timer the instant the bottom of the oil
meniscus reaches the graduation mark on the receiving flask.
Record the efflux time in seconds to the nearest 0.1 s.
11. Calculation and Report
11.1 Multiply the efflux time by the correction factor for the
viscometer determined in 9.2.
11.2 Report the corrected efflux time as the Saybolt Univer-
sal or Saybolt Furol viscosity of the oil at the temperature at
which the test was made.
11.2.1 Report values below 200 SUS or SFS to the nearest
0.1 s. Report values of 200 s or higher to the nearest whole
second.
12. Precision and Bias
12.1 Results should not differ from the mean by more than
the following (see Note 5):
12.1.1 Repeatability (one operator and apparatus)1 %.
12.1.2 Reproducibility (different operators and apparatus)
2 %.
NOTE 5For petroleum products, the precision and bias is based on
data from Test Method E 102. For emulsion, use precision and bias
statement in Test Method D 244, Section 38.
13. Keywords
13.1 bituminous materials; kinematic; saybolt; viscosity
 D 88
TABLE 2 Recommended Bath Media
Standard Test Max Temp Bath Temperature Control
Temperature, Recommended Bath Medium Differential,A Functional Precision,
C (F) C (F) C (F)
21.1 (70) water 60.05 (0.10) 60.03 (0.05)
25.0 (77) water 60.05 (0.10) 60.03 (0.05)
37.8 (100) water, or oil of 50 to 70 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) 60.15 (0.25) 60.03 (0.05)
50.0 (122) water, or oil of 120 to 150 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) + 0.20 (0.35) 60.03 (0.05)
54.4 (130) water, or oil of 120 to 150 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) + 0.30 (0.50) 60.03 (0.05)
60.0 (140) water, or oil of 120 to 150 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) + 0.60 (1.0) 60.06 (0.1)
82.2 (180) water or oil of 300 to 370 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) + 0.80 (1.5) 60.06 (0.1)
98.9 (210) oil of 330 to 370 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) + 1.10 (2.0) 60.06 (0.1)
A
Maximum permissible difference between bath and sample temperatures at the time of the test.

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. SAYBOLT VISCOMETER AND ACCESSORIES

A1.1 ViscometerThe viscometer, illustrated in Fig. 1,
shall be constructed entirely of corrosion-resistant metal,
conforming to dimensional requirements shown in Fig. 1. The
orifice tip, Universal or Furol, may be constructed as a
replaceable unit in the viscometer. Provide a nut at the lower
end of the viscometer for fastening it in the bath. Mount
vertically in the bath and test the alignment with a spirit level
on the plane of the gallery rim. Provide a cork or other suitable
means to prevent the flow of sample until the start of the test;
a small chain or cord may be attached to the cork to facilitate
rapid removal.
A1.2 BathThe bath serves both as a support to hold the
viscometer in a vertical position as well as the container for the
bath medium. Equip the bath with effective insulation and with
an efficient stirring device. Provide the bath with a coil for
heating and cooling and with thermostatically controlled heat-
ers capable of maintaining the bath within the functional
precision given in Table 2. The heaters and coil should be
located at least 30 mm from the viscometer. Provide a means
for maintaining the bath medium at least 6 mm (0.25 in.) above
the overflow rim. The bath media are given in Table 2.

A2. VISCOSITY STANDARDS

A2.1 Saybolt Viscosity StandardsViscosity oil standards TABLE A2.1 Saybolt Viscosity Oil StandardsA
conforming to ASTM requirements have certified Saybolt Viscosity Oil Standards
SUs at 37.8C SUs at 98.9C SFs at 50C
viscosity values established by cooperative determinations of (100F) (210F) (122F)

kinematic viscosity values. The kinematic values are converted S3 36 ... ...
S6 46 ... ...
to Saybolt Universal and Saybolt Furol viscosity values by S20 100 ... ...
means of conversion tables given in Practice D 2161. The S60 290 ... ...
approximate Saybolt viscosities are shown in Table A2.1. S200 930 ... ...
S600 ... 150 120
A
A2.2 Standards Conforming to ASTM Saybolt Viscosity These viscosity oil standards are available in 0.5-L (1-pt) containers from the
Cannon Instrument Co., P. O. Box 16, State College, PA 16801.
Standards The viscosity standards may also be used for
routine calibrations at other temperatures as shown in Table
A2.1. Other reference liquids, suitable for routine calibrations, A2.3 Routine CalibrationsThe viscosity standards may
may be established by selecting stable oils covering the desired also be used for routine calibrations at other temperatures as
range and determining their viscosities in a viscometer cali- shown in Table A2.1.
brated with a standard conforming to ASTM requirements.

6
 D 88
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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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7
 Designation: D 1883 99
Standard Test Method for
CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted
Soils1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope *
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the CBR
(California Bearing Ratio) of pavement subgrade, subbase, and
base/course materials from laboratory compacted specimens.
The test method is primarily intended for but not limited to,
evaluating the strength of cohesive materials having maximum
particle sizes less than 34 in. (19 mm).
NOTE 1The agency performing this test can be evaluated in accor-
dance with Practice D 3740.
Not withstanding statements on precision and bias contained in this
Standard: The precision of this test method is dependent on the compe-
tence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment
and facilities used. Agencies which meet the criteria of Practice D 3740
are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users
of this method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does
not in itself assure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many
factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those
factors.
1.2 When materials having maximum particle sizes greater
than 34 in. (19 mm) are to be tested, this test method provides
for modifying the gradation of the material so that the material
used for tests all passes the 34-in. sieve while the total gravel
( +No. 4 to 3 in.) fraction remains the same. While traditionally
this method of specimen preparation has been used to avoid the
error inherent in testing materials containing large particles in
the CBR test apparatus, the modified material may have
significantly different strength properties than the original
material. However, a large experience base has developed
using this test method for materials for which the gradation has
been modified, and satisfactory design methods are in use
based on the results of tests using this procedure.
1.3 Past practice has shown that CBR results for those
materials having substantial percentages of particles retained
on the No. 4 sieve are more variable than for finer materials.
Consequently, more trials may be required for these materials
to establish a reliable CBR.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and
Construction Control Tests.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1999. Published May 1999. Originally
published as D 1883 61T. Last previous edition D 1883 94.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
1.4 This test method provides for the determination of the
CBR of a material at optimum water content or a range of
water content from a specified compaction test and a specified
dry unit weight. The dry unit weight is usually given as a
percentage of maximum dry unit weight from the compaction
tests of Test Methods D 698 or D 1557.
1.5 The agency requesting the test shall specify the water
content or range of water content and the dry unit weight for
which the CBR is desired.
1.6 Unless specified otherwise by the requesting agency, or
unless it has been shown to have no effect on test results for the
material being tested, all specimens shall be soaked prior to
penetration.
1.7 For the determination of CBR of field compacted
materials, see Test Method D 4429.
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The SI equivalents shown in parentheses may
be approximate.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils2
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids2
D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600
kN-m/m3))2
D 1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3
(2,700 kN-m/m3))2
D 2168 Test Methods for Calibration of Laboratory
Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors2
D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock2
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
 D 1883 99
D 2487 Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes
(Unified Soil Classification System)2
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
(Visual-Manual Procedure)2
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements of Agencies
Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
as Used in Engineering Design and Construction2
D 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
Plasticity Index of Soils2
D 4429 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratios)
of Soils in Place2
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 For tests performed on materials compacted to one
water content, three specimens are prepared. The specimens
are compacted using three different compactive efforts to
obtain unit weights both above and below the desired unit
weight. After allowing specimens to take on water by soaking,
or other specified treatment such as curing, each specimen is
subjected to penetration by a cylindrical rod. Results of stress
(load) versus penetration depth are plotted to determine the
CBR for each specimen. The CBR at the specified density is
determined from a graph of CBR versus dry unit weight.
3.2 For tests in which the result is to be determined for a
water content range, a series of specimens at each of three
compactive efforts are prepared over the range of water content
of interest. The compactive efforts are chosen to produce unit
weights above and below the desired unit weight. After
allowing the specimens to take on water by soaking, or other
specified treatment such as curing, each specimen is pen-
etrated. Results are plotted to obtain the CBR for each
specimen. A plot of CBR versus unit weight for each water
content is made to determine the minimum CBR for the water
content range of interest.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is used to evaluate the potential
strength of subgrade, subbase, and base course material,
including recycled materials for use in road and airfield
pavements. The CBR value obtained in this test forms an
integral part of several flexible pavement design methods.
4.2 For applications where the effect of compaction water
content on CBR is small, such as cohesionless, coarse-grained
materials, or where an allowance is made for the effect of
differing compaction water contents in the design procedure,
the CBR may be determined at the optimum water content of
a specified compaction effort. The dry unit weight specified is
normally the minimum percent compaction allowed by the
using agencys field compaction specification.
4.3 For applications where the effect of compaction water
content on CBR is unknown or where it is desired to account
for its effect, the CBR is determined for a range of water
content, usually the range of water content permitted for field
compaction by using agencys field compaction specification.
4.4 The criteria for test specimen preparation of self ce-
menting (and other) materials which gain strength with time
must be based on a geotechnical engineering evaluation. As
directed by the engineer, self cementing materials shall be
2
properly cured until bearing ratios representing long term
service conditions can be measured.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Loading MachineThe loading machine shall be
equipped with a movable head or base that travels at a uniform
(not pulsating) rate of 0.05 in. (1.27 mm)/min for use in forcing
the penetration piston into the specimen. The machine shall be
equipped with a load-indicating device that can be read to 10
lbf (44 N) or less. The minimum capacity of the loading
machine shall be based on the requirements indicated in Table
1.
5.2 MoldThe mold shall be a rigid metal cylinder with an
inside diameter of 6 6 0.026 in. (152.4 6 0.66 mm) and a
height of 7 6 0.018 in. (177.8 6 0.46 mm). It shall be provided
with a metal extension collar at least 2.0 in. (50.8 mm) in
height and a metal base plate having at least twenty eight
116-in. (1.59-mm) diameter holes uniformly spaced over the
plate within the inside circumference of the mold. When
assembled with spacer disc in place in the bottom of the mold,
the mold shall have an internal volume (excluding extension
collar) of 0.075 6 0.0009 ft (2124 6 25 cm). Fig. 1 shows a
satisfactory mold design. A calibration procedure should be
used to confirm the actual volume of the mold with the spacer
disk inserted. Suitable calibrations are contained in Test
Methods D 698 and D 1557.
5.3 Spacer DiskA circular metal spacer disc (see Fig. 1)
having a minimum outside diameter of 51516 in. (150.8 mm)
but no greater than will allow the spacer to easily slip into the
mold. The spacer disc shall be 2.4166 0.005 in. (61.37 6
0.127 mm) in height.
5.4 RammerA rammer as specified in either Test Methods
D 698 or D 1557 except that if a mechanical rammer is used it
must be equipped with a circular foot, and when so equipped,
must provide a means for distributing the rammer blows
uniformly over the surface of the soil when compacting in a
6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter mold. The mechanical rammer must
be calibrated and adjusted in accordance with Test Methods
D 2168.
5.5 Expansion-Measuring Apparatus An adjustable metal
stem and perforated metal plate, similar in configuration to that
shown in Fig. 1. The perforated plate shall be 578 to 51516 in.
(149.23 to 150.81 mm) in diameter and have at least forty-two
116-in. (1.59-mm) diameter holes uniformly spaced over the
plate. A metal tripod to support the dial gage for measuring the
amount of swell during soaking is also required.
5.6 WeightsOne or two annular metal weights having a
total mass of 4.54 6 0.02 kg and slotted metal weights each
having masses of 2.27 6 0.02 kg. The annular weight shall be
578 to 51516 in. (149.23 to 150.81 mm) in diameter and shall
have a center hole of approximately 218in. (53.98 mm).
TABLE 1 Minimum Load Capacity
Maximum Measurable CBR Minimum Load Capacity
(lbf) (kN)
20 2500 11.2
50 5000 22.3
>50 10 000 44.5
 D 1883 99
TABLE 2 Metric Equivalents
Inch-Pound Metric Metric Metric
Inch-Pound Inch-Pound
Units, in. Equivalent, Equivalent, Equivalent,
Units, in. Units, in.
mm mm mm
0.003 0.076
19 32 15.08 312 88.90
0.005 0.127
58 15.88 334 95.25
0.135 3.43 34 19.10 414 108.0
0.201 5.11 1516 23.81 412 114.3
0.4375 11.11 1 25.40 434 120.7
0.4378 11.12 118 28.58 578 149.2
0.510 12.95 114 31.8 51516 150.8
0.633 16.08 138 34.9 6 152.0
1.370 34.60 112 38.10 6732 158.0
1.375 34.93 134 44.5 612 165.1
1.954 49.63 11316 46.04 7 177.8
2.416 61.37 11516 49.21 712 190.1
116 1.59 2 50.80 838 212.7
732 5.56 218 53.98 812 215.9
14 6.35 215 55.9 938 238.1
38 9.53 214 57.2 1414 362.0
716 11.11 212 63.50 18 457.2
1532 11.91 234 69.85 3214 719.2
12 12.70 23132 75.41 3658 930.3
1732 13.49 3 76.20 39 990.6
Inch-Pound Metric Inch-Pound Metric
Units, lb Equivalent, kg Units, psi Equivalent, MPa
0.04 0.02 200 1.4
0.05 0.02 400 2.8
0.12 0.05 600 4.1
0.59 0.27 800 5.5
0.71 0.32 1000 6.9
0.75 0.34 1200 8.3
3.20 1.45 1400 9.7
5.00 2.27
10.00 4.54

5.7 Penetration PistonA metal piston 1.954 6 0.005 in.
(49.63 6 0.13 mm) in diameter and not less than 4 in. (101.6
mm) long (see Fig. 1). If, from an operational standpoint, it is
advantageous to use a piston of greater length, the longer
piston may be used.
5.8 GagesTwo dial gages reading to 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)
with a range of 0.200 minimum.
5.9 Miscellaneous ApparatusOther general apparatus
such as a mixing bowl, straightedge, scales, soaking tank or
pan, oven, fast filtering high wet strength filter paper, dishes,
and 2-in., 34-in. and No. 4 sieves.
6. Sample
6.1 The sample shall be handled and specimen(s) for com-
paction shall be prepared in accordance with the procedures
given in Test Methods D 698 or D 1557 for compaction in a
6-in. (152.4-mm) mold except as follows:
6.1.1 If all material passes a 34-in. (19-mm) sieve, the entire
gradation shall be used for preparing specimens for compaction
without modification. If there is material retained on the 34-in.
(19-mm) sieve, the material retained on the 34-in. (19-mm)
sieve shall be removed and replaced by an equal amount of
material passing the 34-in. (19-mm) sieve and retained on the
No. 4 sieve obtained by separation from portions of the sample
not otherwise used for testing.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 Bearing Ratio at Optimum Water Content OnlyUsing
material prepared as described in 6.1, conduct a control
compaction test with a sufficient number of test specimens to
definitely establish the optimum water content for the soil
using the compaction method specified, either Test Methods
D 698 or D 1557. A previously performed compaction test on
the same material may be substituted for the compaction test
just described, provided that if the sample contains material
retained on the 34-in. (19-mm) sieve, soil prepared as described
in 6.1 is used (Note 1).
NOTE 2Maximum dry unit weight obtained from a compaction test
performed in a 4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter mold may be slightly greater
than the maximum dry unit weight obtained from compaction in the 6-in.
(152.4-mm) compaction mold or CBR mold.
7.1.1 For cases where the CBR is desired at 100 % maxi-
mum dry unit weight and optimum water content, compact a
specimen using the specified compaction procedure, either Test
Methods D 698 or D 1557, from soil prepared to within 60.5
percentage point of optimum water content in accordance with
Test Method D 2216.
NOTE 3Where the maximum dry unit weight was determined from
compaction in the 4-in. (101.6-mm) mold, it may be necessary to compact
specimens as described in 7.1.2, using 75 blows per layer or some other
value sufficient to produce a specimen having a density equal to or greater
than that required.
7.1.2 Where the CBR is desired at optimum water content
and some percentage of maximum dry unit weight, compact
three specimens from soil prepared to within 60.5 percentage
point of optimum water content and using the specified
compaction but using a different number of blows per layer for

3
 D 1883 99

NOTE 1See Table 2 for metric equivalents.

FIG. 1 Bearing Ratio Test Apparatus

each specimen. The number of blows per layer shall be varied
as necessary to prepare specimens having unit weights above
and below the desired value. Typically, if the CBR for soil at
95 % of maximum dry unit is desired, specimens compacted
using 56, 25, and 10 blows per layer is satisfactory. Penetration
shall be performed on each of these specimens.
7.2 Bearing Ratio for a Range of Water ContentPrepare
specimens in a manner similar to that described in 7.1 except
that each specimen used to develop the compaction curve shall
be penetrated. In addition, the complete water content-unit
weight relation for the 25-blow and 10-blow per layer com-
pactions shall be developed and each test specimen compacted
shall be penetrated. Perform all compaction in the CBR mold.
In cases where the specified unit weight is at or near 100 %
maximum dry unit weight, it will be necessary to include a
compactive effort greater than 56-blows per layer (Note 3).
NOTE 4A semilog log plot of dry unit weight versus compactive effort
usually gives a straight line relation when compactive effort in ft-lb/ft3 is
plotted on the log scale. This type of plot is useful in establishing the
compactive effort and number of blows per layer needed to bracket the
specified dry unit weight and water content range.
7.2.1 If the sample is to be soaked, take a representative
sample of the material, for the determination of moisture, at the
beginning of compaction and another sample of the remaining
material after compaction. Use Test Method D 2216 to deter-
mine the moisture content. If the sample is not to be soaked,
take a moisture content sample in accordance with Test
Methods D 698 or D 1557 if the average moisture content is
desired.
7.2.2 Clamp the mold (with extension collar attached) to the
base plate with the hole for the extraction handle facing down.
Insert the spacer disk over the base plate and place a disk of
filter paper on top of the spacer disk. Compact the soil-water
mixture into the mold in accordance with 7.1, 7.1.1, or 7.1.2.
7.2.3 Remove the extension collar and carefully trim the
compacted soil even with the top of the mold by means of a
straightedge. Patch with smaller size material any holes that
may have developed in the surface by the removal of coarse
material. Remove the perforated base plate and spacer disk,
weigh, and record the mass of the mold plus compacted soil.
Place a disk of coarse filter paper on the perforated base plate,
invert the mold and compacted soil, and clamp the perforated
base plate to the mold with compacted soil in contact with the
filter paper.
7.2.4 Place the surcharge weights on the perforated plate
and adjustable stem assembly and carefully lower onto the
compacted soil specimen in the mold. Apply a surcharge equal
to the weight of the base material and pavement within 2.27 kg
(5 lb), but in no case shall the total weight used be less than
4.54 kg (10 lb). If no pavement weight is specified, use 4.54 kg.

4
 D 1883 99
Immerse the mold and weights in water allowing free access of
water to the top and bottom of the specimen. Take initial
measurements for swell and allow the specimen to soak for 96
h. Maintain a constant water level during this period. A shorter
immersion period is permissible for fine grained soils or
granular soils that take up moisture readily, if tests show that
the shorter period does not affect the results. At the end of 96
h, take final swell measurements and calculate the swell as a
percentage of the initial height of the specimen.
7.2.5 Remove the free water and allow the specimen to
drain downward for 15 min. Take care not to disturb the surface
of the specimen during the removal of the water. It may be
necessary to tilt the specimen in order to remove the surface
water. Remove the weights, perforated plate, and filter paper,
and determine and record the mass.
8. Procedure for Bearing Test
8.1 Place a surcharge of weights on the specimen sufficient
to produce an intensity of loading equal to the weight of the
base material. If no pavement weight is specified, use 4.54 kg
mass. If the specimen has been soaked previously, the sur-
charge shall be equal to that used during the soaking period. To
prevent upheaval of soil into the hole of the surcharge weights,
place the 2.27 kg annular weight on the soil surface prior to
seating the penetration piston, after which place the remainder
of the surcharge weights.
NOTE 1See Table 2 for metric equivalents.
FIG. 2 Correction of Load-Penetration Curves
8.2 Seat the penetration piston with the smallest possible
load, but in no case in excess of 10 lbf (44 N). Set both the
stress and penetration gages to zero. This initial load is required
5
FIG. 3 Dry Density Versus CBR
to ensure satisfactory seating of the piston and shall be
considered as the zero load when determining the load pen-
etration relation. Anchor the strain gage to the load measuring
device, if possible; in no case attach it to the testing machines
support bars (legs).
NOTE 5At high loads the supports may torque and affect the reading
of the penetration gage. Checking the depth of piston penetration is one
means of checking for erroneous strain indications.
8.3 Apply the load on the penetration piston so that the rate
of penetration is approximately 0.05 in. (1.27 mm)/min.
Record the load readings at penetrations of 0.025 in. (0.64
mm), 0.050 in. (1.27 mm), 0.075 in. (1.91 mm), 0.100 in. (2.54
mm), 0.125 in. (3.18 mm), 0.150 in. (3.81 mm), 0.175 in. (4.45
mm), 0.200 in. (5.08 mm), 0.300 in. (7.62 mm), 0.400 in.
(10.16 mm) and 0.500 in. (12.70 mm). Note the maximum load
and penetration if it occurs for a penetration of less than 0.500
in. (12.70 mm). With manually operated loading devices, it
may be necessary to take load readings at closer intervals to
control the rate of penetration. Measure the depth of piston
penetration into the soil by putting a ruler into the indentation
and measuring the difference from the top of the soil to the
bottom of the indentation. If the depth does not closely match
the depth of penetration gage, determine the cause and test a
new sample.
8.4 Remove the soil from the mold and determine the
moisture content of the top 1-in. (25.4-mm) layer. Take a
moisture content sample in accordance with Test Methods
D 698 or D 1557 if the average moisture content is desired.
Each moisture content sample shall weigh not less than 100 g
for fine-grained soils nor less than 500 g for granular soils.
NOTE 6The load readings at penetrations of over 0.300 in. (7.6 mm)
may be omitted if the testing machines capacity has been reached.
9. Calculation
9.1 Load-Penetration CurveCalculate the penetration
stress in pounds per square inch or megapascals and plot the
stress-penetration curve. In some instances, the stresspenetra-
tion curve may be concave upward initially, because of surface
 D 1883 99

NOTE 1Surcharge = 50 lb soaking and penetration. All samples soaked top and bottom four days. All samples compacted in 5 layers, 10-lb hammer,
18-in. drop in CBR mold.
FIG. 4 Determining CBR for Water Content Range and Minimum Dry Unit Weight

irregularities or other causes, and in such cases the zero point
shall be adjusted as shown in Fig. 2.
NOTE 7Fig. 2 should be used as an example of correction of
load-penetration curves only. It is not meant to imply that the 0.2-in.
penetration is always more than the 0.1-in. penetration.
9.2 Bearing RatioUsing corrected stress values taken
from the stress penetration curve for 0.100 in. (2.54 mm) and
0.200 in. (5.08 mm) penetrations, calculate the bearing ratios
for each by dividing the corrected stresses by the standard
stresses of 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) and 1500 psi (10.3 MPa)
respectively, and multiplying by 100. Also, calculate the
bearing ratios for the maximum stress, if the penetration is less
than 0.200 in. (5.08 mm) interpolating the standard stress. The
bearing ratio reported for the soil is normally the one at 0.100
in. (2.54 mm) penetration. When the ratio at 0.200 in. (5.08
mm) penetration is greater, rerun the test. If the check test gives
a similar result, use the bearing ratio at 0.200 in. (5.08 mm)
penetration.
NOTE 8If bearing ratio values at penetrations of 0.300 (7.62 mm),
0.400 (10.16 mm) and 0.500 in. (12.7 mm) are desired, the corrected stress
values of these penetrations should be divided by the standard stresses of
1900 psi (13.1 MPa), 2300 psi (15.9 MPa), 2600 psi (17.9 MPa),
respectively, and multiplied by 100.
9.3 Design CBR for One Water Content OnlyUsing the
data obtained from the three specimens, plot the CBR versus
molded dry unit weight relation as illustrated in Fig. 3.
Determine the design CBR at the percentage of the maximum
dry unit weight requested.
9.4 Design CBR for Water Content Range Plot the data
from the tests at the three compactive efforts as shown in Fig.
4. The data plotted as shown represents the response of the soil
over the range of water content specified. Select the CBR for
reporting as the lowest CBR within the specified water content
range having a dry unit weight between the specified minimum
and the dry unit weight produced by compaction within the
water content range.
10. Report
10.1 The report shall include the following:

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 D 1883 99
10.1.1 Method used for preparation and compaction of 11.2 At present, sufficient data for determining the precision
specimen: Test Methods D 698 or D 1557, or other, with of this test method has not been gathered. Users are encouraged
description. to submit data to the subcommittee for inclusion in the
10.1.2 Condition of sample (unsoaked or soaked). statement. One user, based on seven repetitions, has developed
10.1.3 Dry density (unit weight) of sample before soaking, a IS % of 8.2 % (compacted per Test Method D 698) and 5.9 %
kg/m3 (lb/ft3). (compacted per Test Method D 1557). See Appendix X1 for the
10.1.4
3
Dry density (unit weight) of sample after soaking data used.
kg/m (lb/ft3).
10.1.5 Moisture content of sample in percent: 12. Keywords
10.1.5.1 Before compaction.
10.1.5.2 After compaction. 12.1 This standard is indexed under the following terms:
10.1.5.3 Top 1-in (25.4-mm) layer after soaking. California Bearing Ratio Used For, Narrower Term
Pavement Subgrade Used For, Narrower Term
10.1.5.4 Average after soaking. Subgrade Related Term, Broader Term
10.1.6 Swell (percentage of initial height). Pavement Subbase Used For, Narrower Term
10.1.7 Bearing ratio of sample (unsoaked or soaked), per- Subbase Used For, Broader Term
Pavement Base Course Used For, Narrower Term
cent. Base Course Used For, Broader Term
10.1.8 Surcharge amount. Strength of Soil Used For
10.1.9 Any special sample preparation and testing proce- Pavement Design Used For, Narrower Term
Acceptance Tests Used For
dures (for example: for self cementing materials). Bearing Capacity Used For
10.1.10 Sample identification (location, boring number, Materials Evaluations Used For
etc.). Bearing Ratio Used For, Broader Term
Load Penetration Curve Used For
10.1.11 Any pertinent testing done to identify the sample Design Used For, Broader Term
such as: soil classifications per Test Method D 2487, visual Earthfill Related To
classification per Practice D 2488, Atterberg limits per Test Cohesive Soils Used For
Compressive Strength Used For
Method D 4318, gradation per Method D 422 etc. Flexible Pavements Used For
10.1.12 The percent material retained on the 19-mm sieve FoundationInvestigations Used For
for those cases where scalping and replacement is used. Soil Tests Used For

11. Precision and Bias

11.1 No available methods provide absolute values for the
soil bearing strength derived by this test method; therefore,
there is no meaningful way to obtain an evaluation of bias.

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 D 1883 99

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. Compactive Effort

See Fig. X1.1for more information.

FIG. X1.1 Compactive Effort

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

(1) Terminology D 653 was added to Section 2.

(2) Wording in Fig. 1 was changed from equally spaced to 2 is the former Table 1.
uniformly spaced to match the wording in the text. (4) This Summary of Changes section has been added.
(3) Section 5.1 was revised and a new Table 1 was added. Table

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