Syllabus in

Constitutional Law II
Atty. V. Paul Le. Montejo
PRELIMINARIES

Academic Freedom
CASES:
Garcia vs. Faculty of Admission (G.R. No. L-40779, 28 November 1975, 68 SCRA
277)
DLSU vs. CA (G.R. No. 127980, 19 December 2007, 541 SCRA 22)
CSC vs. Sojor (G.R. No. 168766, 22 May 2008, 554 SCRA 160)
Mercado vs. AMA (G.R. No. 183572, 13 April 2010, 618 SCRA 218)
Calawag vs. UP Visayas (G.R. No. 207412, 7 August 2013, 703 SCRA 373)

ANNOTATION:
(313 SCRA 428)

INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

I. DUE PROCESS AND EQUAL PROTECTION AS LIMITATIONS ON POLICE POWER,

EMINENT DOMAIN AND TAXATION

A. Fundamental Principles on Constitutional Law and the Bill of Rights

CASES:
Manila Prince Hotel vs. GSIS (G.R. No. 122156, 3 February 1997, 267 SCRA 408)
Taada vs. Angara (G.R. No. 118295, 2 May 1997, 272 SCRA 18)
Domino vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 134015, 19 July 1999, 310 SCRA 546)
Pamatong vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 161872, 13 April 2004, 427 SCRA 96)
Yrasuegi vs. PAL (G.R. No. 168081, 17 October 2008, 569 SCRA 467)
Datu Michael Abas Kida vs. Senate (G.R. No. 196271, 18 October 2011, 659
SCRA 270)
Datu Michael Abas Kida vs. Senate (G.R. No. 196271, 28 February 2012, 667
SCRA 270)
Chavez vs. JBC (G.R. No. 202242, 17 July 2012, 676 SCRA 579)
Chavez vs. JBC (G.R. No. 202242, 16 April 2013, 696 SCRA 496, 2013)

B. Basic Principles on the Fundamental Powers of the State, their characteristics,

similarities and distinctions, and their limitations

C. Due Process in General

Article III, Section 1, 1987 Constitution
Procedural and Substantive
Publication of Laws Taada Rulings, E.O. 200
CASES:
People vs. Siton (G.R. No. 169364, 18 September 2009, 600 SCRA 476)
DLSU vs. CA (G.R. No. 127980, 19 December 2007, 541 SCRA 22)
Romualdez vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 167011, 30 April 2008, 573 SCRA 639)
Garcillano vs. Committees (G.R. No. 170338, 23 December 2008, 575 SCRA
170)
Placido vs. NLRC (G.R. No. 180888, 18 September 2009, 600 SCRA 697)
Mendoza vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 188308, 15 October 2009, 603 SCRA 692)
Surigao Electric vs. ERC (G.R. No. 183626, 04 October 2010, 632 SCRA 96)
Heritage Hotel vs. Nunhrain (G.R. No. 178296, 12 January 2011, 638 SCRA 420)

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 Bocea vs. Teves (G.R. No. 181704, 06 December 2011, 661 SCRA 589)
Cabalit vs. COA (663 SCRA 133, 2012)
Ylaya vs. Gacott (689 SCRA 452, 2013)

D. Due Process and Police Power

CASES:
White Light Corporation vs. City of Manila (576 SCRA 1416, 2009)
Office of the Solicitor vs. Ayala (600 SCRA 617, 2009)
BSP MB vs. Antonio-Valenzuela (602 SCRA 638, 2009)
Roxas & Co. vs. Damba-NFSW (607 SCRA 33, 2009)
Chevron vs. BCDA (630 SCRA 519, 2010)
Espina vs. Zamora (631 SCRA 17, 2010)
Fernando vs. St. Scholastica (693 SCRA 141, 2013)
Legaspi vs. City of Cebu (711 SCRA 771, 2013)
Manila Memorial vs. DSWD (711 SCRA 302, 2013)

E. Due Process and Eminent Domain

Article III, Section 9, 1987 Constitution
CASES:
Apo Fruits vs. LBP (632 SCRA 727, 2010)
Abad vs. Filhomes Realty (636 SCRA 247, 2010)
Vda. De Ouano vs. Republic (642 SCRA 384, 2011)
NPC vs. Heirs of Sangkay (656 SCRA 60, 2011)
Republic vs. Samson-Tatad (696 SCRA 809, 2013)
Sy vs. LG of Quezon City (697 SCRA 621, 2013)
Sec. of DPWH vs. Tecson (700 SCRA 243, 2013)
NPC vs. Cruz (702 SCRA 359, 2013)
Dycoco vs. CA (702 SCRA 566, 2013)
LBP vs. American Rubber Corp. (702 SCRA 166, 2013)
Republic vs. BPI (705 SCRA 560, 2013)
Manila Memorial vs. DSWD (711 SCRA 302, 2013)

ANNOTATION:
Just Compensation in Eminent Domain (686 SCRA 869)

F. Equal Protection
Article III, Section 1, 1987 Constitution

1. Economic Equality
Article II, Section 14
Article III, Section 11 (Free Access)
Article VIII, Section 5, Paragraph 5 (Legal Aid)
Article XII, Section 2 (Marine Resources)
Article XII, Section 10 (Nationalization)
Article XIII, Sections 1-2 (Social Justice)
Article XIII, Section 3 (Protection to Labor)

2. Political Equality
Article IX-C, Section 10 (Discrimination)
Article XIII, Section 1 (Social Justice)
CASES:
Dumlao vs. COMELEC (95 SCRA 392, 1980)
Quinto vs. COMELEC (606 SCRA 258, 2009; February 2010 Decision)
Ang Ladlad vs. COMELEC (618 SCRA 32, 2010)

3.Social Equality
Article XIII, Section 1
ANNOTATION:

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 Social Justice (645 SCRA 401, 2011)

4. Other Cases
Trillanes vs. Pimentel (556 SCRA 471)
Soriano vs. Laguardia (587 SCRA 79, 2009)
Chamber of Real vs. Romulo (614 SCRA 605, 2010)
Bocea vs. Teves (661 SCRA 589, 2011)
Del Castillo vs. People (664 SCRA 450, 2012)
Commissioner of Customs vs. Hypermix Feeds (664 SCRA666, 2012)
Manotok vs. Heirs of Barque (667 SCRA 472, 2012)
Garcia vs. Drilon (699 SCRA 667, 2013)
Aquino vs. PPA (696 SCRA 666, 2013)
National Artist vs. Executive Secretary (701 SCRA 269, 2013)

ANNOTATION:
Revisiting Fundamental Concepts in Constitutional Law (663 SCRA 661,
2012)

II. REQUIREMENTS OF FAIR PROCEDURE

A. Arrests, Searches and Seizures, Privacy of Communications

Article III, Section 2, 1987 Constitution
Article III, Section 3, 1987 Constitution

1. Requirements for Search Warrants

See Rule 126 of the Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure
CASES:
In Re Morales (571 SCRA 361, 2008)
People vs. Nuez (591 SCRA 394, 2009)
Del Rosario vs. Donato Sr. (614 SCRA 332, 2010)
People vs. Tuan (628 SCRA 226, 2010)
People vs. Mamaril (632 SCRA 369, 2010)
Tan vs. De Jemil (638 SCRA 671, 2010)
Pollo vs. Constantino-David (659 SCRA 189, 2011)

ANNOTATION:
Search and Seizure (291 SCRA 418)
Warrantless Search and Seizure of Prohibited Drugs (610 SCRA 670,
2010)
Search and Seizure (643 SCRA 637, 2011)
Law and Jurisprudence on Search Warrants and Warrantless
Searches (664 SCRA 450, 2012)

2. Valid Instances of Warrantless Searches and Seizures

a. Search of Moving Vehicles

CASES:
Epie vs. Ulat-Marredo (518 SCRA 641, 2007)
People vs. Tuason (532 SCRA 152, 2007)
People vs. Mariacos (621 SCRA 327, 2010)

b. Search Incident to a Valid Arrest

See Rule 126, Section 12, Rules on Criminal Procedure
CASES:
Del Castillo vs. People (664 SCRA 450, 2012)
Luz vs. People (667 SCRA 421, 2012)
Ambre vs. People (678 SCRA 552, 2012)
People vs. Belocura (679 SCRA 318, 2012)

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 Martinez vs. People (690 SCRA 656, 2013)

c. When things seized are within plain view of a searching party

CASES:
Abenes vs. CA (515 SCRA 690, 2007)
Esquillo vs. People (629 SCRA 370, 2010)
People vs. Martinez (637 SCRA 791, 2010)

ANNOTATION:
Plain View Doctrine (609 SCRA 434, 2009)

d. Stop and Frisk

CASES:
Posadas vs. CA (188 SCRA 288, 1990)
People vs. Mengote (210 SCRA 14, 1992)
Manalili vs. CA (280 SCRA 400, 1998)
Esquillo vs. People (629 SCRA 370, 2010)

e. Express Waiver
CASES:
Veroy vs. Layague (210 SCRA 92, 1992)
People vs. Nuevas (516 SCRA 463, 2007)
People vs. Dequina (640 SCRA 111, 2011)
People vs. Uyboco (640 SCRA 146, 2011)

f. Search of Warehouse in Violation of Customs and Tariff Code or to

Enforce Customs Laws
CASES:
Bureau of Customs vs. Ogario (329 SCRA 289, 2000)
Rieta vs. People (436 SCRA 237, 2004)
Salvador vs. People (436 SCRA 489, 2005)

g. Exigency
CASE:
People vs. De Gracia (233 SCRA 716, 1994)

h. Search and Seizure by Private Persons

CASES:
People vs. Marti (193 SCRA 57, 1991)
Waterous Drug Corp vs. NLRC (280 SCRA 735)
People vs. Mendoza (301 SCRA 66, 1999)
People vs. Bongcarawan (G.R. No. 143944, 11 July 2002, 384
SCRA 525)

i. Airport Security
CASES:
Martinez vs. People (690 SCRA 656, 2013)
Sales vs. People (690 SCRA 141, 2013)
People vs. Cadidia (707 SCRA 494, 2013)

j. Jail Safety
CASE:
People vs. Conde (356 SCRA 525, 2002)

3. Constitutionality of checkpoints and "areal target zonings"

CASES:
Valmonte vs. De Villa (170 SCRA 256, 1989)
Valmonte vs. De Villa (185 SCRA 665, 1990)

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 People vs. Exala (221 SCRA 494, 1993)
Guanzon vs. De Villa (181 SCRA 623, 1990)
Abenes vs. CA (515 SCRA 690, 2007)

4. Wire Tapping
Republic Act No. 4200
CASE:
Gaanan vs. IAC (145 SCRA 112, 1986)

5. What may be seized

Rule 126, Section 2

6. Remedies in Cases of Violation

a. Exclusionary Rule
Article III, Section 3, Paragraph 2
CASE:
Stonehill vs. Diokno (20 SCRA 383, 1967)

Waiver
CASE:
Pastrano vs. CA (281 SCRA 254, 1997)

b. Civil Action for Damages (Article 32, NCC)

CASES:
Aberca vs. Ver (160 SCRA 590, 1988)
Forbes vs. Chuoco Tiaco (16 Phil. 534, 1910)

c. Criminal Cases Under Revised Penal Code

Articles 128, 129 & 130

7. Requirements for Issuance of Warrants of Arrest

Section 6, Rule 112, Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure
Compare with Section 4, Rule 126
CASES:
People vs. Martinez (637 SCRA 791, 2010)
Luz vs. People (667 SCRA 421, 2012)
People vs. Mariano (685 SCRA 592, 2012)

8. When arrest may be made without a warrant

Rule 113, Section 5

a. Strict enforcement of rule

CASES:
People vs. Uyboco (640 SCRA 146, 2011)
Ambre vs. People (678 SCRA 552, 2012)
People vs. Villareal (693 SCRA 532, 2013)
People vs. Collado (698 SCRA 628, 2013)

ANNOTATION:
Warrantless Arrest (283 SCRA 190)
Warrantless Arrest and Warrantless Search in Buy Bust (607
SCRA 830, 2009)

b. Exceptions to strict enforcement

i. Illegal possession of guns or drugs
CASES:
People vs. Peaflorida (551 SCRA 111, 2008)
People vs. Sembrano (628 SCRA 328, 2010)

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 c. Waiver of Illegality of Arrest
CASE:
People vs. Racho (626 SCRA 633, 2010)

d. Effects of Declaration of Illegal Arrest

CASES:
People vs. Biyoc (532 SCRA 528, 2007)
Valdez vs. People (538 SCRA 611, 2007)
People vs. Santos (555 SCRA 578, 2008)

9. Immunity from arrest of members of Congress

Article VI, Section 11, 1987 Constitution

10. Privacy
Article III, Section 2
CASES:
Ople vs. Torres (293 SCRA 201, 1998)
In Re: Camilo Sabio (504 SCRA 704, 2006)
SJS vs. DDB (570 SCRA 410, 2008)
Lee vs. CA (625 SCRA 66, 2010)
Manila Electric vs. Lim (632 SCRA 195, 2010)
Fernando vs. St. Scho (693 SCRA 141, 2013)
In Re: Noriel Rodriguez (696 SCRA 390, 2013)
Hing vs. Choachuy (699 SCRA 667, 2013)

ANNOTATION:
Right to Privacy (293 SCRA 201)
Concept of Privacy Zones of Privacy

11. Privacy of Communicaations

Article III, Section 3, 1987 Constitution
CASES:
Zulueta vs. CA (253 SCRA 699, 1996)
Ople vs. Torres (293 SCRA 141, 1998)
In Re: Alejano (468 SCRA 188, 2005)
KMU vs. Director (487 SCRA 623, 2006)
In Re: Sabio (504 SCRA 214, 2006)

III. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Article III, Section 4
Id., Section 18, Paragraph 1

A. Philosophic Basis of Guarantee

1. For the discovery of political truth
2. For self-government
3. For individual perfection

B. Prior Restraints/Subsequent Punishment

CASES:
Chavez vs. Gonzales (545 SCRA 441, 2008)
Newsound Broadcasting vs. Dy (583 SCRA 333, 2009)
Soriano vs. Laguardia (587 SCRA 79, 2009)
(615 SCRA 254, 2010)
Ang Ladlad vs. COMELEC (618 SCRA 32, 2010)
Garcia vs. Manrique (683 SCRA 491, 2012)

C. Content-based Restrictions

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1. Some Tests of Validity of Contest-based Restrictions

Dangerous tendency: When the legislative body has determined generally

that utterances of a certain kind involve such danger of substantive evil that
they may be punished, the question whether any specific utterance coming
within the prohibited class is likely, in and of itself, to bring about the
substantive evil is not open to consideration. In such cases, the general
provision of the statute may be constitutionally applied to the specific
utterance if its natural and probable effect was to bring about the substantive
evil that the legislative body might prohibit. (Gitlow vs. New York, 268 U.S.
652, [1952])

Clear-and-present danger: The question in every case is whether the words

are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear
and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evil that the
state has a right to prevent. (Schenck vs. United States, 249 U.S. 47
[1919])

Balancing of interest: The court must undertake the delicate and difficult
task of weighing the circumstances and appraising the substantiality of the
reasons advanced in support of the regulation of the free enjoyment of rights.
(American Communication Association vs. Doubs, 339 U.S. 383, cited
in Gonzales vs. COMELEC, 27 SCRA 835 [1969])

Direct incitement: The guarantees of free speech and free press do not
permit a state to forbid or prescribe the advocacy of the use of force or of law
violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing
imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action.
(Brandenburg vs. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 [1969], cited in Salonga vs. Cruz
Pano, 134 SCRA 438 [1985])

Grave-but-improbable danger: Whether the gravity of the evil, discounted

by its improbability, justifies such an invasion of speech as is necessary to
avoid the danger. (Dennis vs. U.S., 341 U.S. 494 [1951])

2. Applications of tests in various contexts

a. Freedom of expression and national security

b. Freedom of expression and criticism of official conduct: The Test of

"Actual Malice" Read Revised Penal Code, Articles 353-354 & 361-362
Compare Act No. 2928 [March 26, 1920], Commonwealth Act No. 382
[September 6, 1938]
CASES:
Soliven vs. Makasiar; Beltran vs. Makasiar (167 SCRA 393,
1988)
Borjal vs. CA (301 SCRA 1, 1999)
Vasquez vs. CA (314 SCRA 460, 2000)
Tulfo vs. People (565 SCRA 283, 2008)

ANNOTATION:
(301 SCRA 34)

c. Freedom of expression and the right of privacy

CASES:
Ayer Productions vs. Capulong (160 SCRA 861, 1988)
Philippine Journalists, Inc. vs. Theonen (477 SCRA 482, 2005)

d. Freedom of expression and the administration of justice (contempt of

court)

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 CASES:
In Re: Published . . . (385 SCRA 285, 2002)
In the Matter - Macasaet (561 SCRA 395, 2008)
Lejano vs. People (638 SCRA 104, 2010)
Re: Letter of the UP Faculty (644 SCRA 543, 2011)

e. Symbolic Expression The Flag-burning case

CASE:
Texas vs. Johnson (491 U.S. 109 S. Ct. 2533, 1989)

Cf. Act No. 2928, 26 March 1920;

Com. Act. No. 382, 5 September 1938
Adm. Code of 1987, Book 1, Chapter 4, Sections 12-13

f. Assembly and Petition

CASE:
Dela Cruz vs. CA (305 SCRA 303, 1999)

D. Content-neutral restrictions
O' Brien Test: A government regulation is sufficiently justified if it is within the
constitutional power of the government; if it furthers an important or substantial
governmental interest; if the governmental interest is unrelated to the suppression
of free expression; and if the incidental restriction on alleged freedom of
expression is no greater than is essential to the furtherance of that interest.
(United States vs. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968), adopted, in Adiong vs.
COMELEC, 207 SCRA 712 [1992])

1. Regulation of political campaign/election activity

CASES:
Omea vs. COMELEC (288 SCRA 447, 1998)
ABS-CBN vs. COMELEC (323 SCRA 811, 2000)
SWS vs. COMELEC (357 SCRA 497, 2001)

2. Freedom of Assembly
BP Blg. 880 (Public Assembly Act of 1985)
CASES:
Bayan vs. Ermita (488 SCRA 226, 2006)
Supreme Court Circular A.M. 98-7-02-SC
IBP vs. Atienza (613 SCRA 518, 2010)

3. Freedom of association and the right to strike in the public sector

Article III, Section 8
Article IX, Section 2
Article XIII, Section 3, Paragraph 2
CASES:
GSIS vs. Kapisanan ng mga Manggagawa (510 SCRA 622, 2006)
GSIS vs. Villariza (625 SCRA 669, 2010)

4. Movies Censorship
CASES:
Gonzales vs. Kalaw Katigbak (137 SCRA 356, 1985)
Iglesia ni Cristo vs. CA (259 SCRA 52

5. Radio Broadcast
CASE:
Eastern Broadcasting Corp. (Dyre) vs. Dans (137 SCRA 647, 1985)

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 g. Freedom of Information
Article III, Section 7
CASES:
Neri vs. Senate (564 SCRA 152, 2008)
CPEG vs. COMELEC (631 SCRA 41, 2010)
Re: Request for Copy of 2008 SALN (672 SCRA 27, 2012)

ANNOTATION:
(299 SCRA 782)

IV. FREEDOM OF RELIGION

Article III, Section 5

A. Non-establishment Clause
The establishment clause prohibits (1) excessive governmental entanglement
with religious institutions and (2) government endorsement or disapproval of religion.
CASES:
Re: Request of Muslim (477 SCRA 648, 2005)
Taruc vs. Dela Cruz (453 SCRA 123, 2005)
Estrada vs. Escritur (408 SCRA 1, 2003)
(492 SCRA 1, 2006)
Soriano vs. Laguardia (587 SCRA 79, 2009)
(615 SCRA 254, 2010)

1. Operation of Sectarian Schools

Article XIV, Section 4, Paragraph 2

2. Religious Instructions in Public Schools

Article XIV, Section 3, Paragraph 3
Section 928, Revised Administrative Code
Article 359, Paragraph 1, Civil Code

3. Tax Exemption
Article VI, Section 28, Paragraph 3
CASES:
Bishop of Nueva Segovia vs. Provincial Board (51 Phil. 352, 1927)
Tolentino vs. Secretary (235 SCRA 632, 1994)

4. Public Aid to Religion

Article VI, Section 29, Paragraph 2
CASES:
Aglipay vs. Ruiz (64 Phil. 201, 1937)
Ignacio vs. Ela (99 Phil. 346, 1956; Concepcion, J., dissenting)

B. Free Exercise Clause

1. Flag Salute
CASE:
Ebralinag vs. Division Sup't of Schools (219 SCRA 256, 1993)

2. Freedom to Propagate Religious Doctrines

CASES:
American Bible Society vs. City of Manila (101 Phil. 386, 1957)
Centeno vs. Villalon (236 SCRA 197, 1994)
Iglesia ni Cristo vs. CA (259 SCRA 529, 1996)

3. Exemption from Union Shop

CASE:

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 Victoriano vs. Elizalde Rope Workers Union (59 SCRA 54, 1974)

V. LIBERTY OF ABODE AND OF TRAVEL

Article III, Section 6
CASES:
Salonga vs. Hermoso (97 SCRA 121, 1980)
Marcos vs. Manglapus (177 SCRA 668, 1989 & 178 SCRA 760, 1989)
Silverio vs. CA (195 SCRA 760, 1991)
Cojuangco vs. Sandiganbayan (300 SCRA 367, 1998)
Yap Jr. vs. CA (358 SCRA 564, 2001)
Mirasol vs. DPWH (490 SCRA 318, 2006)
Reyes vs. CA (606 SCRA 580, 2009)
Office of Administrative Services vs. Macarine (677 SCRA 1, 2012)

VI. RIGHTS OF PERSONS UNDER CUSTODIAL INTERROGATION

Article III, Section 12
Republic Act No. 7438

SOURCE:
Miranda vs. Arizona (384 U.S. 436, 1966)

CASES:
Ho Wai Pang vs. People (659 SCRA 624, 2011)
Luz vs. People (667 SCRA 421, 2012)
PHILCOMSAT vs. Senate (673 SCRA 611, 2012)
People vs. Lara (678 SCRA 332, 2012)
People vs. Soriano (693 SCRA 214, 2013)
People vs. Ibaez (698 SCRA 161, 2013)
Tanenggee vs. People (699 SCRA 639, 2013)

ANNOTATION:
Extrajudicial Confession (649 SCRA 649, 2011)

1. Miranda rule not applicable to confessions executed before January 17, 1973
CASES:
People vs. Ribadajo (142 SCRA 637, 1986)
Filoteo vs. Sandiganbayan (263 SCRA 222, 1996)
Santos vs. Sandiganbayan (347 SCRA 386, 2000)

2. Not applicable to res gestae statements / spontaneous statements

CASES:
People vs. Baloloy (381 SCRA 31, 2002)
Jesalva vs. People (640 SCRA 253, 2011)

3. Not applicable to statements given in administrative investigations

CASES:
People vs. Tin Lan Uy (475 SCRA 248, 2005)
Astudillo vs. People (509 SCRA 509, 2006)

4. Custodial Phase of Investigation - Police line-ups

CASES:
Dela Torre vs. CA (294 SCRA 196, 1998)
People vs. Pavillare (329 SCRA 684, 2000)

5. Tests of Validity of Waiver of Miranda Rights

"To be informed"
CASES:
People vs. Casimiro (383 SCRA 390, 2002)

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 People vs. Sayaboc (419 SCRA 659, 2004)
People vs. Bagnate (428 SCRA 633, 2004)
a. Pre-Galit rule (January 17, 1973 to March 20, 1985)

b. The Galit rule (March 20, 1985 to February 2, 1987)

CASES:
People vs. Galit (135 SCRA 465, 1985)

Does the Galit Rule have retroactive application?

c. New Rule on Waiver (February 2, 1987)

Article III, Section 12, Paragraph 1; Waiver must be in writing and made in the
presence of counsel of choice
CASES:
Santos vs. Sandiganbayan (347 SCRA 386, 2000)
People vs. Mendoza (365 SCRA 289, 2001)
People vs. Gonzalez (382 SCRA 714, 2002)

6. The burden of proving voluntariness of waivers is on the prosecution

CASES:
People vs. Enamoria (209 SCRA 577)
People vs. Bacor (306 SCRA 522, 1999)

7. What may be waived: The right to remain silent and to counsel, but not the right to be given
"Miranda warnings."

8. Exclusionary Rule
Article III, Section 12, Paragraph 3
CASES:
People vs. Andan (269 SCRA 95, 1997)
Marcelo vs. Sandiganbayan (302 SCRA 102, 1999)
People vs. Janson (400 SCRA 584, 2003)

VII. RIGHT TO BAIL

Article III, Section 13, Rule 114, Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure

1. When right may be invoked

CASES:
People vs. Sandiganbayan (529 SCRA 764, 2007)
Valero vs. CA (535 SCRA 453, 2007)
Trillanes vs. Pimentel (556 SCRA 471, 2008)
Qui vs. People (682 SCRA 94, 2012)

2. When bail is a matter of right, when it is a matter of discretion

See Sections 4 & 5, Rule 114, Rules on Criminal Procedure
CASE:
Gacal vs. Judge Infante (AM-RTJ-04-1845, 5 October 2011)

3. Bail in Military Courts

CASES:
Comendador vs. De Villa (200 SCRA 80, 1991)
Aswat vs. Galido (204 SCRA 205, 1991)

4. Standards for Fixing Bail

Rule 114, Section 10
CASES:
Villasensor vs. Abano (21 SCRA 312, 1967)
De La Camara vs. Enage (41 SCRA 1, 1971)

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 Yap Jr. vs. CA (358 SCRA 564, 2001)
Enrile vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 213847, 2014)
5. Right to bail and right to travel abroad
CASES:
Manotok vs. CA (142 SCRA 149, 1986)
Santiago vs. Vasquez (217 SCRA 633
Silverio vs. CA (195 SCRA 760)

6. Waiver of the Right to Bail

CASES:
People vs. Donato (198 SCRA 130, 1991)
Lardizabal vs. Reyes (238 SCRA 640, 1994)
People vs. Manes (303 SCRA 231, 1999)

7. READ:
Annotation on Bail (260 SCRA 161)
Right to Bail (647 SCRA 613, 2011)

VIII. RIGHTS DURING TRIAL

Article III, Section 14

1. Due Process in Criminal Cases

CASES:
Alonte vs. Savellano (287 SCRA 245, 1998)
People vs. Macarang (424 SCRA 18, 2005)
Dimarucut vs. People (630 SCRA 659, 2010; Appeal)

ANNOTATION:
Due Process (287 SCRA 314)

2. Presumption of Innocence
CASES:
Biraogo vs. Phil. Truth (637 SCRA 78, 2010)
Lejano vs. People (638 SCRA 104, 2010)
Del Castillo vs. People (664 SCRA 450, 2012)
People vs. Maraorao (674 SCRA 151, 2012)

ANNOTATION:
(569 SCRA 903)

3. Right to be heard personally or by counsel

CASES:
People vs. Siongco (623 SCRA 501, 2010)
Milla vs. People (664 SCRA 309, 2012)
People vs. Lara (678 SCRA 332, 2012)

4. Right to free legal assistance

Article III, Section 11
CASES:
People vs. Rio (201 SCRA 702, 1991)
Martinez vs. People (332 SCRA 694, 2000)

5. Right to be informed of nature and cause of accusation

CASES:
People vs. Guevarra (570 SCRA 288, 2008)
People vs. Bartolini (626 SCRA 527, 2010)
Patula vs. People (669 SCRA 135, 2012)

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 6. Right to speedy, impartial and public trial

A. Speedy Trial
CASES:
Jacolo vs. Sandiganbayan (635 SCRA 94, 2010)
Mari vs. People (657 SCRA 414, 2011)
COCOFED vs. Republic (663 SCRA 514, 2012)
Villareal vs. People (664 SCRA 519, 2012)

B. Public Trial
CASE:
Garcia vs. Domingo (52 SCRA 143, 1970)

C. Impartial Trial
CASE:
Re: Request Radio-TV Coverage of the Estrada Plunder Case (360
SCRA 248, 29 June 2001 & 365 SCRA 62, 13 September 2001)

D. Right to an impartial tribunal and trial of civilians by military courts

CASES:
Olaguer vs. MC No. 34 (150 SCRA 144, 1987)
Cruz vs. Ponce Enrile (160 SCRA 702, 1988)

7. Right to confront witnesses

CASE:
Ho Wai Pang vs. People (659 SCRA 629, 2011)

8. Right to secure attendance of witnesses

Section 10, Rule 21

9. Trial in absentia
Rule 115, Section 1 (c)
CASES:
Gimenez vs. Nazareno (160 SCRA 1, 1988)
Parada vs. Veneracion (269 SCRA 371, 1997)
Bernardo vs. People (G.R. No. 166980, 4 April 2007)

10. When presence of the accused is a DUTY

a. Arraignment and plea, whether of innocence or of guilt

Rule 116, Section 1 (b)

b. During trial, for identification

CASE:
People vs. Salas (143 SCRA 163, 1986)

c. Promulgation of sentence, unless it is for a light offense, in which case accused

may appear by counsel, or a representative
Rule 120, Section 6

IX. PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION

Article III, Section 17

1. Scope Applies only to compulsory testimonial self-incrimination

CASES:
In Re Sabio (504 SCRA 704, 2006)
SJS vs. DDB (570 SCRA 410, 2008; "drug-testing")
People vs. Gamih (621 SCRA 159, 2010)

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 Lumanog vs. People (630 SCRA 42, 2010)
People vs. Sandiganbayan (699 SCRA 713, 2013)

2. In what proceedings available

CASES:
Pascual vs. Board of Medical Examiners (28 SCRA 344, 1969)
Galman vs. Pamaran (138 SCRA 274, 1985)
Compare People vs. Ayson (175 SCRA 216, 1989)
In Re Sabio (504 SCRA 704, 2006; Legislative Inquiry)
3. "Use Immunity" vs. "Transactional Immunity"

a. Transactional Immunity
Article XIII, Section 18, Paragraph 8
Republic Act No. 1379, Section 8
Republic Act No. 6832, Section 8 (Davide Commission)

b. Use and Fruit Immunity

CASE:
Galman vs. Pamaran (138 SCRA 274, 1985)
(P.D. No. 1886)

NOTE:
Executive Order No. 1 "The Truth Commission"

4. Exclusionary Rule
Article III, Section 12, Paragraph 3

5. Effect of denial privileges by court

CASE:
Chavez vs. CA (24 SCRA 663, 1968)

X. RIGHT TO SPEEDY DISPOSITION OF CASES

Article III, Section 16
Article VII, Section 18, Paragraph 3
Article VIII, Section 15
Article IX, A, Section 7
CASES:
COCOFED vs. Republic (663 SCRA 514, 2012)
Garcia vs. Executive Secretary (677 SCRA 750, 2012)
Magdadaro vs. Saniel (687 SCRA 401, 2012)
Dacudao vs. Gonzales (688 SCRA 109, 2013)
Braza vs. Sandiganbayan (691 SCRA 471, 2013)
In Re: Judge Carbonell (700 SCRA 806, 2013)
Coscuella vs. Sandiganbayan (701 SCRA 188, 2013)

ANNOTATION:
(307 SCRA 116)
(682 SCRA 724)

XI. SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS UNDER THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE

A. What acts cannot be criminalized

1. Mere beliefs and aspirations

Article III, Section 18, Paragraph 1

2. Debts and civil obligations

Article III, Section 20
CASES:

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 Lozano vs. Martinez (146 SCRA 323, 1986)
Agbanlog vs. People (220 SCRA 530, 1993)
People vs. Nitafan (202 SCRA 726, 1992)
Vergara vs. Gedorio, Jr. (402 SCRA 520, 2003)

3. Acts which when done were innocent (Ex Post Facto Laws)
Article III, Section 22
CASES:
Kay Villegas Kami (35 SCRA 429, 1970)
Salvador vs. Mapa (539 SCRA 37, 2007)
People vs. Casta (565 SCRA 341, 2008)
Nasi-Villar vs. People (571 SCRA 202, 2008)
B. What punishments cannot be imposed

1. Involuntary Servitude
Article III, Section 18, Paragraph 2
CASE:
Sarmiento vs. Tuico (162 SCRA 676, 1988)

2. Excessive Fines
Article III, Section 19, Paragraph 1
CASES:
People vs. Dela Cruz (92 Phil. 906, 1953)
People vs. Dacuycuy (173 SCRA 901, 1989)
Agbanlog vs. People (220 SCRA 530, 1993)

3. Cruel, degrading and inhuman punishments

Article III, Section 19, Paragraph 1
Id., Section 12, Paragraph 2
CASES:
People vs. Echegaray (267 SCRA 682, 1997)
People vs. Tongko (290 SCRA 595, 1998)
Echegaray vs. Secretary (297 SCRA 754, 1998)
Lim vs. People (390 SCRA 194, 2002)
Perez vs. People (544 SCRA 532, 2008)

ANNOTATION:
Death Penalty (297 SCRA 822)

4. Indefinite Imprisonment
CASE:
People vs. Dacuycuy (173 SCRA 90, 1989)

C. The protection against double jeopardy

Article III, Section 21

1. Two situations contemplated

CASES:
People vs. Relova (148 SCRA 292, 1987)
People vs. City Court (154 SCRA 195, 1987)

2. Rules of Court Provisions

Rule 117, Section 7
CASES:
Melo vs. People (85 Phil. 776, 1950)
People vs. City Court (121 SCRA 637, 1983)
People vs. Yorac (42 SCRA 230, 1971)

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 3. Other Cases:
Jacolo vs. Sandiganbayan (635 SCRA 94, 2010)
Ivler vs. Modesto-San Pedro (635 SCRA 191, 2010)
Flores vs. Montemayor (651 SCRA 396, 2011)
People vs. CA (660 SCRA 323, 2011)
Ysidoro vs. Leonardo-De Castro (665 SCRA 89, 2012)
Bautista vs. Cuneta-Pangilinan (684 SCRA 521, 2012)
Braza vs. Sandiganbayan (691 SCRA 471, 2013)

D. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus

Article III, Section 15

1. Functions of the writ

CASES:
Villavivencio vs. Lukban (39 Phil. 778, 1919)
In Re: Gonzles (526 SCRA 483, 2007)
Veluz vs. Villanueva (543 SCRA 63, 2008)
Fletcher vs. Director of Bureau (593 SCRA 265, 2009)
Ampatuan vs. Macaraig (622 SCRA 266, 2010)
Adonis vs. Tesoro (697 SCRA 337, 2013)
Mangila vs. Pangilinan (701 SCRA 355, 2013)

2. The writ of habeas corpus as a post conviction remedy

CASE:
Lamen vs. Director (241 SCRA 573, 1995)

3. Suspension of the privilege

Article VII, Section 18
CASE:
Lansang vs. Garcia (42 SCRA 488, 1971)

E. Affirmative Rights

1. Free access to the courts

Article III, Section 11
CASE:
Martinez vs. People (332 SCRA 694, 2000)

2. Protection and enforcement of constitutional rights

Article III, Section 12, Paragraph 4
Article VIII, Section 5, Paragraph 5
Article XIII, Section 18, Paragraph 3

a. WRIT OF AMPARO:
A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC of 25 September 2007 as amended on 16 October
2007
CASES:
Tapuz vs. Del Rosario (554 SCRA 768, 2008)
Canlas v. Napico (554 SCRA 209, 2008)
Secretary of Defense vs. Manalo (568 SCRA 1, 2008)
Reyes vs. CA (606 SCRA 580, 2009)
So vs. Tacla (633 SCRA 563, 2010)
Manila Electric vs. Lim (632 SCRA 195, 2010)
Lozada vs. Arroyo (670 SCRA 545, 2012)
Navia vs. Pandico (673 SCRA 618, 2012)
Saez vs. Arroyo (681 SCRA 678, 2012)
Ladaga vs. Mapagu (685 SCRA 322, 2012)
De Lima vs. Gatdula (691 SCRA 226, 2013)

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 Pador vs. Arcayan (693 SCRA 192, 2013)
In Re: Noriel Rodriguez (696 SCRA 390, 2013)

ANNOTATION:
Writ of Amparo (605 SCRA 642, 2009)

b. WRIT OF HABEAS DATA

A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC of 22 January 2008
CASES:
Gamboa vs. Chan (677 SCRA 385, 2012)
Saez vs. Arroyo (681 SCRA 678, 2012)
In Re: Noriel Rodriguez (696 SCRA 390, 2013)

3. Compensation to, and rehabilitation of victims of tortures

Article III, Section 12, Paragraph 4

Consti 2 Syllabus
Atty. Montejo

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