Clap operated Remote Control Fan
U.Surendra.S.Madhuri,P.S Akhil Kumar.
ECE(B)-Ace Engineering College, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad.
ABSRRACT : This is a project on CLAP SWITCH
which can switch on/off any electrical circuit by the
sound of the clap. The clap-operated circuit is a circuit
which operates by clapping from a remote point. When
a person claps one, the first output of the circuit is
turned on. If another one is clapped, the second output
is switched on and then another one will cause to
energize the third output.
The basic idea of clap switch is that the electric
microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs,
and the sound of that book knocked off the
table. It produces a small electrical signal which is
amplified by the succeeding transistor stage. Two
transistors cross connected as a bistable multivibrator
change state at each signal. One of these transistors
drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp.
Basically, this is a Sound
operated switch.
For example, fan, fluorescent light, TV and other
appliances can be switched on (or) off by clapping.
This circuit can be used by changing individual
situations.
Keywords- Condenser microphone, BJTs, NE555 Timer,
decade counter, LED, relaysI.
INTRODUCTION
A circuited switch, which operates with sound of clapping
hands or something similar; i.e. the switch comes to 'on'
position when clapped once or twice, and to'off'
position when again clapped once or twice (depends
on circuit design) A clap -switch circuit is a sound
sensitive circuit. The operation of the circuit is
simple. Clap and the lamp turns on. Clap again and
it turns off. The condenser microphone picks up the
sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that
book knocked off the table. It produces a
small electrical signal which is amplified by the
succeeding transistor stage. Two transistors cross
connected as a
bistable multivibrator change state at each signal. One of
these transistors drives a heavier transistor which
controls a lamp. This circuit can switch on and off a
light, a fan or a radio etc by the sound of a clap. This
working of this circuit is based on amplifying nature of
the transistor, switching nature of transistor, relay as an
electronic switch.
The LED on-time can be varied by changing the value of
the capacitor (100mF). When capacitor value is changed
from 100 mF to 10mF, the LED ontime is decreased.
Your clap should be loud, you can blow air from your
mouth on the electric condenser to turn on the LED.
An audio power amplifier is an electronic amplifier that
amplifies low-power audio signals (signals
composed primarily of frequencies between 20 - 20
000 Hz, the human range of hearing) to a level
suitable for
driving loudspeakers.
A flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable
states and can be used to store state information. A
flip-flop is
a bistable multivibrator. Flip-flops and latches are
used as
data storage elements. Such data storage can be
used for
storage of state, and such a circuit is described as
sequential logic. When used in a finite-state
machine, the output and
next state depend not only on its current input, but
also on
its current state (and hence, previous inputs). It can
also be used for counting of pulses, and for
synchronizing
variably-timed input signals to some reference
timing
signal.
A bistable circuit has two stable states. The output
of a bistable can be either logic1 or logic 0,
according to signals
received at the inputs. One of the simplest bistable
circuits consists of two NAND gates.
1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVE: 2. METHODOLOGY:
This objective of the project is to design a clap 2.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION:
activated switch device that will serve well in Our objective is to develop a switch which will
different phono- controlled applications, providing recognize
inexpensive key and at the same time free from two intense sounds within a interval of 3 seconds.
false triggering. This involves the design of various 2.2 PLANNING AND APPROACH:
stages consisting of the pickup transducer, low First we take a condenser microphone that senses
frequency, audio low power and low noise amplifier, the sound
timer, bistable multivibrator and switches. It also
of the clapping. Next is the amplifying stage that
will amplify the sound received from the
consists of special network components to prevent
microphone. Two ICs have been used. The first
false triggering and ensure desired performance
one senses the first clap and the
objectives. A decade counter IC serves the bistable
function instead of flip-flop. output of which gives power to the second IC. The
second IC is activated by the second clapping
2. METHODOLOGY: sound and its output
2.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION: is fed to the relay which switches on the load when
output from the second IC is received.
Our objective is to develop a switch which
will recognize
two intense sounds within a interval of 3 Circuit :
seconds.
2.2 PLANNING AND APPROACH:
First we take a condenser microphone that
senses the sound
of the clapping. Next is the amplifying stage
that will amplify the sound received from the
microphone. Two ICs have been used. The
first one senses the first clap and the
output of which gives power to the second
IC. The second IC is activated by the second
clapping sound and its output
is fed to the relay which switches on the
load when output from the second IC is
received.

Fig. 2: Circuit Diagram

APPROACH:
The condenser microphone will capture the
sound and convert it into an electric signal.
Hand claps are typically within the 2200 to
2800
hertz range.
The 2nd stage amplifier will enlarge the
signal
which will help the 1st 555 timer to
recognize
the 1st clap.
Fig. 1: Clap Switch Block Diagram Now, if a 2nd clap is recognized by the 2nd
555
timer within an interval of 3 secs. Then the
switch will trigger the device and move to
ON state.
The decade counter is there to check if
the two
claps are generated within 3 seconds.
CONCLUSION :
Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB
and enclose it in a suitable box. This circuit is
very useful in field of electronic circuits. By using
some modification it area of application can be
extended in various fields. It can be used to
raised alarm in security system with a noise, and
also used at the place where silence needed.
This project gives us a great deal of knowledge
about the 555 timer chips, working of clocks and
the relay. This type of device provides us with the
working of NE555 timer chips and the relay. The
relay is a type of switch which provides a
conducting path only when current flows it. In this
project as soon as the 2nd timer triggers the relay
a conducting path is established between
terminals of the load and hence the device is
turned on. The time interval between the claps is
judged with the time constant established with the
RC configuration which is T=1.1R7*C3.
FUTURE SCOPE :
No filter has been used here so the switch will
respond to more or less every two sounds similar
to clapping that comes with a gap of in between 3
seconds. But if a simple bandpass filter is used
then this problem could be avoided. The frequency
range of hand clapping is in between 2200 and
2800 Hertz.
Here the signal from the condenser mic is beta
times amplified by the amplifier stage. To add more
sensitivity to the switch, the amplification factor
may be increased.
REFERENCES:
Web Help:
electronicsproject.org
electronicsforu.com

ADVANTAGES:
1. Energy efficient
2. Low cost and reliable circuit
3. Complete elimination of manpower
4. High Accuracy

APPLICATIONS:
The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can
turn something (e.g a lamp) on and off from any
location in the
room (e.g while lying in bed) simply by clapping
your hands.
The primary application involves an elderly or
mobility- impaired person. A clap switch is generally
used for a light,television, radio or similar electronic
device that the person will want to turn on/off from
bed.
The major disadvantage is that it is generally
cumbersome to have to clap ones hands to turn
something on or off and it is generally seen as
simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light
switch.
There is a further scope of work on this project. This
circuit can be made more accurate and more
sensible to suit the practical use in our daily lives.

catering to various services is envisaged for next
generation wireless systems.The use of OFDMA
technology helps resources to be split into smaller
granular units which can be allocated for various
services as required. OFDMA is considered vital for
achieving high spectral efficiencies in 4G wireless
systems because of its ability to integrate well with
MIMO technology (also called as MIMO-OFDM).
V. USE OF OFDMA IN WIMAX AND LTE
A. Frame Structure
In WiMAX, frame duration of 5 ms along with time
division duplexing (TDD) is used. The frame is
partitioned into OFDM symbols (for e.g., 48) of which
some are allocated for DL and the rest for UL
transmissions. For preamble transmission, the first
symbol in the frame is used. Sub channels are formed
out of a group of subcarriers, used for control and data
transmissions. To convey the DL and UL allocation,
the base station (BS) announces a schedule every
frame period (i.e., 5 ms). In LTE, sub frames of 1 ms
duration is formed by dividing the frame duration of
10 ms. A sub frame is used to formed two slots of
0.5ms duration each. The BS schedules transmissions
every 1 ms and the subcarriers formed resource blocks
for allocation on the DL.
B. Subcarriers resource mapping
In the frequency domain, subcarriers (also referred to
as resource elements in LTE) are the smallest granular
units and in the time domain, OFDM symbol duration
is the smallest granular units. In an OFDM symbol,
subcarriers are too large in number to handle in the
allocation plane and hence groups of subcarriers are
considered together. To minimize the signaling
overhead while still achieving granularity in the
achievable rates so as to support various services, a
group of OFDM symbols are handled together.
C. Frequency Diversity
In WiMAX, in the PUSC( partially used subcarriers)
sub channelization method, by grouping 24 subcarriers
sub channels are formed which are present in different
parts of the spectrum. This pseudorandom selection of
the positions of the subcarriers over the entire band is
dependent on the CELL_ID. Diversity based sub
channelization method is used to send all the basic
control messages.
In LTE, for 7 OFDM symbols a RB (resource block)
contains the same 12 contiguous subcarriers. However,
to leverage FD (frequency diversity), another RB can
be used in the second slot of the sub frame instead of
using the same RB in the second part of the sub frame.
D. Multiuser Diversity
In WiMAX, to achieve multiuser diversity groups of
contiguous subcarriers spread out over a few OFDM
symbols in the BAMC method. The subcarriers are
organized into groups of 9 contiguous subcarriers
which are called as bins. A group of four bins are
called as a band, each bin has 8 data and 1 pilot
subcarrier. In one of these bands, the base station
chooses 2 bins and for a BAMC slot it allocates the
same bin over 3 consecutive OFDM symbols resulting
in 48 data subcarriers. The most popular method
needed for WiMAX certification is BAMC sub
channelization method.
In LTE, the BTS choses the RB to be used for sending
data to a user.It use the channel feedback from the
mobile to schedule a RB for the user in a frame. The
channel feedback in LTE sends configuration for the
base station for its scheduled downlink. Typically in
periodic feedback, 160 ms is the maximum gap
between feedback messages and is 2 ms is the
minimum duration between feedback messages. In
aperiodic feedback, the channel status report is
requested by the BTS from the mobile. In LTE FD and
MUD can be used simultaneously for different users
whereas in WiMAX, FD and MUD based transmission
cannot coexist in time.
E. Interference Diversity
In WiMAX, the formation of sub channel depends on
the CELL_ID. The different users will have different
sub channels. Hence, interference diversity is likely to
experience by the user which is likely to give better
performance than the dominant interferer case. Note
that only in the case of PUSC transmissions
interference diversity can be leveraged. For the BAMC
transmissions, interference diversity cannot be used. In
LTE, to the users RBs are allocated independent of the

CELL_ID, across RBs of neighboring cells the
interference on the DL wont be randomly distributed.
Thus, in LTE, there is no interference diversity on the
DL.
VI. CHALLENGES
Managing Channel Quality
There is a lot of talk about how OFDM will provide
very high broadband speeds on 4G wireless networks,
but the truth is that the data throughput rate on a
channel of given RF is bandwidth is limited by
channel quality, regardless of channel structure and
coding.In urban areas where most of us will be using
4G services, channel quality is generally determined
by levels of interference from other users of the same
RF channel. As the channel is used more intensively
within a given geographic area, interference levels rise.
Indeed, managing mutual interference among users
within a wireless network is the fundamental task in
network design and optimization.
Individual user throughput expectations.
The second key challenge for 4G is related to the fact
that a wireless data channel is a shared resource.
Whatever throughput it delivers has to be shared by all
simultaneous users of that channel. This fact is often
glossed over in discussions of spectacular 4G
bandwidths, but in my opinion it is really the elephant
in the room when it comes to long-term prospects for
4G. A major problem in distinguishing between
channel and individual throughput rates is typical
usage patterns for Internet access have dramatically
changed in the past few years and are still evolving
rapidly. Not long ago, the most popular Internet
applications (in terms of total demand) were Web
surfing and e-mail. High bandwidth certainly
enhances user experience for these sorts of activities,
but on average, throughput is quite modest. This
characteristic of high peak, moderate average user
throughput demand is ideal for shared channels
because it allows substantial numbers of simultaneous
users to be served with satisfactory perceived speeds.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper presented a brief description of path to 4G
networks, WiMAX and LTE Network architecture and
OFDMA technology. It has been observed that the
number of wireless broadband subscribers have passed
the number of fixed broadband subscribers. So in a
world going wireless, the technologies with higher
throughputs get importance day by day. For a
successful 4G network, coverage and capacity are
essential parts. LTE-Advanced and WiMAX 802.16m
The possible candidates for a successful 4G
deployments are LTE-Advanced and WiMAX
802.16m. So the technology is, it must be affordable in
cost and worth deploying in throughput, coverage and
capacity.
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