Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology

Intramuros, Manila

WRITTEN REPORT IN EARTHQUAKE

ENGINEERING

GROUP 3

Submitted by:

BABARAN, Christopher
DESUYO, Darwin
MALLARI, Jelson
RAMOS, John Ymannuel
TIMTIM, Carlo

Submitted to:

ENGR. RANDY SALAZAR

Secondary Causes of Structural Damage

Surface Faulting
The displacement that reaches the earth's surface during slip along a
fault. Commonly occurs with shallow earthquakes, those with an epicenter
less than 20 km. Surface faulting also may accompany aseismic creep or
natural or man-induced subsidence.

Damaged Caused by Nearby Structures

Weak or poorly designed facilities will often cause damage to nearby
structures during earthquakes. The planning of adjacent lifelines (called
colocation) is a good way to minimize disruptions to lifelines during
earthquakes and other disasters.

Recent Improvements in Earthquake Performance

A. Soil Remediation Procedures

Gravel Drains
The procedure is to drill a hole in the ground using a casing auger. Gravel is
carried to the auger by a front-end loader. It is dropped into a hopper, lifted to the
top of the auger, and poured into the casing. The casing is then removed from the
ground leaving a sand drain. The gravel is fairly uniform. The casing has replaceable
steel teeth to help it cut through soil and push away rocks. The gravel drains are
placed close enough together to form a grid that will effectively drain out all the
water.

Deep Mixing Method

A modified pile-driving machine rotates a pair of rods with stirring wings for
mixingthe soil. The deep mixing method is also very effective in preventing soil
liquefaction. In fact, this method was used to prevent liquefaction for some flood
prevention works next to this site. In this case the piles are placed in a lattice
pattern to contain the liquefiable soil. The deep mixing method was found to be the
most effective method for creating strong, highly ductile ground that does not
liquefy or settle.

Sand Compaction Pile Method

Sand compaction piles are a popular way of preventing liquefaction of loose
alluvium. However, thenoise and vibration make it unacceptable at some
locations.The sand compaction pile method uses a modified pile-driving machine to
vibrate a steel pipe into the ground. When the penetration reaches the proper
depth, sand is carried to the top by a hopper and forced to the bottom of the pipe
with compressed air. Then, the pipe is raised and lowered in the hole as sand is
repeatedly shot to the bottom of the hole. The result is a pile of compacted sand
and an area between the piles of compacted soil.
 B.

Improvement of Slope Stability

Removal and Repair

Where rock removal operations are
carried out above active highways or
railroads, or in urban areas, proper care must be taken to prevent injury or damage
from falling of rock. The slope is steep and the toe is close to the highway or
railway, there will be no space to excavate a catch ditch or construct a barrier.
Therefore, alternative stabilization measures may be to remove loose rock, secure it
in place with bolts, or to drape mesh on the slope.
1 Excavation& repair

2 Catchment & Wire Netting

 3 Grading &
Serrating
4 Benching

5 Trimming

Drainage and Water Control

Drainage of water is an effective method of increasing the stability of a slope.
Water in a slope may come from two primary sources: surface water and
groundwater. Water control is generally maintained through installation of surface
and subsurface drainage devices within and adjacent to potentially unstable slopes.
1 Surface Drainage

2 Subsurface Drainage
Subsurface Drainage Blankets
Trenches
Horizontal Drains
Drainage Galleries
Stabilization through Support
The main types of reinforcing
materials that have been used for
stabilization of slope and
embankments include steel
reinforcement, piles, retaining walls,
geo-synthetics, shotcrete, high
strength steel tendons.
There are number of methods which
can be used to stabilized slope,
each of them can be appropriate for a
particular set of conditions.
1 Steel reinforcement
2 Rock anchor

3 Soil Nailing
Geosynthetic Reinforcement
Geosynthetics are porous, flexible, man-made fabrics which act to reinforce
and increase the stability of structures such as earth fills, and thereby allow steeper
cut slpes and less grading in hillside terrain. Geosynthetics of various tensile
strengths are used for a variety of stability problems, with a common use being
reinforceent of unpaved roads constructed on weak soils.

1 Geotextiles

2 Geogrids

3 Geome
m brance
s

4 Geocomposites
Retaining Walls
Retaining walls are commonly used in combination with fill slopes to reduce
the extent of a slope to allow a road to be widened and to create additional space
around buildings. The three types of retaining walls are gravity, cantilever and
anchored.
1 Gravity Walls
2 Cantilever Retaining Walls
3 Anchored retaining wall
4 Gabions

Other Methods for

Stabilization
1 Grouting
2 Shotcrete
3
Vegetation
 C. Preventing
Landslide

Methods of Preventing Landslide

Improving surface and subsurface drainage: Because water is a main factor in

landslides, improving surface and subsurface drainage at the site can increase the
stability of a landslide-prone slope. Surface water should be diverted away from the
landslide-prone region by channeling water in a lined drainage ditch or sewer pipe
to the base of the slope.
Excavating the head: Removing the soil and rock at the head of the landslide
decreases the driving pressure and can slow or stop a landslide. Additional soil and
rock above the landslide will need to be removed to prevent a new landslide from
forming upslope.
Buttressing the toe: If the toe of the landslide is at the base of the slope, fill can
be placed over the toe and along the base of the slope. The fill increases the
resisting forces along the failure surface in the toe area.
Constructing piles and retaining walls: Piles are metal beams that are either
driven into the soil or placed in drill holes. Properly placed piles should extend into a
competent rock layer below the landslide.
Removal and replacement: Landslide-prone soil and rock can be removed and
replaced with stronger materials, such as silty or sandy soils. Because weathering of
shales can form landslide-prone soils, the removal and replacement procedure must
include measures to prevent continued weathering of the remaining rock.
Preserving vegetation: Trees, grasses, and vegetation can minimize the amount
of water infiltrating into the soil, slow the erosion caused by surface-water flow, and
remove water from the soil. By taking advantage of soilstructure interaction,
structures can be protected during earthquakes

SoilStructure Interaction to Improve Earthquake

Response
Soil-structure interaction (SSI) is the process in which the response of
the soil influences the motion of the structure and the motion of
the structure influences the response of the soil. Conventional structural design
methods neglect the SSI effects.

A. Drilled Shaft is a deep foundation that is constructed by placing fluid

concrete in a drilled hole.

B. The open caisson construction method

Pushes a precast hollow cylindrical caisson into the ground while excavating
the ground beneath with a grab bucket. Additional sections are attached to the top
until it bears on good material. The caisson segments can be constructed up to 4 m
in diameter and are match-cast for a tight fit. After they are completely assembled.

Detrimental effects of SSI

Observations from recent earthquakes have shown that the response of the
foundation and soil can greatly influence the overall structural response. There are
several cases of severe damages in structures due to SSI in the past earthquakes.
Yashinsky cites damage in number of pile-supported bridge structures due to SSI
effect in the Loma Prieta earthquake in San Francisco in 1989. Extensive numerical
analysis carried out by Mylonakis and Gazetas have attributed SSI as one of the
reasons behind the dramatic collapse of Hanshin Expressway in 1995 Kobe
earthquake.

Structural Elements that Prevent Damage and Improve

Dynamic Response
A. Pendulum Foundation (Triple-Pendulum Base Isolation)
The Triple Pendulum bearings inner isolator consists of an inner slider that
slides along two inner concave spherical surfaces. Properties of the inner pendulum
are typically chosen to reduce the peak accelerations acting on the isolated
structure and its contents, minimize the participation of higher structure modes,
and reduce structure shear forces that occur during service level earthquakes.
The two slider concaves, sliding along the two main concave surfaces,
comprise two more independent pendulum isolators. Properties of the second
pendulum are typically chosen to minimize the structure shear forces that occur
during the design basis earthquake. This reduces construction costs of the
structure. Properties of the third pendulum are typically chosen to minimize bearing
displacements that occur during the maximum credible earthquake. This reduces
the size and cost of the bearings, and reduces the displacements required for the
structures seismic gaps.
 B. Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVD)
Fluid viscous damping is a way to add energy dissipation to the lateral
system of a building structure. A fluid viscous damper dissipates energy by pushing
fluid through an orifice, producing a damping pressure which creates a force. These
damping forces are 90 degrees out of phase with the displacement driven forces in
the structure. This means that the damping force does not significantly increase the
seismic loads for a comparable degree of structural deformation.
The addition of fluid viscous dampers to a structure can provide damping as
high as 30% of critical, and sometimes even more. This provides a significant
decrease in earthquake excitation. The addition of fluid dampers to a structure can

reduce horizontal floor accelerations and

lateral deformations by 50% and
sometimes more.

C. Lead-rubber Bearing (LRB)

A type of base isolation employing a heavy damping.Heavy damping

mechanism incorporated in vibration control technologies and, particularly, in base
isolation devices, is often considered a valuable source of suppressing vibrations
thus enhancing a building's seismic performance. However, for the rather pliant
systems such as base isolated structures, with a relatively low bearing stiffness but
with a high damping, the so-called "damping force" may turn out the main pushing
force at a strong earthquake.
 D. Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF)

Developed to provide greater stiffness and ductility during earthquakes.The

EBF has a ductile link between the connections that is specially designed to act as
anenergy dissipater. This concept has been expanded to include a variety of

different configurations