Question Bank (Prepared by Mr.K.Robinston, M.E, A.P, Ijce, Vallanadu) Ae-73 Vibration&Elments of Aeroelasticity Unit - I (Basic Notations)

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QUESTION BANK
(PREPARED BY Mr.K.ROBINSTON,M.E,A.P,IJCE,VALLANADU)
AE-73 VIBRATION&ELMENTS OF AEROELASTICITY
Unit - I (Basic Notations)
1. What is Vibration? List its main causes?
Any motion which repeats itself after an interval of time is called Vibration (or)
Oscillation. (Ex: Swinging of Pendulum, Motion of plucked string
Causes :
1. Unbalanced centrifugal force in a rotating machine element.
2. Elastic Nature of the System
3. External Excitation applied on the System
4. Dry friction between two mating surfaces
5. Misalignment of rotating shaft.
2. How Vibrations are classified?

I. According to the behaviour
(i) Linear Vibration (ii) Non linear Vibration
II. According to the application of external excitation
i) Free Vibration (ii) Forced Vibration (iii) Self excited (iv) Transient
III. According to the magnitude of excitation
(i) Deterministic Vibration (ii) Random Vibration
IV. According to the continuous system
(i) Longitudinal (ii) Lateral (iii) Torsional
3. What are the harmful effects of Vibration?

(i) Excessive Stresses in machine parts (ii) Undesirable noise
(iii) Looseness of parts and partial (or) complete failure of parts.
4. How undesirable Vibrations can be eliminated?

i) Removing external excitation if possible.
ii) Using shock absorbers
iii) Dynamic Vibration absorber
iv) Placing the machinery on proper type of isolators
5. Differentiate between Free and Forced Vibration

Free Vibration Forced Vibration
1 Vibration of a system because of its Own Vibration of system due to external periodic
elastic properties force.
2 Because of inherent forces and no external Influence of external force & frequency of
force is included Vibration is same as that of excitation.
3 Free vibrations are easy to analyze of single Forced vibrations are difficult to analyze of
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degree of freedom systems. single degree of freedom systems.
6. Differentiate between Damped and Undamped Vibration?

Undamped Vibration Damped Vibration
1 If there is no loss of energy through the If there is a dissipation if energy due to
motion of the system, the Oscillation is friction, the Oscillation is called as damped
called as undamped free Vibration free Vibration
2 The system having no damper The system contains damper which remove
energy from the system.
3 We cannot control the amplitude of By providing Damping, we can control the
vibration. amplitude of vibration.
7. What is periodic motion? Give example.

A motion which repeats itself after equal internal of time is known as periodic motion.The
equal interval is called Time period. Example:SHM(x =A Sin t)
8. Define time period

Time taken to comple One Cycle is called as time period
tp = Distance = 360 = 2
Velocity
9. Define Amplitude
Maximum Displacement of a body from its mean position is called as Amplitude.
10. Define frequency

Number of Cycles per Second is called as frequency
= 1 =
tp 2
It is expressed as rad/sec (or) Hertz
11. What is meant by Degrees of freedom?

The minimum number of independent Co-ordinates required to Specify the motion of a
system at any instant is known as Degrees of freedom. (fig: V.P.SINGH page no-5)

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12. What do you know about resonance?

When the frequency of external force is equal to the natural frequency of the Vibrating
system, the amplitude of Vibration becomes excessively large. This concept is known as
resonance. During Resonance, Large amplitudes are produced which give rise to the unbalance.
13. Define Simple Harmonic Motion. State the mathematical expression of SHM.
The motion of a body to and for about a fixed point is called simple harmonic motion.
The motion is periodic and its acceleration is always directed towards the mean position and is
proportional to its distance from mean position.
Mathematical Expression of SHM
2
Differential Equation of SHM: 2 +2x=0
The solution is x =A Sin t
= A Cos t
= -A2 Sin t = -2x
14. What are the characteristics of Vibrations?

1.Displacement 2.Velocity 3.Acceleration and phase.
15. What are the solution methods for vibration? (or) State Different methods of finding natural
frequency of a system?
Vibration problems can be solved by the following methods
1) Newtons Second law of motion 2) D Alemberts principle

3) Energy method 4) Generalised Co-ordinates
5) Rayleighs method 6)Lagranges Equation 7)Hamiltons principle
16. State D Alemberts Principle?

The D Alemberts principle is a method to convert a dynamic system into an equivalent
static system.
According to D Alemberts principle, Accelerating force is equal to Restoring force.

[Alegebraic sum of forces and moments acting on the system must be zero]
Accelerating force + Restoring force = 0
m + kx = 0
17. What is Energy method? Explain it.

The energy method makes use of the principle of conservation of energy.
A vibrating system without damping has partly kinetic energy (T) and partly potential
Energy (V). The total energy being constant, (i.e)its rate of change with respect to time is zero.
T + V = Const

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+ =0

For the system as shown in fig,

1/2 m2 + 1/2 kx2 = Const

1/2 mx2 + 1/2 kx2 =0

(m + kx) = 0
m + kx = 0
18. Define the term Beats(What is the phenomenon of Beats?)

Beats are formed when two simple Harmonics motions differing by a small amount of
frequency superimpose each other(Diagram:V.P.SINGH Page.no:15)
19. What is the equivalent spring stiffness?

Equivalent spring stiffness (keq) is the measure of overall spring stiffness of any system
having more than one spring connected in series (or) Parallel. (or) (equivalent stiffness is equal
to the sum of individual spring stiffness).
For springs in series For springs in parallel

1 = 1 + 1 + 1+ . Keq = K1 +K2 +K3.
Keq K1 K2 K3
20. Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibrations

Transverse Vibration Torsional Vibration
1 The particles of the shaft move approx. The particles of the shaft move in a circle
Perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. about the axis of the shaft
2 Due to transverse vibrations, tensile and Due to torsional vibration, torsional shears
compressive stresses are induced tresses are induced in the shaft.
3 1 1
Frequency of transverse vibrations fn=2 Frequency of torsional vibrations fn=2

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21. What is meant by Natural frequency?
When no external force acts on the system after giving it an initial displacement, the body
Vibrates. These vibrations are called free vibrations and their frequency as natural frequency.
1
fn=2 (for spring mass system )

1
fn=2 (for Torsional system)

23.Differentiate periodic and harmonic motion.

Periodic motion: A motion which repeats itself after equal internal of time is known as
periodic motion.The equal interval is called Time period.
Harmonic Motion: Harmonic Motion is one of the form of periodic motion. It is represented
in terms of circular sine and cosine functions.All harmonic motions are periodic in nature, but
vise-versa is not always true. Ex: x =A Sin t
24.Define spring stiffness and give its unit?
The stiffness of the spring is defined as the load required to produce unit deflection. It is denoted
by k and its unit is N/m
k = W/ W-Load, -Deflection
2 MARK PROBLEMS
25. A circular steel bar of length 2meters and dia 1cm is fixed at one end and attached with a
mass of 20kg with other end. Find its longitudinal natural frequency. E=2ooGPa
26. A simple harmonic motion is represented by x(t)=5 sin2t meters. Find its (a)rms
amplitude(b)average amplitude(c)frequency in HZ.
27. A simple pendulum of length 1m is given an initial angular displacement of 15 o and then
released. What is the equation describing the ensuring vibrations?
28. Consider a single degree of freedom system. What will be the natural frequency of free
vibration if the static deflection of the mass is 1cm?
UNIT - II(Single DOF Systems)
1. What are the Elements of free Vibrating systems?
A vibrating system basically consists of three elements, namely the mass, the spring
and damper.
If it is a Un Damped free Vibration, only two elements the mass and spring are
considered.
So equation of motion is m - Inertia force

Kx - Spring force
m + kx = 0
If it is damped free vibration, all three elements the mass and spring and damper are

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considered.
So equation of motion is c - Damping force
m +c +kx = 0
2. Define steady state and transient Vibrations

In ideal systems, the free Vibration continue indefinitely as there is no Damping. Such
vibration is termed as steady state vibrations.
In real systems, the amplitude of vibration decays continuously because of natural
Damping and Vanishes finally. Such vibration in real system is called transient vibration.
Vibration impulsive forces are called Transient. Ex:Earthquake.
3. What is known as compound pendulum?

The system which is suspended vertically and oscillates with a small amplitude under
the action of force of gravity is known as compound pendulum. It is an example of single
degree of freedom system.
Natural frequency of compound pendulum
1
n = HZ
2 2+2
4. What is meant by bifilar and trifilar suspension?

The bifilar suspension is a method (or) device by means of which we can find the
moment of inertia of the bar suspended by two strings.
Trifilar suspension is a method used to find the mass moment of inertia of

complicated shapes. I= 2
5. What do you mean by damping and damped vibration?

Damping :
Damping is the resistance offered by a body to the motion of a vibratory system. The
resistance may be applied by a liquid (or) solid internally (or)externally.
Damped Vibration : It there is a dissipation of energy due to friction, the oscillation is called
as Damped free vibration.
6. What is the advantage of providing damping?

Damping in Mechanical system is used to control the amplitude of vibration so that
the failure occurring due to resonance may be avoided.
7. What are the types of Damping?

1) Viscous Damping 2) Coulomb (or) Dry Friction Damping 3) Structural Damping
4) Non linear (or) Slip (or) interfacial Damping

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8. What is viscous Damping?
When the system is allowed to vibrate in a viscous medium, the damping is called as
Viscous Damping. In viscous Damping, the damping force is directly proportional to the
velocity of the vibrating body. The damping force F can be written as
F=C
where C is a viscous damping Co- efficient.
C = A/t
9. Explain about coulomb Damping (or) Dry friction Damping?
When one body is allowed to slide over the other, the surface of one body offers some
resistance to the movement of the other body on it. The resisting force is called force of
friction. Some amount of energy is wasted to overcome this friction as the surfaces are dry.
So this type of Damping is called coulomb damping (or) Dry friction damping.
General Expression for coulomb damping is
F = RN
Where is the Co-efficient of friction and RN is the normal reaction.

10. What is meant by Eddy current Damping?
This type of damping is based on the principle of generation of eddy current which
provides the damping. If a non-ferrous conducting object (such as plate,rod, ect) is moved in
a direction perpendicular to the lines of magnetic flux which is produced by a permanent
magnet, then as the object moves, current is induced in the object. This current is the induced
eddy current. This type of Damping is called Eddy current Damping(Diagram:Page no:102)
11. Define critical Damping Co-efficient and Damping ratio.

critical Damping Co-efficient. (CC)
It is defined as the value of damping Co-efficient C for which the radical term
C 2 K
2m - m is equal to zero
CC 2 _ K = 0
2m m
m
CC _ K
2m
CC = 2m n
Damping ratio or Damping factor()
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It is defined as the ratio of actual Damping Co- efficient (c) to the critical damping
Co-efficient (Cc) It is usually denoted as (zeta)
C
Damping ratio = Cc = 2
12. Define over Damping, Critical Damping, Under Damping

Over Damping :- ( > 1)
where C > Cc (or) >1 then the system is known as Over damping (large damping) when the
roots are real, the final solution for an over damped system is given by
X(t)=A1( + 2 1) +A2 ( 2 1)
Critical Damping ( = 1) :
When C = Cc (or) then the system is known as critical damping. the mass moves
back very quickly to its equilibrium position in smallest possible time so
-t
= [A1 + A2t] e `
Under damping( < 1) :
This is a most practical case of damping and it is also known as under damping (or)
small damping. In this C < Cc (or) <1
Solution is given by
= A1 e - t Sin ( 1 t + )
13. Define logarithmic Decrement ()If the Logarithmic decrement is Zero, What does it mean?
It is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor. The amplitude
reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same side of the mean
line.
is used to find the amount of damping in a vibrating system.

= ln 1 2
=
2 1-2
If is zero, Magnitude of two successive amplitudes will b equal and Damping will be zero.
14. What is meant by Harmonic forcing?

It refers to a spring - mass system with viscous damping, excited by a sinusoidal
harmonic force.
F = Fo Sin t

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15. Define Transmissibility and Transmissibility and Transmissibility ratio Transmissibility:
When a machine is supported by a spring, the sprig transmits the force applied on the
machine to the fixed support (or) foundation. This is called as transmissibility.
Transmissibility ratio (or) isolation factor

The ration of force transmitted (FT) to the force applied is known as transmissibility
ratio.
1+ (2 )2
T.R= FT/F= (1 )2 + (2)2
Where r= frequency ratio = /n
16. What is vibration Isolation? What is its significance?

The process of reducing (or)eliminating the vibrations transmitted from the high
speed engines to the foundation is known as vibration isolation.
Examples: The devices such as springs, dampers are the examples for vibration isolations
which are places between foundation and machine.
Significance:
These devices isolate the vibrations by absorbing some disturbing energy.
Materials : Rubber, Felt, Cork & Metal springs.
Rubber:Shearloding, Corck:compressive load Metal spring:High frequency
ratio
17. What is meant by critical speed?

Critical speed (whirling speed (or) whipping speed) is the speed at which resonance
occurs.
We know that when the natural frequency of the system coincides with external
forcing frequency, It is called as resonance. Critical speed is mainly due to bending of shaft &
eccentric mounting of rotor, Non uniform distribution of rotor material.

c =

18. What are the common sources Harmonic excitation?

i) Thermal effects ii) Resonance iii) Bent shaft iv) Bearing (or) journal defects
v) Variation in turning moment of engine.(vi) Magnetic effects
19. What is meant by support excitation?

In many applications, the excitation (External Force) is applied through the base (or)
support instead of being applied to the mass. It is known as support excitation.
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Support motion is mainly classified into two
1)Absolute motion:
The motion of mass with respect to the coordinate system attached to the earth.
1+ (2 )2
=
(1 )2 + (2)2
2)Relative motion
The relative displacement of the mass with respect to the support.
2
=
(1 )2 + (2)2
20. Define motion transmissibility (or) amplitude transmissibility

It is defined as the ratio of absolute amplitude of the mass to the base (or) support
excitation amplitude.
1 + (2 )2
=
(1 )2 + (2)2
21. Define phase difference (or) phase lag
As displacement takes place after applying force, the displacement vector lags the
force vector by some angle. This angle is known as phase lag. (or) phase difference.
= tan-1 2r where r = /n
1-r2
22. What do you know about vibration measuring instruments? Give some examples.
The instruments which are used to measure the displacement, velocity (or)
acceleration of a vibrating body are called as vibration measuring instruments.
Examples :
1. Vibrometer or Seismometer ((Displacement measuring instrument)
2. Accelerometer( Acceleration measuring instrument)
3. Frequency measuring devices.
23. Why an accelerometer is preferred over vibrometer?
Sl.no VIBROMETER ACCELEROMETER

1 By using vibrometer we can the accelerometer is most commonly used to
measure only displacement (or) measure vibration. For measuring the
amplitude velocity & displacement, Electronic
integration devices are used
2 Vibrometer is a low frequency accelerometer is a high frequency transducer
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transducer which is used to which is used to measure low frequency also.
measure high frequency of a
vibrating body
3 Heavy in construction Light in construction
4 Natural frequency 1HZ to5HZ Natural frequency 0HZ to25HZ
24. What are the applications of Vibrometer and Accelerometer?

Vibrometer: 1.Vibrometer is used to record building vibrations and vibrations of huge
structures like railway bridges.
2. Vibrometer is a low frequency transducer which is used to measure high
frequency of a vibrating body
Accelerometer 1.Accelerometer is widely used now a days as a vibrating measuring device
and it gives accurate results for very high value of its natural frequency.
2. accelerometer is a high frequency transducer which is used to measure low
frequency also.
25
Explain with the necessary equations,How does a Vibrometer function also as an
Accelerometer?
2
Z= f where 2 is the acceleration of the vibrating body

26 Define magnification factor (or) Dynamic magnifier(or) Amplitude Ratio.

The ratio of Maximum displacement of the forced vibration (Xmax) to zero frequency
deflection (Xo) is known as magnification factor.It is also known as the ratio of dynamic to
the static amplitude of motion.
1
M.F = =A/XS=
(1 - r)2 + (2r ) 2
27. when does the Rotating unbalance of a machine exist?
the Rotating unbalance of a machine exists when center of gravity of rotor does not coincide
with the axis of rotation.The distance between the axis of rotation and centre of gravity is
called eccentricity e and the mass acting at a distance e from the axis of rotation is known as
eccentric mass mo.The mass of the machine including the eccentric mass is m and the
angular speed of rotor as .so Amplitude can be found as follows

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2
=
(1 )2 + (2)2

2
And the phase angle = tan-1 12
UNIT III(Multi DOF Systems)

1. What is meant by normal mode and principle mode of vibration?
If the two masses vibrate at same frequency and in phase, It is called as principle mode of
vibration. If at the principle mode of vibration, the amplitude of one of the masses is unity, It is
known as normal mode of vibration.
2. Define principle Co-ordinates or Normal Co-ordinates?

When each equation of motion contains only one unknown quantity, then the equations of
motion can be solved independently of each other. Such a Co-ordinate is called as principle
coordinates or Normal coordinates.
Ex: m1 1 + k x1= 0
m2 2 + kx2 =0
3. Define Mode Shape (or Amplitude ratio)

(Or) What are the Natural modes of vibration of a continuous system?
It is a function defined for a vibratory structure which describes the relative
displacement of any point in a particular mode and particular frequency. Mode Shape is
represented as 1 2
4. Define semi definite system? Give example

The systems having one of their natural frequencies equal to zero are known as semi
definite system. The example is shown in fig where two masses m1 and m2 are connected by a
spring k the equations of motion can be written as,
m1 1 + k (x1 -x2) = 0
m2 2 + k (x2 -x1) =0
Frequencies of above system are
(1+2)
1 =0 2 = 12
5. When 2 DOF system is said to be coupled?

Consider the following eqn.

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m + (k1 +k2)- (k2l2- k1l1)= 0
When both Co-ordinates (,) appear in each eqn of motion, then 2 DOF system is called
coupling. The above eqns show that the system has rotary as well as translatory motion. So this 2
DOF system is said to be coupled.
6. Differentiate between static & Dynamic Coupling (or) What is Co -ordinate coupling?
Dynamic coupling :
Consider the eqns
m + (k1 +k2)x = 0
I + (k2l22 +k1l12)= 0
The above eqns show that translatory and angular motion can exist independently. These
are called uncoupled differential equations. This is called dynamic coupling.
Static coupling:
Consider the eqn
m + (k1 +k2)- (k2l2- k1l1)= 0
The above eqn show that the system has translatory as well as rotary motion (i.e) both Co-
ordinates and X appear in the above eqn. this 2 DOF system is said to be coupled.This is called
static coupling.
7. What is meant by generalized Co-ordinates?

The configuration of a system is completely specified by certain independent parameters
(or) Co- ordinates which are known as generalized Co-ordinates. These parameters specify the
motion of a system completely. If a system has n DOF, it will have n generalized coordinates.
Consider the double pendulum.(fig: page no:319)
Where x1=l1sin1, x2= l1sin1+ l2sin2
y1=l1cos1, y2= l1cos1+ l2cos2
Here, 12 are the two independent coordinates which specify the system
completely. These are the generalized coordinates.
8 What is Dynamic Vibration absorber?

When a structure externally excited has undesirable vibrations, it becomes necessary to
eliminate them by coupling some vibrating system to it. The vibrating system is known as
vibration absorber (or) Dynamic vibration absorber. In such cases, the excitation frequency is
nearly equal to the natural frequency of the structure or machine. Vibration absorber is used to
control structural resonance.(fig:page no;242)
We can find two resonant frequencies by using following equation
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2
= 1+2 +
4
9. What are the demerits of dynamic vibration absorber?

1.The Dynamic vibration absorber is only fully effective at a particular impressed frequency for
which it is designed.
2. The Dynamic vibration absorber is extremely effective for constant speed machines but lose
their effectiveness with any change in speed of machines.
10. What is the difference between vibration absorber and vibration damper(vibration isolator)
Sl.no Vibration Absorber Vibration Isolator
1. Vibration Absorber is a spring mass Vibration isolators are the materials like cork,
system attached to the main vibratory rubber, felt, metal spring which are used to
system to absorb the vibrations. isolate machines from foundation and support.
2. Vibration Absorber are used to Vibration isolators absorb the shocks&vibration
control structural resonance. and prevent the damage to the foundations.
11. State orthogonality principle & write Orthoganility principle for 2 DOF & 3 DOF system?
It states that the principle modes of vibration for a mechanical system with more than one
DOF occurs along mutually perpendicular straight lines. Orthogonality principle is very useful for
calculating the systems natural frequency.
Orthogonality principle For 2 DOF system
m1 A1A2 + m2 B1 B2 = 0
Orthogonality principle For 3 DOF system
m1 A1 A2 + m2 B1 B2 + m3 C1C2 = 0
m1A1A3 + m2 B2B3 + m3 C2C3 = 0
m1 A1A3 + + m2 B1B3 +m3 C1C3 =0
Where A1, A2 ,A3, B1, B2, B3, C1,C2,and C3are the vibration amplitudes of the system. m1,m2,and m3
are the masses are the system.
12 What is an Eigen value problems? Or What are eigenvalues and eigenvectors in multi DOF system
The Eigen value problems are a used to find the natural frequency and mode shape
of spring mass vibrating system by using following calculations
[I-C]=0
Where =2
unit matrix I =[M][M]-1
dynamic matrix C=[K][M]-1
further eigen vector is also called as characteristic vector and eigen value is also called as
characteristic value.
Eigen value and eigen vector:
The eigen vector of a square matrix are the non zero vector that after being multiplied by
the matrix either remain proportional to the original vector or become zero. For each eigen vector
,the corresponding eigen value is the factor by which the eigen vector changes when multiplied by

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13. the matrix
State Hamiltons principle? What is its application?
Hamiltons principle is a generalization of the principle of virtual displacements to
dynamics of system of particles, rigid bodies.
Hamiltons principle:
It states that the motion of a particle acted on by conservative forces between two
arbitrary instants of time t 1 & t 2 is such that the line integral over Lagrangean function is an
extremum for the path motion. Hamiltons principle for non conservative system can be written as
t2
t1 [(T-V)+ Wnc]dt=0
where T -K.E of the system
U - Strain energy of the system
t 1 & t 2 arbitrary fixed times
t2
For conservative system,Eqn reduces to t1 L dt=0
14. State & explain about Lagranges Equations?

Principle: If energy expressions are available, the equations of motion can be obtained with the
help of largranges equation.
The general form of this equation in terms of generalized Co-ordinates is written by

+ =

Where T - Total kinetic energy of the system

V - Total potential energy of the system
j - 1,2,3n;
n - Degree of freedom of the system
Qj - Generalized external force.
For a conservative system, generalized force Qj acting on the system is zero. So equation for the
such a system can be written as

+ =0

Applications:
Lagranges Equations are used to obtain the equations of motion and frequencies, if
energy expressions are available.
15. Define torsional vibration.(torsionally equivalent shaft)

When a shaft (or) Disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations are
known as torsional vibrations.
The natural frequency of torsional vibration for two rotor system can be determined as
(+)
n =
Kt Torsional Stiffness=GJ/l
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I - mass moment of inertia
16
Define continuous system? Distinguish it from discrete system
Continuous System :
There are systems such as beams, cables rods etc which have their mass and stiffness
distributed continuously through the length. Such systems are known as continuous systems. It
has infinite number of degree of freedom.
Discrete Systems :
It mass, stiffness & Damping were assumed to be acting only at certain discrete points,
such systems are discrete systems. It has finite number of degrees of freedom.
17.Define Longitudinal, Transverse, Torsional vibrations.
Longitudinal vibration: A body of mass m carried on one end of a weightless spindle, the other
end being fixed, If the mass m moves up and down parallel to the spindle axis, It is known as
longitudinal vibration.
Transverse vibration: When the particles of the body or shaft move approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft this vibration is known as Transverse vibration.
Torsional vibrations: If the spindle gets alternatively twisted and untwisted on account of
vibratory motion of the suspended disc, it is known as Torsional vibration.(Fig:page no:9)
18. Write-down the frequency equation for longitudinal vibration of bar with both ends are free
The wave equation for the Longiyudinal vibration is

1
=

The General solution for the above equation is

, = =1( sin + cos )( sin + cos )
Boundary conditions for bar with both ends free are:

x=0=0; x=l=0

If we apply the above boundary conditions into the general solution, we get the following

frequency equation fn=4
19. Draw the first four mode shapes of a stretched string and also indicate the corresponding
frequency values?
20.How many natural frequencies does a continous system have?

There are systems such as beams, cables, rods etc which have their mass and stiffness
distributed continuously through the length. Such systems are known as continuous
systems.Since such systems are supposed to be made of infinite number of particles, So they
have infinite number of DOF and hence infinite natural frequencies of the system.
21.What are the parameters that govern the natural frequency of transverse vibration for a Beam?

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Cross sectionalArea (A), Flexural rigidity (EI), Density of material () and Length of beam
22.State the possible boundary conditions at the ends of a string?
String with both ends fixed: Boundary conditions for the string are
At x=0, Displacement y=0
At x=l, Displacement y=0
23.Give the free body diagram of a bar executing axial vibration.

Refer the Longitudinal vibration Derivation
24. Sketch the first two mode shapes of free lateral vibrations of a cantilever Beam and also
indicate the corresponding frequency values?
Refer the fig of Page no:438
UNIT IV(Approximate Methods)
1. What are the approximate methods which are used to find out the natural frequency of the
system.
1) Rayleighs method 2) Holzer method 3) Dunkerleys method

4) Stodola method 5) Matrix method 6) Rayleigh- Ritz method
2. What is meant by influence co -efficient (or Flexibility coefficient)?

The equations of multi DOF system can be expressed in terms of influence co-
efficient.The influence Co-efficient aij is defined as the static deflection at point i because of
unit load acting at point j. Similarly aji is the deflection at point j due to unit load at point i'.
According to Maxwells Reciprocal theorem
aij = aji
3. Define Flexibility Matrix and Give the example.
A matrix of flexibility coefficients as shown below is referred to as Flexibility Matrix.
11 1
= 21 2

1
4. Explain Rayleighs method
This is the energy method to find natural frequency. This method is used to find the natural
frequency of the system when transverse point loads are acting on the beam (or) shaft.
The maximum kinetic energy is equated to maximum potential energy of the system
to determine the natural frequency.
mi yi2 n2 = migyi
So Natural frequency of vibration

=
2

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5. What is the principle of Rayleighs method?
The principle of Rayleighs method is that the maximum kinetic energy at the mean
position is equal to the maximum potential energy (or) strain energy at the extreme
position to determine the natural frequency.
mi yi2 n2 = migyi
So Natural frequency of vibration

=
2
6. What is the step by step procedure for Rayleighs method?

This method is used to find the frequency of cantilever beam, simply supported
beam (or) any shaft.
1. First of all, calculate the deflection of each points of given cantilever beam (or)
Simply supported beam.
2. By equating maximum kinetic energy to the maximum potential energy to
Determine the natural frequency of given beam.

=
2
7. What are the applications of Rayleighs method?
a) This method is used to find the natural frequency of the system when transverse
point loads are acting on the beam (or) shaft.
b) This method is used to find the natural frequency of simply supported, cantilever,
fixed beam or shaft.
c) We can find the natural frequency of multi DOF system by using Rayleighs
method.
Explain about Holzer method?
8.
This is a trial and error method used to find the natural frequency and mode shapes
of torsional systems. (or multi mass lumped parameter system) This can be applied to both
free and forced vibrations. This method can be used for the analysis of damped, undamped,
semi definite systems.
9. Describe the step by step procedure for Holzer method?

1. Assume a trail frequency

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2.Take 1 (or) 1 =1 as unity arbitrarily
3.Calculate 2, 3, etc from the following equation
( + )
3 =

4.By using 1 2 3 calculate the residual torque I2
5. Plot the assumed frequency Vs angular displacement

6. The frequencies that result in zero external torque are the natural frequencies of the
system.
10. What are the advantages of Holzer method over Rayleighs method?
a) Holzer method is used to find the natural frequency of multi mass torsional systems
whereas by using Rayleighs method, we cannot find the natural frequency of
torsional system.
b) Holzer method is a trial and error method and frequency will be calculated by
considering assumptions whereas in Rayleighs method, formulas will be used for
determining frequency.
c) Holzer method can be used for the analysis of damped, undamped, semi definite
systems.
11. What are the applications of Holzer method?
a) Holzer method is a trial and error method used to find the natural frequency and
mode shapes of torsional systems. (or multi mass lumped parameter system)
b) This can be applied to both free and forced vibrations.
c) Holzer method can be used for the analysis of damped, undamped, semi definite
systems with fixed ends having linear and angular motions.
UNIT V(Elements of Aeroelasticity)
1. What is meant by aeroelasticity?

Aero- elasticity is the study of the effect of aerodynamic forces on elastic bodies. It
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deals with stress and deformation of on elastic body under prescribed external forces (or)
displacement.
2. What do you mean by aeroelastic instability?

For a given configuration of elastic body, the Aerodynamic force increases rapidly
with the wind speed. There may exist a critical Wind speed at which the structure become
unstable. This phenomenon is called as Aero-elastic instability.
It may cause excessive deformation and may lead to the destruction of the structure.
3. What are the various Aero -elastic problems occurred in the aircraft
Aero elastic Instability
Static Instability Dynamic Instability
Load distribution Loss and Reversal Flutter Buffeting Dynamic

Wing Divergence
(Lift distribution) of Aileron control Response
4. When the wing is said to be torsion ally divergence?

It is a stead state aero Elastic instability. If a Wing in a steady flight is accedently
deformed, an aero elastic moment will be induced, which tends to twist the wing with large
angle. So the wing is said to be torsionally divergence.
5. What is Wing Divergence Speed? What are its effects?

The aerodynamic moment due to divergence is directly proportional to the square of
the flight speed. (i.e) Critical speed at which the torsional moment of the aerodynamic force
is balanced by the elastic stiffness (torsional rigidity) of the wing. This critical speed is
called as wing divergence speed.
If this critical speed is further increased, accidental deformation will lead to large
angle of twist.
6. What is critical aileron -reversal speed?

It is a steady state aero elastic instability. The aerodynamic forces are directly
proportional to the square of the flight speed. So a critical speed exists at which the aileron
becomes completely ineffective (The aileron deflection does not produce any rolling
moment) This critical speed is called as critical aileron -reversal speed.

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7. What is meant by loss and reversal of aileron control what are its effects?
When the air speed is higher than the critical reversal speed, the aileron control is
reversal. (i.e) a down ward moment of the aileron on the star board wing produces a rolling
moment which moves the star board wing tip down ward. This phenomenon is called
Reversal of aileron control
7. How will you increase the aileron reversal speed ?

1. It can be raised by increasing the wing torsional stiffness of aerofoil
2. Rate of change of lift Co - efficient with respect to aileron deflection should be
increased.
3. Lift curve slope should be corrected.
8. Define aileron efficiency (or Effectiveness)?

It is defined as the ratio of lift force produced by a unit deflection of aileron on an
elastic wing to that produced by the same aileron deflection on rigid wing of same chord
length.
Aileron effectiveness : = L
LR
9. Define buffeting?
Buffeting is a high frequency instability caused by airflow separation (or) shock
wave Oscillation from one subject striking other. It is a random forced vibration. It is
caused by sudden impulse of load increasing. It affects the tail unit of Aircraft structure
due to airflow stream of wind.
10. What is meant by dynamic response (or) forced response

It is a transient response of aircraft structural components produced by rapidly
applied loads due to gusts, landing, gun reactions, abrupt control motions, moving shock
waves (or) other dynamic loads.
11. What is meant by flutter? What are the types of flutter?

Flutter is a sustained Oscillation usually on wing, fin (or) tail caused by interaction
of Aerodynamic forces, elastic reaction and inertia forces which may rapidly break the
structure.
Types
Flutter
Classical Flutter Non-Classical flutter
Positive geometric Negative

Official geometric
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flutter flutter buzz
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12. What is the difference between classical and non classical flutter?
Classical flutter :
The flutter of a wing in which both flexural and torsional Oscillating motion are
interacted that resultant motion is divergent is known as classical flutter.
Non classical flutter:

If any one type of Oscillating motion (translational (or) torsional) is interacted,
resultant motion is divergent, so it is called as Non -classical flutter
13. What is meant by stall flutter?

It is a torsional mode of flutter that occurs on wings at high loading condition near
the stall speed. Because the airflow separate during stall.
14. What is meant by aileron buzz (or) Limited cycle Oscillation?

It occurs at high subsonic speeds and is associated with the shock wave on the wing
forward of the aileron. If the aileron oscillates downwards, the flow over the upper surface
of the wing accelerates, intensifying the shock and resulting in a reduction in pressure in
the boundary layer behind the shcok.
15. What is meant by Aerodynamic coupling? And What are the types of coupling?
Neither motion will cause flutter but together, at critical values of amplitude and
phase angle, the forces produced by one motion excite the other. The two types of motion
are then said to be coupled.
Aerodynamic coupling is associated with changes of lift produced by wing rotation
(or) translation.
Types of Coupling :
1. Inertial coupling
2. Aerodynamic coupling
3. Elastic coupling
Topics to be studied in each unit

Unit I
1. Simple Harmonic motion derivation & problem
2. Basic Terminologies of Vibration - Theory (Page No :4)
3. Newtons method & Energy method Derivation (Page No: 7 & 41)
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4. Spring Equivalent stiffness - problems
5. Un damped Vibration (By using Energy & Newtons method )
problems- Page No : 55 to 88
Unit - II
1. Damped free vibration problems (P.No: 115 to 141)
2. Forced Vibration - problems (P.No : 183 to 222)
3. Vibration measuring Instruments theory (P.No : 171 to 174)
CHAPTER - I
1. Two degree of freedom system - problems (Page No : 268, 269, 272, 273, 276, 278, 280,
297, 296, 302,308)
2. Torsional Vibration problems (Page No : 283, 291, 294, 309)
3. Lagrange an Equation -problems (270, 274, 277, 281, 288, 306)
4. Eigen value problem (multi D.O.F) 372, 376, 378, 402, 404
CHAPTER - 2
1. Vibration absorber - P.No 246 to 249
2. Lateral vibration of string - Derivation P.No 416 to 419
3. Longitudinal vibration of bar - Derivation P.No 421, 422, 429, 430
4. Torsional vibration of shaft - Derivation P.No 423, 424, 434, 444
UNIT IV
1. Rayleighs method -problem
Simply supported beam, cantileverbeam
2. Holzer method - problem
Torsional system, sprig mass system
Unit V
1. Aero elastic instabilities with collar triangle of forces and their preventive measures
2. Wing Divergense - Derivation
3. Reversal of Aileron control - Derivation
4. Flutter and its types and Preventive measures
5. Coupling and their types.

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Question Bank (Prepared by Mr.K.Robinston, M.E, A.P, Ijce, Vallanadu) Ae-73 Vibration&Elments of Aeroelasticity Unit - I (Basic Notations)

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2. How Vibrations are classified?

3. What are the harmful effects of Vibration?

4. How undesirable Vibrations can be eliminated?

5. Differentiate between Free and Forced Vibration

6. Differentiate between Damped and Undamped Vibration?

7. What is periodic motion? Give example.

8. Define time period

10. Define frequency

11. What is meant by Degrees of freedom?

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12. What do you know about resonance?

14. What are the characteristics of Vibrations?

1) Newtons Second law of motion 2) D Alemberts principle

16. State D Alemberts Principle?

According to D Alemberts principle, Accelerating force is equal to Restoring force.

17. What is Energy method? Explain it.

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For the system as shown in fig,

18. Define the term Beats(What is the phenomenon of Beats?)

19. What is the equivalent spring stiffness?

For springs in series For springs in parallel

20. Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibrations

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23.Differentiate periodic and harmonic motion.

So equation of motion is m - Inertia force

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2. Define steady state and transient Vibrations

3. What is known as compound pendulum?

4. What is meant by bifilar and trifilar suspension?

5. What do you mean by damping and damped vibration?

6. What is the advantage of providing damping?

7. What are the types of Damping?

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Where is the Co-efficient of friction and RN is the normal reaction.

11. Define critical Damping Co-efficient and Damping ratio.

12. Define over Damping, Critical Damping, Under Damping

is used to find the amount of damping in a vibrating system.

14. What is meant by Harmonic forcing?

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15. Define Transmissibility and Transmissibility and Transmissibility ratio Transmissibility:

Transmissibility ratio (or) isolation factor

16. What is vibration Isolation? What is its significance?

17. What is meant by critical speed?

18. What are the common sources Harmonic excitation?

19. What is meant by support excitation?

20. Define motion transmissibility (or) amplitude transmissibility

21. Define phase difference (or) phase lag

23. Why an accelerometer is preferred over vibrometer?

Sl.no VIBROMETER ACCELEROMETER

24. What are the applications of Vibrometer and Accelerometer?

26 Define magnification factor (or) Dynamic magnifier(or) Amplitude Ratio.

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UNIT III(Multi DOF Systems)

2. Define principle Co-ordinates or Normal Co-ordinates?

3. Define Mode Shape (or Amplitude ratio)

4. Define semi definite system? Give example

5. When 2 DOF system is said to be coupled?

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7. What is meant by generalized Co-ordinates?

8 What is Dynamic Vibration absorber?

9. What are the demerits of dynamic vibration absorber?

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